阅读的个人错题

a08805436UID: 2725634

TPO3
Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
○They become less stable as they mature.             错    只说种群的种类和个体的数量减少了  但是并没有说是否稳定 因为稳定的定义不同                    
○They support many species when they reach climax.    错     文中原句     the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced.
○They are found in temperate zones.          对        At least in temperate zones
○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.  highest ， not reduced
原选 D   正确答案 C

Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
10. The word ―pales‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Increases proportionally
○Differs
○Loses significance
○Is common
原选 B  正确答案 C
pale  使苍白 使重要性减弱

第二篇
14．Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The Ogallala is a large underground source of water in the High Plains region of the United States.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○The use of the Ogallala for irrigation has allowed the High Plains to become one of the most productive agricultural regions in the United States.   此为2，3段主题观点
○Given the aquifer’s low recharge rate, its use for irrigation is causing water tables to drop and will eventually lead to its depletion.
○Releasing capillary water and introducing drought-resistant crops are less-promising solutions to the water supply crisis than bringing in river water               minor point
○The periodic deepening of wells and the use of more-powerful pumps would help increase the natural recharge rate of the Ogallala. 此为错误观点
○In Texas, a great deal of attention is being paid to genetic engineering because it is there that the most critical situation exists.genetic engineering  为 minor point

○Several solutions to the upcoming water supply crisis have been proposed, but none of them promises to keep the costs of irrigation low.
文章后一部分的主题
原选236  正确答案126

a08805436UID: 2725634

TPO4
第一篇阅读
Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

2. It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions   貌似这道题文勇的答案错了
○ Cause some deer to hibernate                  文中的deer没有冬眠    错
○ Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer     
○ Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants   
○Prevent deer from migrating during the winter    文中的deer是要migrating的  错
原选B  
摘自
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... =&highlight=&page=2
这道题C错。选B。
文中What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? 这句话提出了植物腐烂和不生长的季节。下一句中提到migrate，Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.，也就意味着winter is the season of plant decay and dormancy,可以理解为food unavailable. 同时也解释了为什么要migrate.

C选项的表达说冬天让食物寻找更容易，但是原文Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; 是一个让步关系， “就算有雪”。。。。。所以雪的存在不是一个便利条件，而是一个阻碍。Deer在冬天只能找到High bushy understory。雪盖住的就吃不到了。
而且后文中提到雪和风带来arboreal fodder，这玩意是乔木，不是灌木，不是understory plants。所以也不能支持C选项的说法

Paragraph 2—3: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer a lived in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built- in urge to migrate. █ Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. █ Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
█The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. █ The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s. Found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."
13．Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
There food is available and accessible throughout the winter.
Where would the sentence best fit?
原选C  答案B   PPS里把第三个空加到了第二段的结尾···另外 there对应 lowland areas  看准原句中的介词

a08805436UID: 2725634

TPO4第二篇
Paragraph 3：The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death of injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.

7．According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that
○Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen
○the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting
○the artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls
○Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting
原选B  答案D   通过红色的句子很明显可以判断出this theory指向前面的一句话sought to improve their luck at hunting  而不是指向后一句

8．Why does the author mention that Upper Paleolithic cave art seemed to have ―reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing‖?    (修辞意图题应该要先看前面一句话)

○To argue that Upper Paleolithic art creased to include animals when herds of game became scarce
○To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals for hunting
○To emphasize the continued improvement in the quality of cave art throughout the Upper Paleolithic period
○To show the direct connection between the decrease in herds of game and the end of the Upper Paleolithic period

原选D 答案B

Paragraph 4：The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.

10．According to paragraph 4, which of the following may best represent the attitude of hunters toward deer and reindeer in the Upper Paleolithic period?
○Hunters did not fear deer and reindeers as much as they did large game animals such as horses and mammoths.
○Hunters were not interested in hunting deer and reindeer because of their size and speed.
○Hunters preferred the meat and hides of deer and reindeer to those of other animals.
○Hunters avoided deer and reindeer because of their natural weapons, such as horns.
原选B 答案A

第三篇
Paragraph 1：Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.
1．The word ―accumulate‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to   词汇题···
○Grow up    长大 成人 崛起
○Build up    树立 增进 增大
○Spread out
○Break apart

Paragraph 4: As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries. Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean's continental shelves—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. More than one-quarter of the world's oil and almost one-fifth of the world's natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land. A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.

