Issue93 The concept of "individual responsibility" is a necessary

hehuiUID: 134334

93.The concept of "individual responsibility" is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making. (460)




简要提纲：
1.        观点：部分赞同
2.        让步：人们似乎是因为外力的趋使才履行责任的-排比举例
3.        转折：过分强调外力因素忽略了人自身的一些美德，即人本身是有责任感的，这种责任感来源于内心的感情而非外界的制约-例子：父母对子女
4.        递进：人本身的责任感也来源于长期形成的道德观念-例子：1.帮盲人过马路；2.志愿者
5.        总结：责任感不是虚无的

I partly agree to the statement above because people's behavior is to some degree determined by outer forces besides their own will, but whether the notion of "individual responsibility" is a necessary fiction is open to doubt.

Apparently, people tend to take their accountability in that they are subjected to certain social pressure, such as laws, regulations and rules. In pursuing more profits, powerful companies tend to form a union, in the economic term of Trust, by which will gain them the dominant position in the market without the constraint of the anti-trust law aiming at keeping an active and fair market. And a smoker, though is extremely hungry for a cigarette, cannot do so in some non-smoking areas, such as a hospital, under the sanitary regulations. Also, a college student may spend most of his/her time in sports and entertainment if without the strict rule of grade which determines whether he/she can get a degree and successfully graduate or not. In brief, we may not deny that exterior forces play a large part in regulating people's actions.

However, an overemphasis on forces that is not of people's own making may conceal the truth that human beings have their own will to take their responsibility thus may tarnish some important innate human virtues. We cannot imagine that our parents nurture us only due to the laws relating to protection of the immature. Neither do many young people in my country spontaneously take care of the older because of certain laws or regulations. In these cases our sense of accountability is more likely originated from our hearts than from those outer forces. And the word responsibility bears the meaning of fidelity and love rather than the emotionless mandatory.

Moreover, our own will to take our responsibility also comes from our moral considerations which are well established as we live in any moral society. We are brought up being continuously imbued with criterions and moral standards which tell us the right from the wrong, the good from the evil. As we grow up, the accumulated sense of morality becomes ingrained in our minds thus becomes part of our nature which will affect, either directly or indirectly, our each action. For example, most people may willingly help a blind person cross a busy street not because they are forced to do so, but their sense of morality impels them. In the same token, it is largely depends on their sense of humanity that the volunteers from some advanced academies in rich countries choose to work in some impoverished areas. They not only take their own responsibility, but also involve in some social duties as a whole.

From the foregoing analysis, we may safely conclude that though sometimes people take responsibility as the obligation, the concept of individual responsibility is out of the question a fiction. On the contrary, it functions well in the real world, and cheeringly it outfluxes from the bottom of our hearts.

imongUID: 140258

I partly agree to(with?我记不太清楚了)  the statement above（写title statement吧） because people's behavior is to some degree determined by outer forces besides（？这个关系不太对，如果你要承认前半而反对后半，应该是用not之类更确定的词。） their own will, but whether the notion of "individual responsibility" is a necessary fiction is open to doubt.

Apparently, people tend to take their accountability（？take accountability） in that they are subjected to certain social pressure, such as laws, regulations and rules. In pursuing more profits, powerful companies tend to form a union, in the economic term of Trust(语序重组，namely a trust in the economic terms, 而且这里好像应该用复数）, by which will gain（gain的语态没有这样用的） them the dominant position（直接写domination)  in the market without the constraint of the anti-trust law aiming at keeping an active and fair market. (这一段好像写反了？是不是应该说with the constraint什么的）And a smoker, though is extremely hungry for a cigarette, cannot do so in some non-smoking areas, such as a hospital, under the sanitary regulations. Also, a college student may spend most of his/her time in sports and entertainment if without the strict rule of grade which determines whether he/she can get a degree and successfully graduate or not（or not 多余）. In brief, we may not deny that exterior forces play a large part in regulating people's actions. 例子都是relevent，但是说得不够有力，要尽量体现你对论点的支持

However, an overemphasis on forces that is not of people's own making(?) may conceal the truth that human beings have their own will to take their responsibility thus may tarnish some important innate human virtues(太长,意群不清楚). We cannot imagine that our parents nurture us only due to the laws relating to protection of the immature. Neither do many young people in my country spontaneously take care of the older because of certain laws or regulations.(建议加上for example，而且举出例子之后，或者之中，尽量体现出例子的相关性在哪里) In these cases our sense of accountability is more likely(不好） originated from our hearts than from those outer forces. And the word responsibility bears the meaning of fidelity and love rather than the emotionless mandatory.说得不够深入，而且not necessarily "fiction"并没有说出来

