[分享] 33个issue题目的参考资料（部分转贴）

hehuiUID: 134334

朋友们：这是我准备作文考试时收集的一些作文，从下个帖子开始按内容分了7个区域（见下面的说明），每类后面提供WORD版下载，最后一个帖子是全部内容的下载。

资料使用说明：
1.题目：共有33题：13、16、25、26、28、29、38、48、93、103、104、113、114、119、120、127、130、131、136、147、150、151、152、157、161、174、196、197、207、214、216、218、240
2.题号：为ETS题号
3.出处：来自  www.testmagic.com
的国外同学的作文（我一般都标出了作者的国籍）、满分网和GTER的作文、还有一些是我自己写的
4.分类：为查询方便，提供两种分类方法：按题号、按内容，大家按需查询或下载
5.使用目的：拓展思路、学习用词，请不要抄袭原文，可以paraphrase

按题号（题号-浏览区域）：
13-F 16-G 25-E 26-F 28-A 29-F 38-A 48-D 93-G 103-D 104-A 113-D 114-B 119-A 120-D 127-E 130-A 131-C 136-E 147-E 150-B 151-B 152-G 157-E 161-F 174-F 196-B 197-B 207-F 214-A 216-A 218-C 240-E

按内容（浏览区域.分类：题号）：
A．教育、研究方法、学习类：28、38、104、119、130、214、216
B．科技、现代化类：38、114、147、150、151、196、197
C．艺术类：131、218
D．历史类：48、103、113、120
E．哲学类：25、127、136、147、157、183、240
F．社会问题类：13、26、174、207  媒体小类： 29、161
G．行为、观念、品德类：16、93、152

hehuiUID: 134334

A．        教育类：28、38、104、119、130、214、216

28.Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little.
from an Indian student
Knowledge acquired by any individual is worth if the concepts are remembered and used. Learning process of a student may vary widely, but facts can be memorized only if they are explained with ideas and contemporary trends. Learning only facts may limit us to very narrow focus on the obtained knowledge.

An individual has to work on the facts or information received to remember them. Even though, one's ability to remember the facts is high, one has to relate it to something for memorizing the facts and implement them when it is necessary. It is applicable to not only students, but to every one in the society. For example, students who work with mathematics. They learn the theorems and formulas as the facts. They would never remember if they are learned and left. Formulas have to be worked with many different mathematics problems, which gives different ideas and refer to those formulas. That way, they can easily memorize the facts and can implement it very easily when it is necessary.

Another example that can be considered to support view is, students who from bachelors of engineering in architecture. They learn many different concepts that support the design and architecture of a building. Unless, they implement these ideas observing the current trends in building a structure, all the acquired knowledge would go in vain. Their assiduous efforts in learning the concepts would be given a profound meaning if they were implemented in real life with different ideas.

Its the same with the people who are in fashion designing field. If the facts they learn about designing are not implemented by observing the contemporary needs of an individual, their knowledge would be limited. Some might argue that, fashion designing could be used to design clothes for their personal requirements. After a while, one might get less motivated, and may not be interested to do any justification to their field.

Finally, I concur that one has to implement the acquired knowledge or facts in ideas to memorize the concepts, which can help them to learn more by motivating an individual in every way possible.


38. "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."

1.Thailand  5.5
From the time humans first used written communication in the form cave paintings, writing has been a primary medium for preserving and disseminating human thought. Whith invention of the Guttenburg's press in the 15th century, books, written once, copied many times, became the single most important carrier of human intelect.

This was to be the case for many centuries, until, first the radio, and then the television came into existence. For the first time, people had a choice of mediums to learn from. Yet, is it true to say that the box is superior to the books in terms education value ? My firm belief is that this is not the case. It is my opinion that despite all the advances in technology, the medium of television has a long way to go to catch up with books.

The proponents of television argue, that while books are mostly text with a few pictures thrown in, the television, being and audio visual media, is able to engage two of our key senses. Furthermore, the information in a book is static, yet the television is a dynamic array of visual imagery and sounds. The television is capable of showing us events "live", as they are unfolding on a far flung corner of earth. These supporters of the television also point at that when we read books, we are seeing the world through the eyes of the author. This second hand view is often distorted by the biases and the prejudices of the author. Thus, they claim, that the television we can learn more from television than we can from reading books.

This, I agree, is the case if we were to define learning as the absorption of information. In my opinion, human learning is not just garnering information. That is something that machines do. For us, learning is much more. It is a process of imagination, a process of acquiring others' experiences, a process of understanding and thereby gaining wisdom.

Television leaves very little to our imagination. Even if it did, our senses are bombarded to such an extent by a never ending salvo of sights and sounds that we hardly have time to digest them. The human mind has to expend a tremendous amount of effort to make sense of those 24 frames that the eye sees every second. This does not give it time to form and understanding about the subject matter.

In contrast, when reading books, the mind is actively engaged in mentally visualizing the concepts presented as text. One can read books at one's own leisure. The reader decides the rate at which he or she reads the book. This enables us to alter the pace of information processing in our minds, thus enabling us to forge rapidly through concepts that are not too deep, and mull over concepts that are profound.

If the information were food, we gobble it down without having time to savour its taste when we watch television. When we read books, we get to relish it.

When we watch television, we can only share the experiences of a mechanical device, the camera. When we read a book, we can see how the author sees the world. We can see the world through anothers eyes. We can share the experiences of the author. The author is a human being. We can feel a sense of affinity towards him or her. Can we feel the same affinity towards a cathode ray tube ?

In sum, while there is no doubt that the television can be a great aid in learning, it is not yet ready to usurp the book as our primary source of intellectual nourishment.

2.usa
In contemporary society, information gained from every source possible is worth perceiving and insightful. Whether importance given to the television should be weighed more or should it be given to the books depends on the usage for receiving the information. Each has its own place and importance in the contemporary life. Lets look into the issue, which states that television and reading books are mutually exclusive.

Books and television have both carved their importance in the society over a period of time. Books are helpful in many different ways. To support my view, lets consider libraries. Libraries are not only used to store archives of books, but also wide ranges of categories of books are available. Starting from baroque to contemporary information could be retrieved from library. People get very much benefited with libraries, as they get to learn and gain lot of knowledge. On the other hand, people looking for specific information, may not find television helpful. They would choose books it would give more specific details than television can.

Another example that can be considered to support my view is, when it comes to kids, people tend to choose books over television. Books help the kids to think positively and develop a positive personality. For example, moral stories teach kids how to be benevolent. Mythological stories teach how to be courageous and fight with evildoers. Some might argue that children programs on the televisions are doing a wonderful job in teaching kids. Disadvantages with the television could be that kids might tired by watching television for hours. They may not even like thinking or remember anything from the program, which may hinder their learning process.

However, television has its own place in the society. It has become a basic need for contemporary life. For instance, it is helpful to watch daily weather in severe and harsh winters. Moreover, it gives variety of information on daily news, home and gardening, and home d閏or.

These days, television is also connected with Internet, which basically provides a box, which serves 慳ll-in-one?purpose. Even though, daily news and weather can be found in everyday newspapers, people may choose television over newspapers, as it is easily accessible in the busy mornings. Therefore, it not only serves as a need but also, as an entertainer. After work, people tend to switch on television than sticking to the books, as it gives the daily information that was missed during work. Moreover, it works as a relaxation to relieve people out of stress.

On the whole, I concur to the point that, importance should be given to television or reading books depends on the information needed and usage of that information. Both are equally weighed in this contemporary society as they have their own advantages and disadvantages.