Paragraph 5: Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought

7．Which of the following strategies for oil exploration is described in paragraph 4 and paragraph 5?
○Drilling under the ocean’s surface   在海面以下开采石油
○Limiting drilling to accessible locations
○Using highly sophisticated drilling equipment
○Constructing technologically advanced drilling platforms  文中未出现此类信息
原选D 答案A


听力
第一个conversation是难点
1.       1.Why does the man need the woman’s assistance?
Click on 2 answers.
A. He does not know the publication date of some reviews he needs.
B. He does not know the location of the library’s vides collection of plays.
C. He does not know how to find out where the play is currently being performed.
D. He does not know how to determine which newspaper he should look at.

答案AD
原文 but they have to be from when the play was first performed, so I need to know when that was and I should start with newspaper reviews and```
contemptary reviews
红字对应AD两个选项

2.
What does the woman imply about critical reaction to the play Happy Strangers?
A. Negative critical reaction led to its content being revised after it premiered.
B. The play has always been quite popular among university students.
C. Reactions to the play are more positive nowadays than they were in the past.
D. The play is rarely performed nowadays because critics have never liked it.
原选D 答案C
原句是 the critiques really tore the play to pieces when it opened.
首先AB 排除 A中revise是强加信息 B中always popular 与文中信息不符
D中never liked it 是编造信息  原文中只说在它刚上映的时候tore in pieces   以后不一定就一定是批评                      但是C选项也有强加比较的嫌疑 此题有疑问
3.

3.       3 what does the woman say about her experience seeing a performance of Happy Strangers when she was younger?


Click on 2 answers.
A.
It was the first play she had seen performed professionally.
B.
She saw it against the wishes of her parents.
C.
She was surprised at how traditional the performance was.
D.
She had a variety of emotional reactions to the play.
答案 AD    remember doing 记得做过某事 在这里对应D选项  是说这个librarian自己曾经哭过 而不是说剧本里的人哭过 所以D选项正确

4.       4.What is the man’s attitude toward his current assignment?
A.
He is not confident that he will find the materials he needs.
B.
He feels that performing in a play is less boring than reading one.
C.
He thinks his review of the play will be more objective than the contemporary reviews were.
D.
He is optimistic that he will learn to appreciate the play he is researching.
答案D  I‘m sure I will figure it out.



TPO8 阅读
Paragraph 3 This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotiluacan was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.

7. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco prior to 200 B.C.?
○It was a fairly small city until that date.
○It was located outside the Valley of Mexico.
○It emerged rapidly as an economical and political center.
○Its economy relied heavily on agriculture.
原选C 答案D
关于D选项
any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico 是其他的部落而不是Cuicuilco  emerged rapidly

第二篇
Paragraph 3 If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.

4. The word cope in the passage is closest in meaning to
○adapt
○move
○continue
○compete
原选D 答案A
这说明词语的意思还是要看一看原文···· 这个词橙宝书里米有啊  草

第三篇
Paragraph 1 Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems―sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length―of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.

2. What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars?
○The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is today.
○Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.
○The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth’s.
○The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years ago.

原选D 答案B
B  and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys.
D  原文没出现··？？额···

Paragraph 2 Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped ―islands‖ (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous―perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.

6. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:
○They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.
○They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.
○They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.
○They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions.
原选A 答案C

A选项对应原文中的“Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.” ，正确。
C选项不能等同于原文的这一句：“The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) ”
因为原文括号中的句子是补充说明火星上由于outflow channel而形成的“泪珠状的岛屿”外形类似于我们的地球上（our beaches）的沙滩上潮水退去时湿沙。并不是火星上的~  C选项表述与原文不一致，是答案。


Paragraph 3 Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta―a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.