Moreover, our own will to take our responsibility also comes from our moral considerations which are well established as we live in any moral society. We are brought up being continuously（consistently?都不好） imbued with criterions and moral standards which tell us the right from the wrong, the good from the evil. As we grow up, the accumulated sense of morality becomes ingrained in our minds thus becomes part of our nature which will affect, either directly or indirectly, our each action. For example, most people may willingly help a blind person cross a busy street not because they are forced to do so, but their sense of morality impels them. In the same token, it is largely depends（dependent,前边有is了) on their sense of humanity that the volunteers from some advanced academies in rich countries choose to work in some impoverished areas. They not only take their own responsibility, but also involve in some social duties as a whole.

From the foregoing analysis, we may safely conclude that though sometimes people take responsibility as the obligation, the concept of individual responsibility is out of the question a fiction. On the contrary, it functions well in the real world, and cheeringly it outfluxes from the bottom of our hearts.

觉得逻辑并不太好，主观的东西似乎多了些
要注意你要对这个题目进行“分析”，最好的情况是尽量把为什么说清楚

blake_wangUID: 9871

感觉好奇怪噢？这句话：
but whether the notion of "individual responsibility" is a necessary fiction is open to doubt.

你想说明什么？“一人做事一人当”是一个必要的社会约定，难道这有问题？楼主把题意搞错了吧？

木耳UID: 123036

你的文章我没细看过，但你的提纲我都看过了。感觉你的思路有些局限。好像总是让步转折很多，而且总把让步放在第一位（如果我记错了请原谅）。

如果时间还长的话，建议多练一些套路。比如：
1 现象---解释---解决办法
2 层层递进
3 观点：同意---分论点1---分论点2---对题目论点进行补充
4 观点：同意---理论可行---实际不可行---解决办法或结论
等等

总之，一个逻辑思路不能通吃所有文章。多练练有好处。

hehuiUID: 134334

to imong and blake_wang:

收到,收到,太谢谢你们了
隔一天看我这文章，又看了你们的评论,，我发现我的论据段居然不是支持主题段的。

我的首段在说我同意人会被外力左右，但反对人的责任感是虚无的。也就是我所说的“部分同意”；
但支持段都在证明责任感更多的来源于人自身，压根就没观"虚无的"这个观点，有点疯!!

怪不得都看晕了.

这样看,我其实对题目的观点是一点都不赞同的 才对.