104. "It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears."
BY HEHUI

Nowadays, modern societies where we live offer us a legion of ways to receive information that may affect and shape our minds, values and attitudes such as mass communication media including radio, television and newspapers, public forums, platforms and pulpits, and the most recently high-tech based Internet. However, none of those can substitute the primary position of formal education as the way different groups and cultures intend to maintain their favorable ideas and eliminate those are not to their liking.

Formal educational institutions, in a more common word, schools have been playing the chief role in achieving that goal. They have many ways to do that. First, curricula of the schools from different cultures provide students an essentially limited instead of a broad range of choices of what the cultures want them to learn. For example, in most Islamic countries, Koran is a required course form elementary schools to high schools, while other religious studies such as Buddhism will never appear on the course sheets of first and secondary schools. Second, textbooks reflect different cultural backgrounds and thus various stances, ideas and values. Though in most natural scientific areas such as mathematics, physics and geology, there is little variation among teaching materials from different cultures, in humanities, things are largely different. History textbooks from China and Japan are strong cases to the point. At the first glance, they tell the same thing of the 1940s’ China-Japan war, but the emphasis which the two sides put on the issue are fundamentally different, thus the different names of the war given by them: in the Chinese eyes, the war is of an anti-invasive and national independent nature, so they denominate it the anti-Japan war, while in Japanese history textbooks, it is depicted as a war to protect its own safety and interests. The last, teachers act as representatives and exemplars to show the students the ways in which they should think, say and behave. In brief, schools are like factories, in which young people are renewed and adjusted on the teaching assembly lines into what the cultures, the decisive powers behind those schools, want them to be.

Accepting the incomparable significance of formal education, we may not neglect other information channels, though of less importance, which may also bring great effect on the children and the youth. The large amount of writing works, radio and television programs and information-containing online web pages all, though to different degrees, help impart young people what the cultures in which they are involved favor and what they do not. They tell instructive stories, give vivid examples, and offer relative background knowledge so that young people can differentiate what the cultures consider the true from the false, the good from the evil, the real from the fictional.

In conclusion, it is obvious that a culture tries to credit its favorable ideas and eliminate those it fears mainly through formal education, we should also take into account those remarkable informal channels.

119.When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful? (500)
BY HEHUI
The large amount of attention, time and money which government put into researches in science, education and other areas always arouses controversy among public. Some people doubt whether they have gotten a reasonable proportion of the benefits considering the huge input. However, I believe these people to some extent misunderstand the true values of researches.

On the one hand, we may not deny that bringing certain groups of people real benefits is one of the stimuli of researches. Social science, one of the three branches of knowledge adequately demonstrates the importance of practical value of researches. We study forgoing economic activities, set up models and summarize rules to keep our markets healthy thus to ensure the benefits of millions of practitioners. We research laws and analyze policies to maintain the stability and efficiency of our society so that most people living in it will safely and confidently lead their lives. Also all the topics which socialists concerns about are closely related to people's everyday life. In short, we pay because we know that we can get.

However, accepting that we need to gain seeable profits from researches, we should not narrow our minds to their immediate and short-run functions but pay more attention to some potential, actually the more important, values. First, researches offer us a number of possibilities which may turn out to be worthwhile in certain situations. Few people cared about the tiny atoms when Einstein first showed us the abstract equation depicting the spectacular inner energy of them until their power was later demonstrated in the use of the extremely destructive nuclear weapons in the Second World War. And more recently, the result of this old research finally open us a new world of nuclear energy. Second, researches serve to keep our active minds and acute insights which we need to proceed. Hardly can we explain our deep obsession to the stars which are so far away from us, and why we sent the first spacecraft to explore the outer space. To enlarge our territory as what Columbus did long ago may be an answer, but our curiosity counts more. We want to know, and we want to know more. That is the impetus necessary for us human beings to live on. Last but not the least, researches are valuable experiences for following generations to refer to. Most of our experiments, especially those in scientific areas, prove to be unsuccessful. Yet, it is those seemingly fruitless researching activities that warn the following people of the obstacles and pitfalls along the way to the final success.

In conclusion, it is somewhat nearsighted for us to evaluate researches by their immediate profits, that is to see how many people's lives will be improved if they result in success. What are really important are the enormous potential benefits they will bring us, the way they make us what we are and the uncountable value of experiences they offer. The true values of researches are the researches themselves.


130. 对不起，因为这是我的考试题，我基本是按我的原文写的，所以暂不提供我的文章：P

214. Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped. (470)
BY HEHUI
简要提纲：
1.        引言（教育小孩重要）+论点：有保留地同意原题：即题目的说法是很难实施的（实际上我是从可行性角度论的）
2.        让步：理论上，对天才儿童进行针对性的早期教育有好处：1. 激励他们发展自己的兴趣，2.系统的教育更有效，让他们不容易走弯路
3.        转折：实施上，会碰到N多问题：1. identify天才儿童很难  2. 作到适度地教育而不抑制儿童原有的积极性和创造力很难
4.        总结论点：培养是必要地，道路是漫长地

Children determine our future. Thus finding the most efficient way to raise and educate the children is essential to the development of a society. In this means the speaker's contention that society should identify the gifted children then offer them special training at an early age seem to be a reasonable solution. However I believe behind the ostensibly simple policy hides a legion of difficulties. Simply put, the task is easier said than done.

Theoretically, ensuring that each child with outstanding talents and abilities would receive a specialized training at his or her early age will, without any doubt, conduce to his or her future development. From an emotional aspect to see, picking out a child as a talented one will arouse him or her a sense of being concerned and acknowledged of his or her talent and ability. This sense will constantly stimulate him or her to advance in his interested and talented areas. From the aspect of educational efficiency, a well planned training or a talent program will systematically conduct the talented child on his or her way to reach the full potential without any delay or detour.

However, we may face numerous problems in putting our good wills into reality. First, how to identify the talented children? Is there really a distinct border between the children who are gifted and not? As everyone is born naturally equal, each child must bear some kind of talent although which we may not detect at his or her early age. A child who cannot say a complete and clear sentence at the age of three may turns out to be a great linguist or a writer years later. A child having much difficulty in counting numbers may have an unexpected gift for music. In brief, we actually cannot easily come to the conclusion of whether a child is talented or not until he or she shows us. Second, how to train them in order to fully develop their talents? Parents and educators always feel confused of where the balanced point lies in training gifted children. Too many restrict standards, rigid curricula and dreary theories may inhibit their curiosity and initiative in their talented areas and also confine their creativity and inspiration, which are among the most important factors in developing their potential. In contrast, offering talented children a relatively free atmosphere to inspire their natural craving for knowledge, a view that gains much support from modern schools and educators, seems better but may result in losing control of them thus cannot keep them on the right track.

In general, it is necessary for the societies to pay attention to gifted children and adopt special training on them at an early age in order that they can finally excel at their talented areas. However, since by far we have not found out definite solutions to the problems that we are facing including the way to identify gifted children and to efficiently educate them, there is still a long way to go towards our destination.


216 Most important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.
India
The author concedes that most of important discoveries or creations are accidental and usually discovered while seeking the answer to some another question. As per my thinking, not most but few discoveries are outcome of serendipity. Most of the creations are results of careful study for intended target.

Turning to discoveries, recall inventions by Newton, Einstein, and James Watt. These scientists innovated many important discoveries like laws of gravitation, theory of relativity, steam engine etc. Undoubtedly, none of described novelties were result of accidental discoveries but were from the inventor抯 imagination and objectives. Furthermore, remembering technology invented by Graham Bell, telephone, was not a mere accident, but a fully-fledged studied experiment.

Moreover, many discoveries are anticipated and carried out intentionally. For instance, biochemists often discover new vaccines through proper methodical search and not by stumbling upon them in search of something else. These vaccines are useful for curing, preventing and treating deadly diseases. In fact, in today抯 world discovery is becoming an anticipated result of careful planning and methodical research rather than an unexpected outcome.