7. All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:
○What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?

○Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta emptied?
○Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with water?
○During what period of Mars’ history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?

原选D 答案C
C：原文说的 是a lake filling a crater是为了证明前面说的delta问题 并没有直接说有多少个crater。  C问的是crater that have lakes filling with water，未提及具体信息，所以EXCEPT，其他的选项我觉得在原文总都可以找到对应的语句。
D：Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface.

TPO8听力
1.       3  Why does the man mention his classmates?
A.
To explain how he obtained information about field research
B.
To point out that many students like to do field research
C.
To show that it is difficult to get intermediate-level credits
D.
To emphasize his motivation to do field research in two of his courses
原选C 答案D  
C明显错误 实际上他的同学拿到一个 intermediate-level credits要比他容易些

1.       9 Why does the professor mention the population density of blackcaps in two different habitats?
A.
To explain the similar reproductive rates in the two habitats
B.
To explain the relation between a species’ population density and its nesting behavior
C.
To illustrate the advantages of a preferred habitat over a secondary habitat
D.
To illustrate the possible impact of making a poor habitat selection
原选D  答案A
他mention reproductive rates是为了说明D   而mention population是为了说明A  题目意思没理解 ···郁闷
section2
1.       1.What is the conversation mainly about?
A.
Preparing for a test
B.
A strategy for attracting customers
C.
Business opportunities in the field of health
Differences between two business models

原选A 答案B
A： I know we will have a test coming up on chapter on.  这句话在对话的开头出现 但并不意味着听力的主要内容就要围绕这个开头来展开

1.       15. What characteristic of element 43 might explain why the scientific community doubted the findings of Ida Tacke’s team?
A.
Element 43 has a very fast rate of decay
B.
Element 43 always contains small amount of other elements
C.
Element 43 cannot be created artificially
D.
Element 43’s radioactivity makes it easy to isolate and measure

TPO9阅读
第一篇
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Recent evidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were colonized 11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along a midcontinental ice-free corridor
●
●
●
Answer Choices
1. Evidence that an ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developed when the continental ice first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.
2. There is growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, by sea, following a coastal route along Alaska and down the northwest coast.
3. Recent geologic evidence indicates that contrary to what had been believed, substantial areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 years ago.
4. Research now indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remained covered with ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adapted to living in extremely cold environments.
5. There is evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enough food resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made human colonization possible.
6. Even though the northern part of the continent allowed for a more varied economy, several early human groups quickly moved south.
原选236  答案235
这一题其实可以用排除法做的
针对6选项而言 因果关系搞错了····  做题不要太急躁····

第二篇
Paragraph 3: Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection." Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.

7. According to paragraph 3, what did the teachers working with Wildman and Niles often fail to do when they attempted to practice reflection?
○Correctly calculate the amount of time needed for reflection
○Provide sufficiently detailed descriptions of the methods they used to help them reflect
○Examine thoughtfully the possible causes of events in their classrooms
○Establish realistic goals for themselves in practicing reflection
原选B答案C

required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner.   对应C选项

Paragraph 6: The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of others. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect-for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.

10. According to paragraph 6, teachers may be discouraged from reflecting because
○it is not generally supported by teacher educators
○the benefits of reflection may not be apparent immediately
○it is impossible to teach and reflect on one's teaching at the same time
○they have often failed in their attempts to become reflective practitioners
原选A答案B

对应may be discouraged 的词组：第一句“some of the difficulties ”。关于选项B：“More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation.”和后面一句的“vaguely defined goals ”
J: ^2 C) p
最后说一下，虽然这篇讨论的东西很抽象，文章的基本结构其实还是一样。每一段的主题句经常出现在开头（not always though），注意看开头和其他句子的关系，有利于了解文章主旨。另外paraphrase的能力很重要，很多题选项看似迷惑，其实抓住原文的关键句子paraphrase就很明了了

其实 motivate 在这里是discourage的反义词 也就是构成对应

13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Wildman and Niles have conducted research on reflection in teaching

