闭门造车一月 今请大神狠批

秋雁北飞UID: 2845442

过年开始准备AW 现在A+I也写了有三四十篇了 可是由于个人原因 一直闭门造车 没能加入互改小组 找的几个G友也由于各种原因没能长期共事 尚有一周考试 仍苦于思路混乱 文笔苦涩 今日将几篇AW发上来 请诸位GTER不吝赐教 感激不尽

秋雁北飞UID: 2845442

ISSUE69 - "Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"

I strongly agree with the issue that government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development. Government restirctions often prevent instead of promote scientific advantages. Except some cases, the government should not place too much restrictions on scientifit research and development.
The aim and meaning of scientific research and development is to improve people's lives and to develop human beings' intellegence. From the very beginning of the history of science when someone found fry can be used to cook meals and threaten animals, the scientific research and development have improved people's lives a lot. Science advancement is the very basement of the industrial revolution and the electrical revolution, which liberated people from mechanical hard work. During the past century, modern science and technology, with the equipment such as plane, mobile phone, and Interenet, have made our lives unprecedentedly convenient than before. On the other hand, sometime the aim of scientifit research and development is just curiosity. It often occurs that scientists are just interested in some certain problems instead of releazing these problems are important for the society, while the answer of the problems happens to be useful for the society and improve the lives of people. Many scientist have aclaimed that the motivation of their study is just curiosity and interest. While a scientist is doing research for the interests of himself, the outcome of the research develops the intellegence of human beings, as a whole, and benefits the society.
Too many restrictions placed by government prevent scientists researching in the problem that they are most absorbed in and in their favorate way. As psychologists have founded, the best teacher is interest. One can spare no effort when doing something that he is most interested in. This is particular true when it comes to scientific research. The interests of researchers can turn to the abandant and meaningful results of scientific research and development. Scientist himself is the very individual that knows his interests best, so the government should let himself to decide what to research and how to research instead of forcing him to do what he dislike, which can prevent the scientific advantages.
Any restrictions should be based on some criterior about the value and meaning of scientific research and development to the society, but this kind of criterior seldom equal and effective. Scientific research and development is a long term investment. The meaning of scientifit research and development to the society is often unclear when the research is couducting. This is particular true for the scientifit research and development in the fundamental fields. For example, when the Non-Euclid geography appeared in the age of Gauss, it is regarded as some artificial tricks with little meaning, not to mention to benefit the society. So Gauss even did not public his result of the research of Non-Euclid geograhy. But in 20th century, the Non-Euclid geography turned out to be the proper mathematical base of the Theory of Relativity, which contributed to the society a lot with atom bombs and unclear industry. In a word, few people can have a clear idea about the possible meaning of scientific research and development for the future society. If the government restricts the scientific research and development that cannot be put into use immediately, this policy will be proved to be lacking of vista and the later generations must pay for us fault.
Admittedly, in some cases it is necessary for the government placing some restrictions on scientific research and development. If the scientific research and development is against the morality of human beings, the government has the responsibility of stop such kind of research. For example, in the 30s and 40s, there have been some doctors in America who injected virus into human beings to examine the immure of people, which resulted into the illness and death among people. This kind of research must not be allowed by the government.

(2011/3/5 9:40:51)

秋雁北飞UID: 2845442

ARGUMENT169 - The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University.

"Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers."