Admittedly, in scientific revolution there are some discoveries that proved to be origin from accidental results. For example, scientist Roentgen discovered some mysterious rays during his experimental research none other than X-rays, X stands for unknown. The mystery of those rays is that they can penetrate through body and are used in major technologies for detecting deficiencies in body. Penicillin, discovered by Fleming is one more example for accidental discovery.

To sum up, although serendipity has played key role in many discoveries, but it is not the case that all discoveries are invented while intended to discover some another. Scientists and researchers are doing their best to discover many new figments that they have thought of in their minds.

hehuiUID: 134334

B．科技、现代化类：38、114、147、150、151、196、197

38. "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."

1.Thailand  5.5
From the time humans first used written communication in the form cave paintings, writing has been a primary medium for preserving and disseminating human thought. Whith invention of the Guttenburg's press in the 15th century, books, written once, copied many times, became the single most important carrier of human intelect.

This was to be the case for many centuries, until, first the radio, and then the television came into existence. For the first time, people had a choice of mediums to learn from. Yet, is it true to say that the box is superior to the books in terms education value ? My firm belief is that this is not the case. It is my opinion that despite all the advances in technology, the medium of television has a long way to go to catch up with books.

The proponents of television argue, that while books are mostly text with a few pictures thrown in, the television, being and audio visual media, is able to engage two of our key senses. Furthermore, the information in a book is static, yet the television is a dynamic array of visual imagery and sounds. The television is capable of showing us events "live", as they are unfolding on a far flung corner of earth. These supporters of the television also point at that when we read books, we are seeing the world through the eyes of the author. This second hand view is often distorted by the biases and the prejudices of the author. Thus, they claim, that the television we can learn more from television than we can from reading books.

This, I agree, is the case if we were to define learning as the absorption of information. In my opinion, human learning is not just garnering information. That is something that machines do. For us, learning is much more. It is a process of imagination, a process of acquiring others' experiences, a process of understanding and thereby gaining wisdom.

Television leaves very little to our imagination. Even if it did, our senses are bombarded to such an extent by a never ending salvo of sights and sounds that we hardly have time to digest them. The human mind has to expend a tremendous amount of effort to make sense of those 24 frames that the eye sees every second. This does not give it time to form and understanding about the subject matter.

In contrast, when reading books, the mind is actively engaged in mentally visualizing the concepts presented as text. One can read books at one's own leisure. The reader decides the rate at which he or she reads the book. This enables us to alter the pace of information processing in our minds, thus enabling us to forge rapidly through concepts that are not too deep, and mull over concepts that are profound.

If the information were food, we gobble it down without having time to savour its taste when we watch television. When we read books, we get to relish it.

When we watch television, we can only share the experiences of a mechanical device, the camera. When we read a book, we can see how the author sees the world. We can see the world through anothers eyes. We can share the experiences of the author. The author is a human being. We can feel a sense of affinity towards him or her. Can we feel the same affinity towards a cathode ray tube ?

In sum, while there is no doubt that the television can be a great aid in learning, it is not yet ready to usurp the book as our primary source of intellectual nourishment.

2.usa
In contemporary society, information gained from every source possible is worth perceiving and insightful. Whether importance given to the television should be weighed more or should it be given to the books depends on the usage for receiving the information. Each has its own place and importance in the contemporary life. Lets look into the issue, which states that television and reading books are mutually exclusive.

Books and television have both carved their importance in the society over a period of time. Books are helpful in many different ways. To support my view, lets consider libraries. Libraries are not only used to store archives of books, but also wide ranges of categories of books are available. Starting from baroque to contemporary information could be retrieved from library. People get very much benefited with libraries, as they get to learn and gain lot of knowledge. On the other hand, people looking for specific information, may not find television helpful. They would choose books it would give more specific details than television can.

Another example that can be considered to support my view is, when it comes to kids, people tend to choose books over television. Books help the kids to think positively and develop a positive personality. For example, moral stories teach kids how to be benevolent. Mythological stories teach how to be courageous and fight with evildoers. Some might argue that children programs on the televisions are doing a wonderful job in teaching kids. Disadvantages with the television could be that kids might tired by watching television for hours. They may not even like thinking or remember anything from the program, which may hinder their learning process.

However, television has its own place in the society. It has become a basic need for contemporary life. For instance, it is helpful to watch daily weather in severe and harsh winters. Moreover, it gives variety of information on daily news, home and gardening, and home d閏or.

These days, television is also connected with Internet, which basically provides a box, which serves 慳ll-in-one?purpose. Even though, daily news and weather can be found in everyday newspapers, people may choose television over newspapers, as it is easily accessible in the busy mornings. Therefore, it not only serves as a need but also, as an entertainer. After work, people tend to switch on television than sticking to the books, as it gives the daily information that was missed during work. Moreover, it works as a relaxation to relieve people out of stress.

On the whole, I concur to the point that, importance should be given to television or reading books depends on the information needed and usage of that information. Both are equally weighed in this contemporary society as they have their own advantages and disadvantages.

114."Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity."
From samples

Have technological innovations of the last century failed to bring about true progress for humanity, as the statement contends? Although I agree that technology cannot ultimately prevent us from harming one another, the statement fails to account for the significant positive impact that the modem-industrial and computer revolutions have had on the quality of life at least in the developed world. I agree with the statement insofar as there is no technological solution to the enduring problems of war, poverty, and violence, for the reason that they stem from certain aspects of human nature--such as aggression and greed. Although future advances in biochemistry might enable us to "engineer away" those undesirable aspects, in the meantime it is up to our economists, diplomats, social reformers, and jurists--not our scientists and engineers—to mitigate these problems.

Admittedly, many technological developments during the last century have helped reduce human suffering. Consider, for instance, technology that enables computers to map Earth's geographical features from outer space. This technology allows us to locate lands that can be cultivated for feeding malnourished people in third-world countries. And, few would disagree that humanity is the beneficiary of the myriad of 20th-Century innovations in medicine and medical technology--from prostheses and organ transplants to vaccines and lasers.

Yet, for every technological innovation helping to reduce human suffering is another that has served primarily to add to it. For example, while some might argue that nuclear weapons serve as invaluable "peace-keepers," this argument flies in the face of the hundreds of thousands of innocent people murdered and maimed by atomic blasts. More recently, the increasing use of chemical weapons for human slaughter points out that socalled "advances" in biochemistry can amount to net losses for humanity. Notwithstanding technology's limitations in preventing war, poverty, and violence, 20th-Century technological innovation has enhanced the overall standard of living and comfort level of developed nations. The advent of steel production and assembly-line manufacturing created countless jobs, stimulated economic growth, and supplied a plethora of innovative conveniences. More recently, computers have helped free up our time by performing repetitive tasks; have aided in the design of safer and more attractive bridges, buildings, and vehicles; and have made possible universal access to information.

Of course, such progress has not come without costs. One harmful byproduct of industrial progress is environmental pollution, and its threat to public health. Another is the alienation of assembly-line workers from their work. And, the Internet breeds information overload and steals our time and attention away from family, community, and coworkers. Nevertheless, on balance both the modern-industrial and computer revolutions have improved our standard of living and comfort level; and both constitute progress by any measure.

In sum, enduring problems such as war, poverty, and violence ultimately spring from human nature, which no technological innovation short of genetic engineering can alter. Thus the statement is correct in this respect. However, ifwe define "progress" more narrowly--in  erms of economic standard of living and comfort level--recent technological innovations have indeed brought about clear progress for humanity.