●
●
Answer Choices
1. Through their work with Virginia teachers, Wildman and Niles proved conclusively that reflection, though difficult, benefits both teachers and students.
2. Wildman and Niles found that considerable training and practice are required to understand classroom events and develop the skills involved in reflection.
3. Wildman and Niles identified three principles that teachers can use to help themselves cope with problems that may arise as a result of reflection.
4. Wildman and Niles concluded that teachers need sufficient resources as well as the cooperation and encouragement of others to practice reflection.
5. There are numerous obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of why teachers might want to reflect.
6. Whether teachers can overcome the difficulties involved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect.

TPO9 听力
1.       3 The woman mentions a research study of milk packaging. What was the finding of the study?
²
Plastic containers may change the flavor of milk.
²
Light may negatively affect the quality of milk.
²
People prefer to buy milk in see-through containers. (这是叫兽的观点)
²
Opaque containers are effective in protecting milk from bacteria.

原选C 答案B

  4 What does the professor imply about the dairy in Chelsea?
²
It has plans to start bottling milk in opaque containers.
²
Some of its employees attended the university.
²
Employees there might be able to provide useful information.
²
He worked there before joining the university faculty.
               原选A 答案C             首先 听的时候没有听懂dairy这个词


                然后 一定要注意 conversation的考点是错落分布的 越到后面越要把说话的层次理清 不能以为是废话就跳过了
10  What are two notable features of the Eidophusikon?
Click on 2 answers.
²
It was identical to the Drury Lane Theatre.         identical同一的 同样的     原句是：he synthecized all his tricks from Drury Lane:```

²
It did not make use of actors.
²
It used paintings made by Gainsborough.     这个选项中Gainsborough是landscape那个流派的画家 ···所以C选项错
²
It had a small stage.

a08805436UID: 2725634

TPO5
Paragraph2: Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf issue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described. Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.

4. According to Paragraph2, a symptom of iron deficiency is the presence in young leaves of
Deep red discoloration between the veins.
White or yellow tissue between the veins.
Dead spots between the veins.
Characteristic dark green veins.
原选C 答案B

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Plants need to absorb certain minerals from the soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and development.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
1. Some plants are able to accumulate extremely high levels of certain minerals and thus can be used to clean up soils contaminated with toxic levels of these minerals.
2. Though beneficial in lower levels, high levels of salts, other minerals, and heavy metals can be harmful to plants.
3. When plants do not absorb sufficient amounts of essential minerals, characteristic abnormalities result.
4. Because high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts limit growth in most plants, much research has been done in an effort to develop salt-tolerant agricultural crops.
5. Some plants can tolerate comparatively low levels of certain minerals, but such plants are of little use for recycling nutrients back into depleted soils.
6. Mineral deficiencies in many plants can be cured by misting their roots with a nutrient solution or by transferring the plants to a soilless nutrient solution.

原选134 答案123

第二项的表述和文章第四段的首句相似，概括了该段的大意，所以属于中心分论点。
While mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance of certain minerals can be toxic and can also limit growth.

而第四项是细节信息，因为它是具体讲高浓度氯化钠等化合物对植物生长的消极影响，只是第四段的一个句子，不能代表整段的中心，故不属于主干。

第三篇
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The term ―Cambrian explosion‖ refers to the geologically brief period during which all modern animal groups evolved.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
1. Little is known about the stages of evolution during the Cambrian period, in part because early animals were soft bodied and could fossilize only under particular conditions.
2. While animal fossils from before the Cambrian explosion have no modern descendants, many animals that evolved during the Cambrian explosion can be assigned to modern groups.
3. The Cambrian period is significant because it marks the emergence of eukaryotic life-forms – organisms that have cells with true nuclei
错误信息 应当首先排除        这提示我们不要忽视了原文中括号里的内容
4. The Ediacara fossil formation provides the most information about the Cambrian explosion, while the earlier, Tommotian and Burgess Shale formations give clues about Precambrian evolution.         most出现在这里 其实是一个明显的错误选项
5. Zoologists are awaiting the discovery of a 600-million-year-old fossil formation in order to be able to form a theory of how animal evolution progressed.          细节内容
6. Although the reasons for the rapid evolution of animals during the Cambrian period are not known, one proposed explanation is an abundance of niches with a lack of competitors.
原选456  答案126
分析:本题通过直选法实在难以得出答案 只有 a 找出错误选项   b 找出minor point    然后用排除法进行筛选 才有可能做对