In this argument, the arguer advocates Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member in order to attract the most gifted teachers and researches. This argument is well presented, but not well reasoned. Actually, this argument suffers from many fallecies. The arguer doesn't provide information to demonstrate the teachers and researchers in Pierce University are interested in such job offer, and this effort is a waste of time and energe if few jobs offered are accepted. The arguer also does not take the other factors that influence the decision of teachers and researchers when choosing an university into consideration. Such an effort may not worth tnvesting too much money and time on.
The assumption that offering employment to the spouse of each new faculty member can attract the most gifted teachers and researches is rootless. The arguer presents no information about whether the people studied can represent all faculties and whether the way in which studies conducted are meaningful. If the people studied can represent only a small prompotion of all faculties, or the way in which the studies conducted is misleading, the meaning of the study is heavily diminished. Another problem worth noticing is whether the results in the studies conducted by Bronston College can be applied in Pierce University. The fact that both them are located in small towns does no follow that the faculty members of both them concern the same thing.
For example, maybe in the town Bronston College located in, the competition in hunting for a job is much fiercer than the town Pierce University located in, so the faculties members in Pierce University does not so emphasis the employment offers as in Bronston College.
If the offer is seldom accepted, this effort is just a waste of time and money. Even faculties members are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area, it doesn't necessarily follows that they will accept the job offered by the school. On one hand, perhaps most spouses of faculty members already have a job in the town, which makes the job offered by the school not so attractive. On the other hand, the job offered by the school may not fit the demand of all spouses of all facluty members. In a word, it is very likely that few teachers are likely to accept the employment offered by the school, which result into the little meaning of the effort.
The arguer overlooks or intentially neglect the other factors that teachers taking into consideration when choosing a university. When deciding which school to work in, a teacher or professor should consider many factors. Whether his/her spouses can be employed in the same geographic area is only one of them, and not the most important one, in my opinion. For example, salary, campus, renown of the school and the department, equipment and falicities for research can be more important than whether his/her spouses can be employed in the same geographic area. It seems more effective for Pierce University to make efforts to improve the condition of these factors to attract teachers and researchers than to offer employments to their spouses.
In sum, with the flaws mentioned above, the arguer fails to convince that  Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member in order to attract the most gifted teachers and researches. To make his conclusion logically acceptable, the arguer should conduct more throughly study to demonstrate the meaning of this effort, and persuade us that this effort is better than the other possible ways of attracting new teachers.

(2011/3/5 10:45:21)

秋雁北飞UID: 2845442

TOPIC: ISSUE153 - "Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."
WORDS: 672          TIME: 00:41:38          DATE: 2011/3/5 19:48:46

I strongly agree with the assertion that students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study and question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively. The information is always increasing and the world itself is always changing, so it is necessary for students doubt the credibility of  the former theory and knowledge.
In the field of nature science, this necessarity of being skeptical results from the limitation and development of the knowledge gained by human beings about the nature. Nature science is the subject learning the laws of the universe. Human beings, with a history of thousands of years, have only gained a small part of the information in the universe with a history of billions of years. Actually, as a part of universe, it is impossible for human beings learn all the information and the laws about the universe. There were are and will be some secret the universe hidding from human beings. However, with the research, explore and intelligent development, human beings are gaining more and more information about the laws of the universe. With the increasing information, it often occurs that what we believed to be the law of universe turn out to be not true, or more often, not so accurate as we once thought. So, the history of nature science is the history about doubting the former theories and creating new theories. Galieo chanllenged the belief accepted from the age of Aristotle that things would keep steady without outer force with inspire Newton to develop his theory about physics, which turned out to be extremely successful and accurate and regarded as an essential part of a proper education during the following centuries. However, at the begining of the 20th century, Einstein doubt the basic rules of Newton's theory, and developed the Relative Theory based on the results of some new researches, which replace Newton's Theory in modern scientific research. In a word, only with a certain skeptism to the already established theory can one achieve the success in creating new theory in the nature science field.
In the field of social science, this necessarity should be attributed to the restless changing society. The society is always changing from the age of caveman to nowadays. With the development of industrialization, the old ecomomic theory that established in the argriculture society cannot work any longer. Especially in the past century, the society and the lives of people has changed unprecedently rapidly, with the results of the technological advancement such as mobile phone and plane. Some old habits such as writing letters are becoming almost extinctive and some new phenomenon are developing rapidly such as Internet. Every change can diminish the meaning of the elder theory in social science field. The theory that fit the former society may not be adapted to modern society. So it is necessary for the students keeping a certain skeptism about the former theories which cannot be adapted to the society in the future and develop their own theories.
Someone are likely to question the meaning of doubting the basic precinples that are accepted by almost everyone. They may feel it is just a waste of time to doubt the basic pricinples and steadfast beliefs. However, the skeptism about the basic priciples are often the catalyst of some fundamentally new ideas. For example, it is well known that there is exactly one line passing by a point out of a certain line parallel to it. Acually, this is the fundament of the Euclid geography that established in ancient Greeke and accepted by almost everyone. However, it is the doubt of this anxiom that result into the found of teh Non-Euclid geography, which is the mathematical fundament of the Theory of Relativity.
In sum, students should have the courage to doubt whatever they study, at least in the field of two main branches of human beings' knowledge, nature science and social science, for the doubt of the already established theory has been proved to be the catalyst of great advancement in the history.