分析一下题目吧:
它先给了个结论,说人的责任感这个东西是虚无的；后半句实际是他的理由，就是说人是因为外力才对事情负责的。

我的文章显然是主要批驳后半句，然后试图在结尾水道渠成地得出"人责任感不是虚无的"这个结论，全文就合理了。

这是我限时写时爱出的问题：因为时间紧，上来就模式化地写开头；写完开头才仔细构架论据，然后....就跑题了。


to 木耳：

你的建议太好了，我会尝试的。我贴了一篇“区分天才儿童”那题就是按：理论可行，实际不行的路子写的，如果你有时间还请指正。
那篇是isse - 214

再次感谢大家，以后也请多指正！！敬礼！

blake_wangUID: 9871

唉！你还是把题意理解错啦!
劝你看看别人对题目的翻译哟。

hehuiUID: 134334

哦？

blake解释解释吧，如果有文章更好。

blake_wangUID: 9871

hehui,不好意思，我仔细查了一下，发现对这道题目的理解有不同的版本。你的理解也是有很多支持版本的。原谅我的武断哦。
我个人认为，题目的前半句The concept of "individual responsibility" is a necessary fiction. 应该翻译成“个人责任是一个很有必要的社会约定“。我的观点有支持文章如下：
老外280篇中的，
"The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold
individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces
not of their own making."
I fundamentally agree with the speaker's first contention, for unless we embrace the concept
of "individual responsibility" our notions of moral accountability and human equality, both
crucial to the survival of any democratic society, will whither. However, I strongly disagree with
the second contention--that our individual actions are determined largely by external forces.
Although this claim is not entirely without support, it runs contrary to common sense and
everyday human experience.
The primary reason that individual responsibility is a necessary fiction is that a society where
individuals are not held accountable for their actions and choices is a lawless one, devoid of
any order whatsoever. Admittedly, under some circumstances a society of laws should carve
out exceptions to the rule of individual responsibility--for example, for the hopeless psychotic
who has no control over his or her thoughts or actions. Yet to extend forgiveness much further
would be to endanger the social order upon which any civil and democratic society depends.
A correlative argument for individual responsibility involves the fact that lawless, or anarchist,
states give way to despotic rule by strong individuals who seize power. History informs us that
monarchs and dictators often justify their authority by claiming that they are preordained to
assume it--and that as a result they are not morally responsible for their oppressive actions.
Thus, any person abhorring despotism must embrace the concept of individual responsibility.
As for the speaker's second claim, it flies in the face of our everyday experiences in making
choices and decisions. Although people often claim that life's circumstances have "forced"
them to take certain actions, we all have an infinite number of choices; it's just that many of our
choices are unappealing, even self-defeating. Thus, the complete absence of free WIU would
seem to be possible only in the case of severe psychosis, coma, or death.
Admittedly, the speaker's second contention finds support from "strict determinist"
philosophers, who maintain that every event, including human actions and choices, is
physically necessary, given the laws of nature. Recent advances in molecular biology and
genetics lend some credence to this position, by suggesting that these determining physical
forces include our own individual genetic makeup. But, the notion of scientific determinism
opens the door for genetic engineering, which might threaten equality in socioeconomic
opportunity, and even precipitate the development of a "master race." Besides, since neither
free will nor determinism has been proven to be the correct position, the former is to be
preferred by any humanist and in any democratic society.
38
In sum, without the notion of individual responsibility a civilized, democratic society would
soon devolve into an anarchist state, vulnerable to despotic rule. Yet, this notion is more than a
mere fiction. The idea that our actions spring primarily from our free will accords with common
sense and everyday experience. I concede that science might eventually vindicate the speaker
and show that our actions are largely determined by forces beyond our conscious control. Until
that time, however, I'll trust my intuition that we humans should be, and in fact are, responsible
for our own choices and actions.

grillUID: 138097

我写过这篇文章。我的思路是这样的。
1。否定，人虽然是由凭直觉来行动的动物进化来的，然而人是唯一由理智支配的动物。
2。（跟你的有点象）人的有些责任意识是由后天习得的，譬如父母的modle作用。
3。人类智慧可以辨别哪些事情可以带来最大的好处（你好，我好，大家好的一些例子）你不负责任，只有自己吃亏去吧。
4。有些人没有意识倒自己的责任，特别是一些特定的工作上，有些人很清楚知道自己的责任却受欲望支配或抱着侥幸心里，所以需要外力来知道，促使。。。
5。重申不同意，因为人是可以区分好坏的。当然一些规则，法律，监督却是必须的。

你的有些例子简直是小学生说的，建议改一改，观点说得不透彻。

最后是牢骚，你的文章这么多人看，我的issue127却无人问津，如果再没有人给我希望，这就是我在作文版最后一次发言了^_^

木耳UID: 123036

necessary fiction是关键.我当时理解的就是fiction=no exist.忽略了necessary.现在看来不是很合适.
我以前写过的.
"The concept of responsibility is a necessary fiction. Although socities must hold their individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."

In the title statement, the speaker holds the contention that the concept of 'individual responsibility' is no existence but a fiction. Moreover, the speaker says that the behaviors of human beings are fundamentally determined by the environment which out of their control. Admittedly, one's actions are deeply influenced by laws, societies, schools and families and other exterior forces; individual responsibility exists and functions as a significant role to rule people's behaviors as well.

On one hand, the highest social animal as human being is, any individual has his specific role in a certain society. And this specific role gives one social identity and individual responsibility through education in schools and influence of ethical and moral standards. Though some times one would feel that the certain responsibility is obligation from the society and organizations rather than his 'individual responsibility' at first, in most cases, the accountability would presumably become one's own eventually followed by the final identification of his specific social identity, and then direct one's behaviors without the force from the exterior world. For example, a soldier would think it is his duty to obey the rules without any hesitation; a surgeon would consider healing the patients as his accountability; and a historian would feel it is his responsibility to discover what is behind the historical descriptions. In fact, different careers and roles form diverse individual responsibilities, which result in individuals’ voluntary behaviors.