TPO6
第二篇
Paragraph 4: As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks Particularly in the younger strata the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart．While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same．Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear In many strata，but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum．Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth's history．

8.According to paragraph 4，it was difficult for Smith to distinguish rock strata because
○the rocks from different strata closely resembled each other
○he was often unable to find fossils in the younger rock strata
○their similarity to each other made it difficult for him to distinguish one rock type from another
○the type of rock between two consistent strata was always the same
原选C  答案A
注意这里这个人不是分不清石头的种类 而是无法通过石头的种类来判断地质的种类
第二 不要忘记resemble是相像的意思 这里是similar的同义替换

Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging：certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.
10. The word ―virtually‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○possibly
○absolutely
○surprisingly
○nearly
原选B 答案D
Function: adverb
1 : almost entirely : nearly8
2 : for all practical purposes <virtually unknown>
这个词平常的确用的少
11. Select the TWO answer choices that are true statements based upon the discussion of the principle of faunal succession in paragraph 5. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
○It was a principle that applied to fauna but not to flora．
○It was discovered independently by two different geologists，
○It describes how fossils are distributed in rock strata
○It explains why plants and animals undergo transformations through time．
原选BD 答案BC
关于D选项 文中并没有说到为什么植物动物发生转变  这是生物学范畴的事了

第三篇
Paragraph 3: Three other explanations seem more promising．0ne involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood．And this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants’ and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier，such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll’s mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain’s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories，but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.
5. What does paragraph 3 suggest about long-term memory in children?
○Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain is important for the long-term memory of motor activities but not verbal descriptions．
○Young children may form long-term memories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are told．
○Young children have better long-term recall of short verbal exchanges than of long ones．
○Children’s long-term recall of motor activities increases when such activities are accompanied by explicit verbal descriptions
原选A 答案B
首先可以排除CD的干扰 因为把比较的对象搞错了
注意A选项的错误是在是很高明 是一个典型的迷惑选项 原文说The brain’s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories，but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions   注意是大脑的成熟度而不是前文中说的frontal lobes 的成熟度

TPO7
第一篇
Paragraph 3 With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.

4．Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
○It did not contain any marine fossil.
○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
原选B  答案A
open ocean 是指远洋，海洋   而不是指海洋以外   然而很明显 这种layer是在海洋以外的地方生成都  B错
此题用排除法 选出A
6. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?
○To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan.
○To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar Challenger.
○To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floor.
○To describe the most difficult problems faced by the Glomar Challenger expedition.
原选B  答案A       关键是要弄清楚第三段和第一段之间的关系
第二篇
Paragraph 2 The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along theMediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The Key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.
3. The phrase ―obsession with‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○thinking about
○fixation on   关注
○interest in
○attitude toward
原选C 答案B
obsession with 比 interest in程度要深
Paragraph 4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.‖ had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,‖ asked Horace in his Epistle, ―what work of ancient date would now exist?‖
10. According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization?
○Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world.
○The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.
○Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable.
○Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks.
原选D 答案C
had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist0 q% C! G; H0 |( M' S! d/ T$ S
这个是虚拟语气 正常的语序是if the Greeks held  novelty in such disdain as we,what work of ancient date would now exist# _; v; T0 M8 f' Y) w( x0 P8 m
就是说Greeks没有这种distain 才有了后来的发展
这一题错的好
Paragraph 5 Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Paragraph 6 Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
12. Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?
○They could read and write the Greek language.
○They frequently wrote poetry and plays.
○They focused their writing on military matters.
○They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.
原选B 答案A
12题其实没有疑问，因为题目当中已经说明is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6，会希腊语正是完美从两段综合得出的结果。
也就是说：5段：受到教育的人都会希腊语＋6段：NB的战士都有文化＝战士们都会希腊语～

TPO19
◆ Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.