TOPIC: ARGUMENT186 - The following is a recommendation from the director of personnel to the president of Professional Printing Company.

"In a recent telephone survey of automobile factory workers, older employees were less likely to report that having a supervisor present increases their productivity. Among workers aged 18 to 29, 27 percent said that they are more productive in the presence of their immediate supervisor, compared to 12 percent for those aged 30 or over, and only 8 percent for those aged 50 or over. Clearly, if our printing company hires mainly older employees, we will increase productivity and save money because of the reduced need for supervisors."
WORDS: 459          TIME: 00:25:40          DATE: 2011/3/5 19:48:46

In this argument, the arguer advocate that Professional Printing Company should hire mainly older employees in order to increase productivity and save maney spent on supervisors, because a recent survey finds that young workers are more likely to be more productive in the presence of their immediate supervisor. This argument suffers from several serious logical fallacies which make it unacceptable.
The arguer fails to convince us about the reliability of the survey. First, the survey is conducted via telephone. Maybe the supervisors are around the workers which prevent them to reply their real feeling. It is also very likely that there are some workers don't take such a survey seriously. Second, the there is no information about the size and the representivity of the sample in the survey. May be the people in the survey can represent only a small part among all workers which diminishes the meaning of the survey heavily.
The arguer commits the fallacy of false analogy. The arguer adapt the result of a survey of automobile factory workers to the priting workers without any demonstration. Actually, there are many difference between the automobile factory workers and priting workers. The priting workers can be more continent than the automobile factory workers, which makes the analogy between these two kinds of workers questionable. The work in priting company is also quite different from the work in automobile factory. Maybe the productivity is mostly influenced by the equipments of printing instead of by worker themselves. If so, the advocate of the arguer has little value for the company.
The arguer overlooks or intentionally neglects the other difference bewteen younger workers and older workers. The result of the survey reveals that older workers are less likely to be influenced by the presence of supervisor. However, this does not necessarily follows that the older workers are more productive than young workers. Considering young workers are more energetic, It is possible that young workers are always more productive than older workers, no matter with the presence of supervisor or not. There is also a possibility that the salary of older workers are higher than those young workers for an older worker is responsible to support a whole family. The older workers are more likely to get ill with aged bodies. If so, the decision of hiring mainly older employees will decrease instead of increasing the profit of the company.
In a word, with the flaws mentioned above, the arguer fails to convince us that Professional Printing Company should hire mainly older employees in order to increase productivity and save maney spent on supervisors. The arguer needs the result of a more credible and thorough study about the productivity of young workers and older workers with and without the presence of supervisors.

秋雁北飞UID: 2845442

TOPIC: ISSUE208 - "The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."
WORDS: 573          TIME: 00:44:15          DATE: 2011/3/6 14:28:09