147. "A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing one's principles."
1.India
The issue at hand that "A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing one's principles" is a contentious one. On the one side of the coin, it is the principles of a person that defines his/her character and brings an image in general. Therefore a person should always have certain principles guiding him/her and should abide by those principles, however hard it is to manage them. On the flip side, certain principles that a person sets to help him travel smoothly on the path of life, might cause some inconvenience to others and it is advisable to change those principles. Principles are a good-to-have characteristics, as long as they dont cause any trouble to others. Hence, it is equally important to have certain principles guiding our conduct and certain principles open for emendations as and when necessary.

Consuming alcoholic drinks during a formal party or an informal get-together is a common practice among many people these days. If a person has a principle of teetotalism, he/she might find it difficult to have a drink during these parties. The crucial part is being able to say NO and stick to a soft drink or a beverage of some other kind. Most of the times people find it hard to say NO to their closest friends if its an informal party and to their superiors if its a company gathering. A person who sticks to his principle of NOT-CONSUMING-ALCOHOLIC-DRINKS, come what may, is a real winner. He is the one who could adapt to the changing social conventions without sacrificing his/her principles. Same is the case with most college students. According to a survey conducted among college going youngsters and teenagers, fifty percent of them started drinking alocohol, or doing drugs and smoking pot just because they couldn't say NO to their friends. Hence it is the duty of the parents to teach their kids how to say NO when they are offered something like that. This would not only help them develop a good character, but also would help them to keep away from hazardous materials.

Another best example would be that of the usage of four lettered words or vulgar language. Say for example a person A doesnot want to use any such derogatory language. But, unfortunately his friends all use such kind of language during a colloquy. His ability to abide by his little principle of not using any such language but still being able to take part in the conversation defines his character. Sometimes, people might even be teased if they try to stick to their principles, but that person who can withstand all the comments and still stick to his/her principle is the winner.

Now looking on the flip side wherein people should be flexible enough to change their principles, I would like to mention about a general problems that a few foreign students generally face after they move to the US. In the southern parts of India, it is customary to eat by hand and not with a spoon. But once students from these parts of the India move to the US to pursue their higher education, they would find that it is a general practice to eat using a fork and spoon here in the US. So most of them learn to use these cutlery after they come here. If someone wants to stick to their principle of eating with hand, it would only cause inconvenience to other diners at the restaurants. Hence, as a courtesy to other people, an individual should be open to change his principles about eating and try to follow the social convention of a place that he/she is residing in. Changing such principles will only enhance one's character than diminishing it.

Hence, in some cases, people should stick to their principles and still find a way to adapt to the chaging social conventions, whereas in other cases they should be open for a total make-over. In summation, I would like to say that a combination of both adhering to one's principles and changing as situation demands, will define an individual's character in a better way.

2.BY HEHUI
147. Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them. (490, 50’’)

简要提纲:
1.        引言(小故事)+转折后提出主题:传统与现代相互影响\相互依赖,共同为人类服务
2.        现代化由不断累积传统知识而来(现代化依赖传统):例子-天文学
3.        现代化帮助保护传统文化遗产(现代手段作用于传统):例子-中国的云冈石窟与网上博物馆
4.        传统与现代因素共同作用为人类服务:小排比
5.        简单总结

There is an interesting Chinese popular story of "coffee or tea": a grandpa and his grandson both like to drink something in the morning to keep them alert. The grandpa favor Chinese traditional tea while the grandson prefers western style coffee. Neither of them is willing to try the other's choice. At the first glance, the little story demonstrate us a picture of the incompatibility of the grandfather who represents the tradition and the grandson standing for the modern world. However, the true relationship between tradition and modernization is, on the contrary, interactive and interdependent, and most importantly, they both serve the same master, that is mankind.

On the one hand, modernization is not a concept which abruptly comes into this world from nil; it is actually originated or transformed from the relative tradition. The great amount of accumulative knowledge is strong support to the point. How we now know so deeply about the celestial world, the stars, galaxies, space and universe. We know them through traditional documents handed down for generations. Admittedly, today we have extremely advanced tools and methods to discover the outer space, and most of the traditional ways are no longer come into use. But without those old records, even the most sophisticated telescope and the most accurate computer can tell us nothing but ungrounded postulations. In brief, we cannot acquire today's modernization without the achievements of formal people, in another word, modernization, in some sense, depends on tradition.

On the other hand, modern technology helps to protect and elongate the traditional heritages. One of the world heritages in China, the Yungan Grottoes, has been endangered by the damage from the increasing number of tourists these years. Now, scientists and computer experts provide a new way to appreciate the spectacular work without going to it, the computer-based Grottoes Museum. You can inspect every detail of each grotto, from each angle, as if you are walking in it by yourself. All you need to do are only simple clicks and drags of your mouse. Thus by encouraging tourists to visit the on-line museum, the great heritage may be well preserved for the following generations.

One thing I want to emphasize is that we do not have to choose between tradition and modernization because they are here both to serve us. On the aesthetic phase, whether a traditional style or a modern one is not the real concern, what is important is that we gain entertainment through them. On a more practical phase, say in scientific areas, a traditional way of observation and a modern one can be combined to pursue the same goal. It is not tradition or modernization that distinguishes itself from the other, it is our attitudes towards them which do it.

In sum, tradition and modernization are not only compatible, but also interactive and interdependent; they work together to serve us human beings.


150. Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete.

简要提纲:
1.科技大大方便了我们的生活,足不出户就可以了解世界的信息.但人们对旅游有着本能的渴望
2.we go out for a complete relaxation both of our bodies and our hearts.
3.more importantly, we are driven by our curiosity and enthusiasm to go out.
4.what's the role of the modern media such as television and computer connection, unlike what the title statement indicate, they bring more positive effects to tourism than causing the it to an end.
5.admittedly, sometimes those advanced methods do reduce the number of tourists to certain sights. for example computer-based museum encourage people to make online visits instead of going to it personally. However the intent of it is to protect the natural and cultural heritages in order to make more people accessible to them.


正文:
The modern communication media such as television and World Wide Web has brought great changes to our daily life, making us available to all sorts of worldwide information without stepping out of our living rooms. But does that mean that because we can learn some knowledge about the places we want to visit, we will never go out ourselves? As long as we question ourselves why we travel, we may see our inner craving for travel. And as a result, tourism will never become obsolete.

We go out for a complete relaxation both of our bodies and of our hearts. We want to return to nature to get ourselves refreshed; we want to experience all the enjoyment on our trips. But all these cannot be achieved by television and Internet. Even the most advanced television set or computer, with the highest definition and the most vivid sound, are fundamentally nothing but flat screens. They may display to us the most beautiful natural scenery, but they cannot bring the fresh air in the morning mountains, they may show us the finest beach in the world, but they are impossible to bring us the healthy brown skin basked in the Hawaii sun; they may tell us what things like, but they cannot let us know what things really are. One cannot enjoy the fantastic Roast Duck (one of Beijing, China's famous local foods) or smell the aroma of French patisserie by watching a cuisine program or browsing a web page. Neither can we learn the true attraction of skiing without going to ski resorts in body. We need relaxation, not only by entertaining our eyes or ears but also the whole bodies and hearts. How can televisions and computers do that?

Moreover, travel functions beyond an entertainment; it is also an important way for us to communicate with other people and to express our deep love to our friends and families, whereas televisions and computers may offer little help. Many people enjoy going to hiking or a picnic with their family members and friends. Sometimes they even do not care whether their destination is attractive or not, the point is that they get a time to share with each other, a chance to further understand each other and to make each other happy. In turn, traveling can make us new friends too. During visiting a new place, we meet new people. Unlike watching the images of a western cowboy in jeans wear or a weird-dressed Mongolian nomad on television, we meet them face to face, we may talk to them, and may even change ideas with them. All these are magical experiences which we can never gain via even the most reportorial television program.