3 How did the soilder meet their needs for goods and services?
B Most of their needs were met by traveling tradespeople who visited the forts.
C During their days off, soilders traveled to distant towns to make purchases.
D.They bought what they needed from artisans and traders in nearby towns.
原选B 答案D
此题很有意思 原句
Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy   分析可知 强调的是but后面转折的部分   也就是说 虽然作者并没说 people drawn from far afield和local people哪个是主要的，但是实际上后者更有可能是主要来源  故B（most）错     C添加了days off信息 因为很可能根本就没有days off 故排除 所以选D

第二篇
The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, is 【likewise】 not predictable or of uniform composition. There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community. The nature of the climax is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession. Nevertheless, mature natural environments are usually in equilibrium. They change relatively little through time unless the environment itself changes.

4. likewise    （同样的 照样的 又）
1.sometimes
2.similarly  （同样地 类似于）
3.apparently
4.consequently
原选A 答案B
这一题得到两点启发  1.词汇题主要还是考词的意思 因此不要胡乱带入猜测  主要把康老师的书背熟
2.读文章注意上下文 likewise是指和上一段的规律相似 都是not predictable

◆ For Clements, the climax was a "superorganism," an organic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements' characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor. An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant formation. Many authors prefer the term "association" to the term "community" in order to stress the looseness of the interaction.

6.原选C 答案A
tight是紧而不是松的意思···这一题不该错

第三篇

In the middle of the nineteenth century, Louis Agassiz, one of the first scientists to study glaciers, immigrated to the United States from Switzerland and became a professor at Harvard University, where he continued his studies in geology and other sciences. For his research, Agassiz visited many places in the northern parts of Europe and North America, from the mountains of Scandinavia and New England to the rolling hills of the American Midwest. In all these diverse regions, Agassiz saw signs of glacial erosion and sedimentation. In flat plains country, he saw moraines (accumulations of earth and loose rock that form at the edges of glaciers) that reminded him of the terminal moraines found at the end of valley glaciers in the Alps. The heterogeneous material of the drift (sand, clay, and rocks deposited there) convinced him of its glacial origin.

3
原选D 答案B
d：evidence of regional differences in the drift caused by glacial erosion.   
原文 The heterogeneous material of the drift (sand, clay, and rocks deposited there) convinced him of its glacial origin.并不是说不同地区的材质不一样 而是说同一地区的不同材质使他觉得有可能是冰川

a08805436UID: 2725634

TPO10
第一篇:
Paragraph 3：The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the
fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces.
During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired
ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the
seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD.
960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The
tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated
than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial
ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also
include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of
the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a
raised trail of slip- as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in
materials of higher intrinsic value.

5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry
in China EXCEPT:
○ The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.   没有出现有poor quality的描述.
○ Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple
colors.
○ Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stonewares were.  见原文第一句:The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures  将最高级隐藏的很深.
○ The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.
原选C 答案A

6. The word instigate in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ improved
○ investigated
○ narrowed
○ caused
原选A  答案D
instigate
及物动词 vt.

• 1.煽动；唆使；鼓动

Paragraph 6：From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The
imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial
ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some
religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that
assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated
picture.
12. The word these in the passage refers to
○ religious ceremonies
○ descriptions
○ types of ware
○ pots
descriptions of the different types of ware   A of B of C 结构  A 最重要

第二篇
Paragraph 5：To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide
a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate
change have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower
but equally erratic behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and
snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity,
and, possibly, human activities.

8. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as natural causes of climate change
EXCEPT
○ atmospheric changes
○ the slow movement of landmasses
○ fluctuations in the amount of ice and snow
○ changes in ocean activity
答案 B
原文中提到了chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower
but equally erratic behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and
snow.四个点  A 对应第一个 D对应第二个.   容易混淆的是BC  B中说的是大陆板块的移动 而文中是说 土地表面的变化
另外要注意extent在这里是指面积  和  amount也有一定的出入 不过相比之下选B 更好

11. The word invoked in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ demonstrated
○ called upon
○ supported
○ expected
答案B
invoke  恳求 请求
call upon 号召 拜访

第三篇
Paragraph 8：The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion of
capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas.
This capital financed the production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe and
overseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by
bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships - an English
innovation (the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation
between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided
permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who
purchased shares in the company.

12. According to paragraph 8, each of the following was a source of funds used to finance
economic expansion EXCEPT
○ groups of investors engaged in short-term financial cooperation
○ the state
○ wealthy merchants
○ joint-stock companies

capital 1.首都  2.资金 资本

发现这种绕句子结构的题目总是容易错啊
这一题其实是这样的: moreover带的那句话 说了三个来源  1. loans by
bankers 2.wealthy merchants 3.joint-stock partnerships . 然后后面的一句话说 因为第三个来源和前两个不同 XXXX.所以这里的 unlike后面的short-term financial cooperation between investors  就是指的1和2 所以这一题选B  state 是指去向而不是来源.

14.
○ Bringing more land under cultivation produced enough food to create surpluses for
trade and investment as well as for supporting the larger populations that led to the growth of
rural industry.
○ Most rural villages established an arrangement with a nearby urban center that enabled
villagers to take advantage of urban markets to sell any handicrafts they produced.
○ Increases in population and the expansion of trade led to increased manufacturing,
much of it small-scale in character but some requiring significant capital investment.
○ Increased capital was required for the production of goods, for storage, for trade, and for the
provision of credit throughout of Europe as well as distant markets overseas.
○ Bills of exchange were invented in medieval Italy but became less important as banks began to
provide loans for merchants.
○ The expansion of trade was facilitated by developments in banking and financial services
and benefitted from the huge influx of capital in the form of gold silver from the Americas

原选126 答案136



TPO10-听力
Section1 Lecture2
European History

12 What is the main purpose of the lecture ?
○ To describe the trade in food crops between Europe and Americas
○ To describe the introduction of American food crops to Europeans
○ To describe the influence of American food crops on traditional Europeans
○ To describe the difficulties of growing American food crops in European climates
原选C  答案B
这一暴露的问题很有价值
B选项是  美国粮食作物引入到欧洲的过程
C选项是  美国粮食作物对传统欧洲人的影响

解决这个问题的关键是听首段:
Professor
So would it surprise you to learn that many of the food that we today consider traditional European dishes that their key ingredients were not even known in Europe until quite recently, until the European started trading with the native people in North and South America? I mean, you probably aware that the Americas  provide Europe  and  Asia  with  food  like  squash,  beans,  turkey, peanuts. But what about all those Italian tomato sauces, humgarengurush or my favorite, French fries? Those yummy fried potatoes.
根本就没有提到粮食作物的影响 只是单纯地在谈粮食作物本身  故排除C

16 According to the professor ,what is one of the reasons why potatoes became popular in Ireland?
○ Potatoes were more nourishing than native Irish food crops
○ Potatoes grew better at higher altitudes than native Irish crops
○ Political leaders in Ireland encouraged the cultivation of potatoes
○  People in Ireland were not aware that potatoes are members of the nightshade family
元选B 答案A
细节错误



TPO15 阅读3
Paragraph2: Glaciers are open systems, with snow as the system's input and meltwater as
the system' s main output. The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables:
precipitation and temperature. For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass, there must be
sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and
calving, which occurs when the glacier loses solid chunks as icebergs to the sea or to large lakes.
If summer temperatures are high for too long, then all the snowfall from the previous winter
will melt.(干扰句) Surplus snowfall is essential for a glacier to develop. A surplus allows snow to
accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumulated over the years to transform buried snow
into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow. Glaciers are sometimes classified
by temperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers.
6.Paragraph 2 implies that which of the following conditions produces the fastest moving
glaciers?
○A climate characteristic of the polar regions
○A thick layer of ice in a temperate climate F Long,
○Warm summers
○Snow, firm and ice that have been buried for several years