On the other hand, there are not only specific individual responsibilities in diverse areas but also some fundamental values and accountabilities, which we all human beings cherish. From the moment one can speak or even is born, the society begins to instill the moral and ethical standards, which is so called humanity in every one's mind. The older one is, the deeper influence the humanity would be. When one is just a little child, he would go directly to what he like and claim it. Then when he is old enough, he would realize that it is incorrect and ashamed. And because of the awareness of what is right and wrong, one would probably never do any misdeed again. Actually, humanity is just the common individual responsibility shared by all of us.

However, every one lives in a certain society thereby one's behavior is more or less influenced by forces not of their own making. And to operate normally, every society has its laws, though many times have differences among them. It is true that humanity plays an essential role in ruling individuals' behaviors; yet laws are necessary. Under the control of laws, people who have little individual responsibility would probably not dare to do any crime in fear of law punishment. Besides laws, for example in school, rules are also an important factor as well as individual responsibility. Nowadays, in most universities, a student who does not pass some certain courses in his four years college life would not get his diploma of bachelor's degree. So even if a student does not like his discipline, or dose not care about his GPA, the pressure of graduating forces him not to playing computer or basketball all the time.

In addition, individual responsibility and forces from outside world have overlapped parts some times. For instance, studying diligently is some hard-working students' individual responsibility as well as the pressure from schools and society.

Generally speaking, it is hasty and incorrect to conclude that the concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. On the contrary, individual responsibility plays an important role which cannot be replaced. However, laws and the exterior force also have their significance as well. Thus we can not put either of them aside and pay more attention to another

再把necessary fiction好好理解一下.我虽然还是不懂,但已考完了,懒得再想了.

hehuiUID: 134334

谢谢 blake，给我提供了其他的观点。

我查了韦伯，fiction的全部解释如下：
1 a : something invented by the imagination or feigned;  specifically   : an invented story  b : fictitious literature (as novels or short stories)  c : a work of fiction;  especially   : NOVEL
2 a : an assumption of a possibility as a fact irrespective of the question of its truth *a legal fiction*  b : a useful illusion or pretense
3 : the action of feigning or of creating with the imagination

为什么在这里会成”社会约定“呢？
necessary除了“必要的”，还有“必然的”的意思。

grill:

从你的提纲看，还真是我的知音那！

你帖了几篇？我这就去看看！

木耳：

我觉得你这篇就很好了，从任何角度看都可以自圆其说，这才是最重要的。

我已经把它收藏了。

blake_wangUID: 9871

to hehui，
你看到没有？2 a : an assumption of a possibility as a fact irrespective of the question of its truth *a legal fiction* 这一条的意思翻译成汉语就是“社会约定”。你有没有意见？

我们之间的分歧可以缩小到对这句话的精确理解上。

grillUID: 138097

我对题目的理解与hehui是一样的，看来值得推敲。

hehui,你的第二段与我的第四段有点象，只是你写得很抽象，不好写啊。。。而我只是补充说明，举了三个不同的例子，我感觉我那样写简单写，但是我的文章传不上来，在另外一台电脑上（电脑软驱坏了，也上不了网，过几天修修^_^)

yuyuantanUID: 128559

一位美国的亲戚告诉我，这个题目曾经在美国几乎是全国大讨论。 起因是两个不大的中学生绑架了一个3-4岁的小孩，敲诈未果以至杀死幼童。据说为两位中学生辩护的法官提出了一个论点，即人生来是清白并善良的，两位中学生的行为并不是因为他们想要杀人，而是受外界的影响而寻求刺激。 为此，这位律师还专门写了一本书。

此题花了我很长时间来考虑它的真正好含义。目前我是同意hehui和grill. 而不同意老外280的想法。
人是要对自己的行为负责的， 个人责任不应该是虚构的或被人为规定的概念。 尽管外力会影响人的行为，担人可以考自己的判断来克服或接受外力的影响，并指导自己的行为。

白色翅膀UID: 139024

顶，我觉得各位说的对，我的：
1 人可以判断是非，应该负责
2 虽然是社会赋予的责任，但仍应该履行，这对社会很重要
3虽然无法自己选择，但是对事情的后果是可预知的（知道大家理解不了）：比如，在人胁迫下完成一件不好的事，看是别无选择，但事实上，是在做或不做的后果之间做抉择，仍然是自主的，
此题我关注的是people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.
不知跑否？估计跑的还挺远：）大家就当ARGU来驳吧