Another point that should not be missed is that we go traveling, driven by our eternal human natures of curiosity and enthusiasm of life. We can never resist the temptation to explore the outside world, especially those faraway and strange places. We can consider those adventurous travelers, or to say explorers, as the exemplifications to this point. In their views, appreciating or gaining the related knowledge of the new places are far from enough, and travel to them is challenge, both their challenge to the world and the challenge that the world put forward them. They are always eager to go anywhere they know by far. Therefore in this case, televisions and worldwide computer connections indeed assist them to go out, providing them plenty of information about new places, rather than impede them from traveling.

To summarize, however advanced the technology of television and computer goes, they will never substitute for our personal visit, because our yearning for travel is ingrained in our nature and hearts.

From manfen.net
150"Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."

由scortio发表：
TOP

Position:
Although I agree that these technologies might eventually serve to reduce travel for certain purposes other than tourism. However, I strongly disagree that tourism will become obsolete, or that it will even decline, as a result.
A. As for the claim that television will render tourism obsolete, we already have sufficient empirical evidence that this will simply not happen.
B. On the contrary television may have actually served to spark people's interest in visiting other places.
C. The speaker unfairly assumes that the purpose of tourism is simply to obtain information about other people or places and the scenes on the internet can replace travelling to the real places.
D. Moreover, in my view tourism will continue to thrive for the same reason that people still go out for dinner or to the movies: we all need to get away from our routines and surroundings from time to time. Computer cannot alter this basic human needs.
E. Admittedly, travel for purposes other than tourism might eventually decline, as the business world becomes increasingly dependent on the Internet.

由冰溟发表：
TOP

There is an element of truth in the above statement that people can become familiar with a great many places equipped with the knowledge aquired from television and worldwide computer connections,but it is unlikely to be true that tourism will therefore become obsolete .

a.Television and internet provide numourous information for every aspect of our lives ,of course,including tourism.When you want to know about an arresting place ,the only thing you need to do is to move you mouse and then prepare to appreciate it.

b. It is entirely possible that people who is familiar with a place through advanced media will have stronger willing to visit it.After all,it has enormous difference between the practical visition and the only appreciation of its pictures.

由macaw发表：
TOP

150"Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."
absolutely disagree
1 by our experience, at least present, television and www net only serve as a tool of introducing places to people, because it is nearly impossible that present the whole perspectives of some good places.
2 people engaging in tourism is not only for the senery of that place but for a need of an alternative outlook, a change of atmosphere ,a diversion of effort, all of these can not be substituted by watching TV and surfing on the net.
3. Furthermore, as more and more works require all day's sedentary working, the need for outgoing is more crucial for people.

由pkid发表：
TOP

because of the use of tv and computers,people can know more places they never hear about,and thus can to some extent promote the tourism business.

由epic发表：
TOP

disagree, information or knowledge absorbed from television or computer cannot replace the exciting experience from tourism.
1. although the highly developed devices will help us broaden our ken or horizon, yet only via thyself experiences can we better communicate with the nature.
2. moreover, the devices may ignite our interests for viewing the famous places through tourism.
3. combine the knowledge from devices and that from our own experiences can help us realize the nature and human society better.


151. High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.
India
Do high-speed means of communication, particularly television and computers, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication, as the speaker suggests? Although ample empirical evidence suggests so with respect to television, the answer is far less dear when it comes to communication via computers. Few would argue that since its inception broadcast television has greatly enhanced communication to the masses. The circulation of even the most widely read newspapers pales compared to the number of viewers of popular television news programs. Yet traditional television is a one-way communications medium, affording viewers no opportunity to engage those so-called "talking heads" in dialogue or respond.

Of course, there is nothing inherent about television that prevents us from meaningful and thoughtful communication with each other. In fact, in television's early days it was a fairly common occurrence for a family to gather around the television together for their favorite show, then afterwards discuss among themselves what they had seen and heard. Yet over time television has proven itself to serve primarily as a baby-sitter for busy parents, and as an means of escape for those who wish to avoid communicating with the people around them. Moreover, in the pursuit of profit, network executives have determined over time that the most effective uses of the medium are for fast-paced entertainment and advertising--whose messages are neither thoughtful nor meaningful.

Do computers offer greater promise for thoughtful and reflective communication than television? Emphatically, yes. After all, media such as email and the Web are interactive by design. And the opportunity for two-way communication enhances the chances of meaningful and thoughtful communication. Yet their potential begs the question: Do these media in fact serve those ends? It is tempting to hasten that the answer is "yes" with respect to email; after are, we've all heard stories about how email has facilitated reunions of families and old friends, and new long-distance friendships and romances. Moreover, it would seem that two-way written communication requires far more thought and reflection than verbal conversation.

Nevertheless, email is often used to avoid face-to-face encounters, and in practice is used as a means of distributing quick memos. Thus on balance it appears that email serves as an impediment, not an aide, to thoughtful and reflective communication. With respect to Web-based communication, the myriad of educational sites, interactive and otherwise, is strong evidence that the Web tends to enhance, rather than prevent, meaningful communication. Distance learning courses made possible by the Web lend further credence to this assertion. Nonetheless, by all accounts it appears that the Web will ultimately devolve into a mass medium for entertainment and for e-commerce, just like traditional television. Meaningful personal interactivity is already yielding to advertising, requests for product information, buy-seU orders, and titillating adult-oriented content.

Thus, on balance these high-speed electronic media do indeed tend to prevent rather than facilitate meaningful and thoughtful communication. In the final analysis, any mass medium carries the potential for uplifting us, enlightening us, and helping us to communicate with and understand one another. However, by all accounts, television has not fulfilled that potential;and whether the Web will serve us any better is ultimately up to us as a society.

196. Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life.
1. singapore
The advent of technological era has brought many changes which have made a considerable impact on human life. On one hand technology has remarkably improved our standard of living and solved many of our problems but on the other hand it has also exposed us to new problems some of which are irremediable.

There is no doubt that technological advances have made our lives easier. Thanks to them the world has become a global city. Now we can traverse several continents in a single day. We can gather loads of information with a single click of the mouse. We can talk to our friends when ever we want to. We enjoy the cool air of airconditioners during hot scorching summers and warmth of heaters in freezing winters. A lot of our manual tasks are taken up by machines, which manufacture, assemble and pack the products for them. People are leading longer and healthier lives due to development of vaccines and availability of state of art surgical equipment.They can travel to the moon and are exploring the space. All of this has been made possible only because of technological innovations.

However, every thing comes at a cost and hence we are paying a hefty price for relentless use of technological tools. The water we drink is no longer safe. The air we breathe is laden with the pollutants. The ozone layer that provided a natural protection again fiendish ultraviolet rays is depleting. Deforestation and strip mining is making vast areas of land barren.The balance of our ecosystem is greatly disturbed. A large number of organisms have become extinct and several more are on the verge of extinction and if proper measures are not adopted human beings might be one of them.

The baneful effects of technology have harmed our personal lives as well. Human beings have become slaves to their own machines. The pride of accomplishing a task all by ourselves is gone.The strong family ties have become tenuous and computers and televisions have become our family and friends. The confidential information is no longer safe from the hackers. The frustrations endured due to malfunctioning machines are making us amnesic. The development of vaccines has given rise to more virulent form of organisms some of which are incurable. We continuously feel threatened by chemical and biological weapons. A single atom bomb can erase millions of us with in seconds.Our peace of mind is lost.

In conclusion, though technology has improved our standard of living it has harmed our environment and detoriated the quality of life to a far greater extent.