Can the appearance, such as the way people look, dress, and, act reveal their attitudes and interests and the society's ideas and values as a whole? The arthor claims so. However, in my opinion, the appearance doesn't always accord with people's inner thought. When trying to tell about people's attitude and interests and a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behaviour of its people, one must be careful to distinguish the influence of the ideas and values of the society and the influence of the other factors, even disguising.
It is true that people's attitudes and intersts can be reflected by the way they look, dress and act to some extend. For example, one wearing sporting clothes may be more likely doing sport than the one in formal clothes, while the latter one can be believed to enjoy a social work. One always with a smile  seems to be more friendly than one with deadpan all the time, and the latter more strict. It is more obviously that peoples attitudes, as well as their charactaristics, are most directly expressed in the way people act. While all students finished their homework, an experienced teacher can know the attitudes of them by the way they deal with homework. Those students who write hasty are less like to pay enough attention on the work. People with different attitudes can do the same thing in different ways. In a word, the attitudes and interests can be revealed by the way then look, dress and act.
A society's ideas and values, as the sum of the individuals' attitudes and interests in it, can be partially revealed by observing the appearance and behavior of its people. Actually, an important way for society's ideas and values to work is via influencing people's appearance and behavior. It is easy to differentiate the people from different society's from their appearance and behavior. For example, the Japanease culture is famous for the politeness of its people. One can find a typical Japanease is always behavioring extremely politely when communicates with him. So the values of emphysizing politeness and ritual is ostenfied by the behaviour of its people.
However, the appearance of people can be intentially disguised and influenced by the other factors such as the globalization. In some cases, especially when related to interests, people may disguise their thoughts. Everyone will try his best to behave like a gentleman when dating with his girlfriend. Everyone will tend to convince others about their honesty and reliability when sign a business contact. However, such behavior doesn't reflect their true characteristics, not to mention the society's ideas and values.
The difference between the appearance and inner thoughts are especially big with the globalization. While people from different countries keep their different culture, at least to some extent, the way people look, dress, and act are becoming the same. Everyone seems to be polite and handsome at the first glance. He smiles, shakes hands, but we know nothing about his thoughts interests and attitudes. Only with a deeper communication can one know such things about him, and the values of the society he coming from.
In a word, although the way people look, dress and act sometimes can reflect their attitudes, interests and the society's ideas and values to some extent, the disguised appearance can lie and result into the wrong decision, which requires other ways to better understand the individual and the society.

秋雁北飞UID: 2845442

TOPIC: ARGUMENT161 - In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits.
WORDS: 485          TIME: 00:30:00          DATE: 2011/3/6 11:35:20

In the argument, the arguer points out that the study of reading habits of Leeville citizens condected by the university of Leeville had misrepresented their reading habitsd, for the study conducted by same researchers found the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel. This seems to be an obvious and sound conclusion, but after carefully examination, we can find the argument suffering from several fallacies.
The arguer implies the rootless assumption that the type of book most frequently checked out of public libraries is the favorite reading materail by most Leeville citizens. There can be many possible explaination for the mystery novel being the most frequently checked out type of book. Frist, maybe there are so few mystery novel in the public libreries that they are easily checked out although few people borrow them. It is also very likely that those who reading the other type of book such as literary classics prefer to buy the reading material borrow them from their friends or personal libraries than to borrow from public libraties.
Mystery books and literary classics are not necessarily contradict to each other. Mystery books and literary classics overlap with each other at some time. Actually, some books can be literary classics and mystery books at the same time. If most Leeville citizens prefer those books that are both mystery books and literary classics, there is no contradiction between the result of the two study and no evidence to accuse the respondents in the first study misrepresenting their reading habits.
Even there are some difference between the result of the first study and the real condition, it does not necessarily follow that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits. There can be many explanation for the difference besides the lie of respondents. Actually, the arguer presents no imformation about the way the first study was conducted and how well it represented the public taste. For example, if there is no answer such as mystery books in the study, the result should be attributed to this flaws committed by the researches instead of respondents. Another possibility is that respondents are not representative for all Leeville citizens. For example, if most the respondents are the students in the University of Leeville, the result of the study can be different from the real condition even the respondents telling the truth, for the different taste between college students and citizens.
In sum, with the flaws mentioned above, the arguer fails to demonstrate the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits. To make the argument logically acceptable, the arguer should present more evidence about the result in the second study can reflect the reading tastes of Leeville citizens, and it is the respondents that are responsible for the difference of the result of the first study and the real condition.

秋雁北飞UID: 2845442

诸多拼写错误 还请见谅
现在情况是A觉得时间太紧
I科技教育类还好 艺术政治什么的思路展不开
至于语言 我知道差 但是恐怕已经没有提升的时间了

秋雁北飞UID: 2845442

那个 没人理啊...