原选C 答案B

Parargraph5: Throughout most of Earth's history, glaciers did not exist, but at the present
time about 10 percent of Earth's land surface is covered by glaciers. Present-day glaciers are
found in Antarctica, in Greenland, and at high elevations on all the continents except Australia.
In the recent past, from about 2.4 million to about 10,000 years ago, nearly a third of Earth's
land area was periodically covered by ice thousands of meters thick. In the much more distant
past, other ice ages have occurred.
12.According to paragraph 5, in what way is the present time unusual in the history of
Earth?
○There are glaciers.
○More land is covered by glaciers than at anytime in the past.
○There is no ice age.
○No glaciers are found in Australia.

原选B 答案A
B 是典型的强加比较   A选项的原因看第一句

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete
the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.
Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage
or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Glaciers are part of Earth's hydrologic cycle.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
○Glaciers, which at present contain 80 percent of Earth's freshwater, form when accumulated snow is
compressed and recrystallized into ice over a period of years.
○When there are glaciers on Earth, water is cycled through the glacier system but the cycle period may be
hundreds of thousands of years during periods of ice ages.
○The glacial system is governed by precipitation and temperature in such a way that glaciers cannot form
in temperate latitudes.
○When glacial ice reaches a depth of 30 meters, the weight of the ice causes ice crystals at the bottom to
flow, and the resulting movement of the glacier carves the landscape.
○If global warming melted the world's glaciers, sea level would rise about 60 meters worldwide.
○Glaciers have had little effect on Earth's surface because only 2 percent of Earth's water is currently
contained in glaciers, and there are fewer glaciers now than at most times in the past.

原选125  答案124
选项5  首先 跟global warming没关系  其次原文说要全部融化才上升60cm 这里没有说全部  再次 这个可以看作minor point

TPO15听力
section1 第二篇
8.        What hypotheses about distraction and brain were Lavie’s experiments involving star fields designed to investigate?  Click on two answers.
A.        Whether the capacity of the brain to process irrelevant information varies from person to person.
B.        Whether the brain perceives information that is irrelevant to the performance of a task.
C.        Whether the brain deals with distractions by categorizing irrelevant information as low priority.
D.        Whether the visual cortex is activated during the sensation of movement.
原选CD  答案BC
首先A错   实验中没有提到人和人之间的差别
B 选项 performance of the task 指的是 在任务过程中呈现的那些干扰的东西 而不是测试者的表现

10.        Why does the professor mention a highway?
A.        To compare two experiments designed to study distraction.
B.        To give an example of when area V5 might be activated.
C.        To describe a limitation in the brain’s processing capacity.
D.        To make a point about the effect of distractions on driving.

描述告诉公路的目的是解释大脑中的拥塞  而不是比较两个实验

第三篇
12.        What is the lecture mainly about?
A.        Recognizing when one geologic epoch ends and another begins.
B.        How geologists determine the age of earth.
C.        Whether humans have affected earth’s climate
D.        Identifying elements that affect the formation of sediment layers.

原选C 答案A   
C选项是minor point 因为文中讲述了3个epoch 只有最后一个是明显和人类活动相关的  相比之下A选项比C选项更有概括性

15.        According to the professor, what is the significance of the year 1800C.E?
A.        The population reached 1 billion.
B.        The Anthropocene epoch was first described.
C.        Industrialization began to influence earth’s environment.
D.        There was a significant change in the amount of sediment deposited around the world.

原选CD 答案 AC
文中原句
the idea is that around 1800CE the human population became large enough, around a billion people.```this was also the time of industrial revolution.

这一题得到启示:时间在托福听力之中并非不是考点 对于这种题  一定要根据大概的时间把时序过程的图画出来!!