2.from samples
Whether technology enhances or diminishes our overall quality of life depends largely on the type of technology one is considering. While mechanical automation may have diminished our quality of life on balance, digital automation is doing more to improve life than to undermine its quality.

First consider mechanical automation, particularly assembly-line manufacturing. With automation came a loss of pride in and alienation from one's work. In this sense, automation both diminished our quality of life and rendered us slaves to machines in our inability to reverse "progress." Admittedly, mechanical automation spawned entire industries, creating jobs, stimulating economic growth, and supplying a plethora of innovative conveniences. Nevertheless, the sociological and environmental price of progress may have outweighed its benefits.

Next consider digital technology. Admittedly, this newer form of technology has brought its own brand of alienation, and has adversely affected our quality of life in other ways as well. For example, computer automation, and especially the Internet, breeds information overload and steals our time and attention away from family, community, and coworkers. In these respects, digital technology tends to diminish our quality of life and create its own legion of human slaves. On the other hand, by relegating repetitive tasks to computers, digital technology has spawned great advances in medicine and physics, helping us to better understand the world, to enhance our health, and to prolong our lives. Digital automation has also emancipated architects, artists, designers, and musicians, by expanding creative possibilities and by saving time. Perhaps most important, however, information technology makes possible universal access to information, thereby providing a democratizing influence on our cultul:e.

In sum, while mechanical automation may have created a society of slaves to modern conveniences and unfulfRling work, digital automation holds more promise for improving our lives without enslaving us to the technology.

hehuiUID: 134334

C.艺术类：131、218

坏了:帖出来一看,原来文章里的评论都没显示出来,原来文章和评论是用两中颜色写的.建议大家下载把,131非常好的

131 The arts (painting, music, literature etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society.
essay by an Indian student, commented by an U.S. teacher
It is very true that the arts reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society (even though it sounds good, ETS readers don't like us repeating their sentences. you could try to paraphrase it differently). Many suppressed thoughts and feelings are vented through the various art forms (forms of art) like theatre, painting, music, literature, etc. There is a whole spectrum of emotions and ideas which do not get expressed by any other means than by the arts. These ideas can be effectively conveyed to everyone only arts. (the idea in this last sentence is unecessarily repeated)

Good introduction. If you remove the last sentence, it will become of a nice size and not too long. However, you could have "introduced" the thoughts you might be developing in the next paragraphs... (social issues, inner world, feelings before dying)

The sensitive social issues like (such as) the problems related to injustice to women, child abuse, caste system, etc., need to be dealt with great care, so that the common man will understand the consequences of them and understand the seriousness of the issue. (good sentence.. however a bit long for a paragraph intro. Try to break it up) This is very efficiently done by the popular arts like theatre, street plays, etc. (You're using too much of etc. Don't rely on that magical word!) Music provides another means (use either: other means, or another mean) to channelize the inner feelings of the society. There are many songs written, which reflect the feeling of patriotism or protest against something or someone. For example, the famous pop singer Bob Dylan has voiced his protests through his songs. and...? (try to finish this sentence a little better than with an example. Maybe two examples or a finishing small sentence.)

Good paragraph. You demonstrated that you dominate the language and have facility in putting your thoughts on paper.

Then there is our inner world, our private world of sub- conscious. This world is not shareable and so vast is this world that even we do not fully understand it. We get glimpses of our sub- conscious in our everyday life and put it in the forms of poems or stories. Our wildest fantasies can be realized through the various art forms (forms of art). An artist, for instance, connects with the audience through their fantasies. For example, pPeople identify with certain characters in a movie or a play because it manages to bring out our fantasies. Why else then do people like to read thrillers or watch action movies? Our routine life is boringly smooth and somewhere within us, we all yearn for some adventure, some action. The various art forms (again) provide us with thissuch agitation. We jealously guard our dreams and fantasies, and these thingsfeelings find their way only through the arts form. Where else would these feelings find expression? The artist in spite of being a total stranger connects to the most intimate part of our lives-, our dreams, and our fantasies.

Good one. You repeated a little too much the word "world" at the beggining of the paragraph. At the end, the order of the sentences are not quite smooth. You posed a question: Where else would these feelings find expression? but you never answered it, or gave some insight about the answer. Don't be too one-sided on an issue. Always try to provide the other point of view and refute it if necessary.

One can give the example of the brilliant play 慜ne seconds life? This play is about a man who comes under a bus and dies within a second, on the spot. The whole play tells us what exactly flashed in front of the eyes of the dying man during that one second, what were his feelings, who did he remember at that last moment. It is as if he lives his whole life all over again during that one second. People do not generally come together and discuss such thing s in public. Such thoughts find expressions only through the art forms (forms of art), such as this insightful play.

Excellent paragraph.

The role of arts in our life is very important. It is as if a person lives his unrealizableunrealized dreams through the arts. Arts provide us with emotional relief. It helps us release the stress from our everyday life and invigorate us for facing another new day. Arts bring a general sense of well-being and harmony.

Even though the paragraph is well written and articulated, it deviates a little from the main subject, don't you think?

Thus, the arts provide a platform to express the pent up emotions and latent thoughts. It is difficult to imagine a world without arts.

Hummm, such a beautfully articulated essay must have a more elaborated conclusion. You should recapitulate the main ideas of your essays and emphasize its strong points. Your concluding sentence leaves us with many questions, instead of answers.

In sum, you demonstrated that you can write well and in an articulated manner. I believe you might get a 4-5, depending on the judges. I'm not good at judging in a 1-6 scale... but that's my 2 cents.

218.In order for any work of art- whether film, literature, sculpture or a song to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.（560/50”）
BY HEHUI
简要提纲：
1.        否定原题+提出观点：评判标准不是多数人是否看的懂而是作品是否表达了特定团体或作者（们）的想法-即艺术的价值在于表达
2.        首先：艺术是社会的产物，好作品应该是能够体现社会价值观和社会变迁的作品：自由女神、gone with the wind
3.        其次：艺术是特定阶层的产物，好作品应该是表达了本阶层意志或为本阶层服务，而不在于其他阶层的人是否看懂或欣赏 例子：经典音乐和民间乐
4.        最后：艺术是个人的作品，好作品就是能准确反映作者感情的作品，而不在于大多数人是否明白。例子：凡高的向日葵、蓬皮杜的“涂鸦”画展
5.        重申观点

To evaluate a piece of art, we must first clarify what the original purpose or function of art is. Art, unlike many people think is to entertain the audience, is fundamentally nothing but a way to express the feelings, moods and attitudes of certain groups. Any derived values are just byproducts. In this sense, whether the work accurately, effectively, and aesthetically embodies the producer’s minds should be the most important, if not the unique, criterion to judge any work of art.

In the first place, art is born from society and a good piece of art should naturally reflect the natures, status, values and the trends of it. Why we consider the Statue of Liberty a great work? Its extraordinary size, attractive look and elaborate use of sculpting technique, which are the aspects that most people can understand, may be an answer. But what really counts is its symbolic meaning of the nation’s spirit, that is democracy and freedom. Take another example, the American novel Gone with the wind, written by Margaret Mitchell, has gained much fame throughout the world for generations, not because it caters to most people’s taste, but because it vividly recollects the history of the American Civil War.

In the second place, art is the product of different social classes and a good work must serve them respectively in the artistic way. That, from a perspective, explains how we divide art works into the classics and the popular songs or folk songs. Broadmindedly to say, classic music, for example, means more to the higher level of the society- the politicians, the rich, intelligent elites than to the ordinary civilians. By the same token, we cannot deny the value of the Chantey of Volga, which was extremely popular among Russian laborers in the 1750s, because it cannot be understood and appreciated by the upper class.

Last but not the least, any work of art is ultimately produced by individuals thus a good work must express what the producers want and think. At the first glance at one of Vangul’s labeled master pieces, the Sunflower, few people can truly understand why this weird genius presented us such a drab and flabby plant and in such an unusual way of using colors. But when adding his personal experience into account, we, without an exception, will surprisedly find out watching the work, we as if see the confused and despond painter himself. Another example is the “out-of-mind” exhibitions held in the Pompidou Center each year in Paris. The center only exhibit the works of the most pioneer artists whose works are doodles in most people’s eyes. However the works do merit and the exhibitions are among the representative artistic activities of the city. The reason is that despite the obscurity of the works, they convey some important messages from the pioneer artists-their attempt to find new possibilities in the art field.

In sum, countless examples reveal us that whether or not a work of art is understandable to most people is not a decisive factor to a valuable work. The key point lies in how the work expresses the maker’s opinion. It is not the understanding and appreciation from the audience but the minds and ideas of the producers behind the work that make an art art.

hehuiUID: 134334

D．历史类：48、103、113、120

48. "The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."
india 思路一般但语言很好
When India attained independence on 15th August 1947, Mahatma Gandhi was bestowed the title of Father of the Nation. Ordinary people called him Bapu, which means father. The supreme efforts of Mahatma Gandhi in the attainment of freedom can never be estimated. Yet,achievement of freedom would have been impossible without the sacrifices of the martyrs who adhered to Mahatma Gandhi's principles of satyagraha and non-violence. These brave people rare get their fae share of credit.Thus, history is replete with stories about the glorious deeds of a few individuals. These famous individuals would have been unable to succedin their daring endeavours without the support and active participation of their fellow members.

History immortalizes the memories of a few individuals, because it was their good fortune that they managed to consistently remain in the limelight. For instance, Winston Churchill was a very competent prime minister whose speeches gave courage to an entire nation. But, Britain would have been unable to defend itself without the sacrifices of the soldiers on the battle field. The efforts of Winston Churchill can never be undermined. But, it is apparent that the huge amount of publicity available to the prime minister would ensure the mention of the name Winston Churchill in history text books for years to come. But the battle of Britain would never have been won without the daring plans made by the Britiish service chiefs. Yet, these people who are behind the scenes never find any mention in history. Perhaps, this can be explained on the basis of the fact that like all the historically famous individuals, Winston Churchill had exemplary leadership skills. Leaders always get a huge share of the limelight. They give speeches and command rapt attention. Thus, they deserve to be immortalized by history. Hence, the emphaisi is individuals is due to the fact that these individuals had superior leadership skills which enabled them to lead the populace while continuosly staying in the limelight.

The most significant events in history were made possible by groups of people. Thus, it is unfair to give all the credit to the famous few. The efforts of one man are not sufficient to cause a paradgm shift in the well-being of humanity. It is the cumulative efforts of all the members of groups that have sparked revolutions. For instance, in Europe during the medieval period, feudalism was rife. Land was owned by a few superior lords who forced common people to work as bonded labour. It was the philosophers and painters that caused the renaissance. Several renaissance painters like Michaelangelo, Rembrandt, Rafael, Donatello and Leonardo da Vinci depicted the hardships of common people through their paintings. Yet, as of today, only Leonardo Da Vinci and Michaelangelo are world renowned. Similarly, during any discussion about the great names in physics, one may mention Albert Einstein or Isaac Newton. But, very few people would mention professors Bardain, Brattain and Schockley who invented the first semiconductor transistor. Without their invention, it would have been impossible for me to type this essay. Hence, the most famous events and trends in history were possible because of group effort.

Sometimes, it is worthwhile to mention exceptions wherein one person did indeed deserve all the credit. Against all odds, these people achieved their objectives. For instance, when Joan of Arc had visions of angels commanding that the Dauphin be made the king of France, . When a meeting with the Dauphin was arranged, it was done with great skepticism. Yet, Joan of Arc succeeded in the endeavour to free france from the cluthces of the English. Unfortunately, Joan of Arc became a martyr after being burnt alive at the stake . Thus, one cannot discount those occasions in one person rewrote history.

Most of the famour individuals are widely mentioned in history because of their superb leadership skills. Yet, when it really mattered, it was the group effort hta made the diference. Yet, there are a few exceptional cases where the individual reigned supreme

103. The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives.
1. from samples
The speaker alleges that studying history is valuable only insofar as it is relevant to our daily lives. I find this allegation to be specious. It wrongly suggests that history is not otherwise instructive and that its relevance to our everyday lives is limited. To the contrary, studying history provides inspiration, innumerable lessons for living, and useful value-clarification and perspective---all of which help us decide how to live our lives.

To begin with, learning about great human achievements of the past provides inspiration. For example, a student inspired by the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers might decide as a result to pursue a career in archeology, oceanography, or astronomy. This decision can, in turn, profoundly affect that student's everyday life--in school and beyond. Even for students not inclined to pursue these sorts of careers, studying historical examples of courage in the face of adversity can provide motivation to face their own personal fears in life. In short, learning about grand accomplishments of the past can help us get through the everyday business of living, whatever that business might be, by emboldening us and lifting our spirits.

In addition, mistakes of the past can teach us as a society how to avoid repeating those mistakes. For example, history can teach us the inappropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level. Attempts to legislate morality invariably fail, as aptly illustrated by the Prohibition experiment in the U.S. during the 1930s. Hopefully, as a society we can apply this lesson by adopting a more enlightened legislative approach toward such issues as free speech, criminalization of drug use, criminal justice, and equal rights under the law. Studying human history can also help us understand and appreciate the mores, values, and ideals of past cultures. A heightened awareness of cultural evolution, in turn, helps us formulate informed and reflective values and ideals for ourselves. Based on these values and ideals, students can determine their authentic life path as well as how they should allot their time and interact with others on a day-to-day basis.

Finally, it might be tempting to imply from the speaker's allegation that studying history has little relevance even for the mundane chores that occupy so much of our time each day, and therefore is of little value. However, from history we learn not to take everyday activities and things for granted. By understanding the history of money and banking we can transform an otherwise routine trip to the bank into an enlightened experience, or a visit to the grocery store into an homage to the many inventors, scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs of the past who have made such convenience possible today. And, we can fully appreciate our freedom to go about our daily lives largely as we choose only by understanding our political heritage. In short, appreciating history can serve to elevate our everyday chores to richer, more interesting, and more enjoyable experiences. In sum, the speaker fails to recognize that in all our activities and decisions--from our grandest to our most rote--history can inspire, inform, guide, and nurture. In the final analysis, to study history is to gain the capacity to be more human--and I would be hard- pressed to imagine a worthier end.

2.essay by an Indian student, commented by a U.S teacher
History, the carrier of the affairs that have taken place before, is the most valuable heritage passed down from one generation to another. (Try not to use "is the most", "is the best", etc. Otherwise the reader will be looking for a thorough explanation why that is...) Investigating a road map of the human behaviors ("a roadmap"? are there many roadmaps?), the study of history shows that explains where we were came from, where now we are now, and the which way, which we should choose, toin the future. Hence,_not only the history which is relevant to our daily lives is important, but also the one whichthat is beyond the day-to-day activities of human beings are valuable.

You used "hence" in an introductory paragraph. That leads the reader to conclude that you already presented enough support to your position, which is not the case.

It is worthywhile to study the history beyond theour daily lives ,such as the history related to earth and environment. The lost continent - Atlantis which was described in Plato's famous work and sunkened before 12,000 years ago - is the 'Holy land ' for many historians. Obviously, it is unconcerned withto our daily lives. The study of it, however, can help us to find out the original of the civilization and the interaction between human activities and the environment. Unfolding the image that thousands and milliaons (don't need to use two qualitative adjectives, either use thousands, millions, or several. You should just enumerate them if you connect them with "even" ... thousands or even millions... however it is not appropriate in this case) of inhabitants onf Atlantis ran helter-skelter confronting the deluge, historians admonish contemporary people to protect the environment and not to recommit to the same errors.

It is a good example. You provided a sound argument of not commiting the same mistake again based on past facts that are not directly related to our daily lives.

Furthermore, if we simply deem that only the study of history, which is relevant to our daily lives, is valuable, it would result in the stagnation of history. Supposing that the former historians merely cared about the history relevant to their lives, but neglected the one that is beyond their daily lives (kinda repetitive), nevertheless, valuable to the future-which is exactly our present, our historians would suffer thea shortage of historical materials (a bit too long. you might consider breaking it down to two sentences. Also I think you're a little overconfident on this statement... one might argue that there are endless amount of history relevant to our daily lives available out there...). Because there are enumorous differences between past and present (??? a sentence started with "because" and no following?). We can find that many materials are relevant to our procedenssecor's (predecessor?) lives but few relate to ours (again, too confident... it's very arguable!). Finally ,there would have no history and no human in the world . (I think it is too drastic... You meant that I wouldn't exist if historians paid attention only to history relevant to our lives?  )

Contrary to the first paragraph, this one does not convince the reader. It is quite speculative with no reasonable foundation behind it.

The focus on the study of the history , in fact , is the treatment of the environment and the earth as a whole (I believe it is much more... people's behavior, civilization, etc.). The nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have been studied to ensure that they do not happen again. Certainly the study of the effects of nuclear materials on humans and the environment provides value beyond the daily lives of ordinary people. Moreover, the study of oil spills and their effects on the environment gives similar guidance on how to avoid or at least minimize the damage of an oil spill on the environment (repetitive). All of these examples of studying history value far beyond its impact on the daily lives of people.

It is definitely a good paragraph. However, it conveys the exact same idea as the first one! You should be careful while doing that. You could've combined them both with your three or four examples together and that would have been a great paragraph. You must provide a slightly different idea on each paragraph. A slightly different point of view, contrary or favorable.

All the evidences support that the idea of 'study history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives' (don't quote like that. GRE evaluators don't like that) is a lopsided view. All the history relevant to human is valuable and merit to study.


Ops... I could strongly bet that you were against the issue statement. However, the way you finished your essay (last sentence) is a bit confusing. Make sure you ALWAYS post a rebuttal after such thoughts to make sure of your position.

I believe the essay is well structured. However, the second and third body paragraphs are not at a 5 to 6 score level. For that, you must present different examples... not just different examples, but examples that convey different meanings! Moreover, you should try not being so drastic on your statements. Try to ponder a little more and be more neutral or qualitative on any arguable issues.

For your first essay, it is not bad at all!! IMHO, I believe you might get between 3-4 on this one... maybe a 4.5 depending on the readers' mood. Your vocab is enough for a 5 and up (considering removing repetitive words), however, you must careful plan before start writing the essay... you missed some examples and ideas to pass on to the reader.

3.China
The author suggests that we study history for only one purpose that is it is relevant to our daily lives. As per my opinion value of history is not only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives but also provides innumerable lessons of life and inspiration.

Archeologists, through their strenuous efforts are always behind one purpose to finding out origin of mankind. For this achievement they have to travel around the world in search of artifacts. Through their researches and studies we are aware of past life of early mankind. Moreover, the living of humankind thousand years back and the standard of our living is incompatible. Studying human history can also help us in understand and appreciate the values and ideals of past culture.

Additionally, history has not just value to the extent that is relevant to our daily life can be considered through one more example. Revealing through history we can understand the efforts of our brave soldiers who fought for independence of our country. It is because of their sacrifice that we are breathing in democratic country. Studying historic examples of courage in face of adversity can motivate us to face our own personal fears in the life.

Furthermore, revealing through history is always beneficial because while reading it we can come across some incidents because of which our nation causes great harm. Mistakes in the past can tech us how to avoid repeating such mistakes again in future. For example, in India many years back lot of people died because of plague. It was a total disaster because not proper treatment was available during that time. But through that experience we developed antibiotics in medical science to avert such disastrous disease and its impact. So if in future such situation arises we already have a remedy for saving life of people.

In sum, it is history that defines who we are! Apart from our daily lives, it is a pathway to make us recognize with many historic things that inspire us to live better life. Admittedly, from history, we can grasp lot many things that will brighten our future.

113. "It is primarily through identification through social groups that we define ourselves."
from国内某网站
As primarily social animals, human beings naturally seek out different groups to which they feel they have a certain sense of belonging. But there are two different aspects of this issue involved: identifying oneself with a social group for its social implications and identifying oneself with a social group for internal needs. A person can have two different identities, one that involves an individual's self-perception and the way that others see that particular individual. There is a natural dichotomy between the two sides of one's personality that is usually displayed between the different types of social groups with which an individual may identify oneself.

Self-definition can either be honest or dishonest. A person may join a social group because he or she thinks that the people that belong to this type of group are the same as he or she, whether it is true or not. The important detail to the individual is that he or she would like to be the same as the people that belong to this particular social group. As one example, consider a person who grew up poor and poorly educated, but became wealthy through the luck of the lottery or an inheritance from an unknown but wealthy relative. This individual then joins a wine-tasting club and buys season tickets to the local Philharmonic Orchestra and opera house. Although this individual knows nothing about wine, orchestras or opera, he or she is seeking to identify him or herself as a culturally literate person simply because the person is now wealthy. Through joining these social groups, the individual is seeking to define him or herself as socially elite, although the only difference now is that the person has great wealth and in reality probably does not fit in with the other members of the groups. In this case, one's self-definition by identifying with social groups does not match up with how society still identifies the individual.

On the other hand, there are individuals that very clearly demonstrate who they are by their identification with certain social groups. At a very basic level, younger people may join gangs based on a sense of identification with certain gang members or gang ideas. By displaying different identifying tattoos or certain colors, these people clearly identify who they are and what they stand for by the particular to which they belong. Certain religious groups also give a clear identity to their members. Joining an Islamic fundamentalist group such as the Taliban or an Orthodox Jewish organization indicates a certain identity that is common to all of its members. Political organizations such as Greenpeace and the National Organization for Women also make a certain statement about the identity of an individual member. In all of these cases, an individual's self-perception and how others view that individual are probably very similar. These types of organizations speak to a person's very fundamental values and joining one is probably that person's way of saying to the world "this is who I am".
Joining other types of groups may or may not indicate a person's self-identification. Being a Republican or a Democrat, for example, may just be a matter of whichever party your parents belong to. Spending time with a particular group of friends may only mean that you like only one of the people in the group or you have nothing better to do, it may have nothing to do with your self-identification. People that belong to these groups do not necessarily belong to any one social group for identification purposes; it may be only a matter of convenience.

It depends on the individual and the particular social group under discussion as to whether we primarily identify ourselves through association with social groups. Once the individual or the social group has been identified, a determination must still be made as to whether the individual has joined for self-identification purposes or to impress upon others a certain image of that individual.
120. "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."
India
The advancements in the scientific, technological and communication fronts have resulted in many changes in the approach to life in man. Innovations that a man fifty years ago could not possibly comprehend have been achieved. Although we have come far on the road to scientific excellence, it would be presumptous to consider facts and history as nonentities.

A deeper insight into the novelty and complexity of man's achievements reveals that the foundations of all these innovations were laid in the past. The early man invented the wheel and discovered the fire. Although these may seem inconsequential today, these were the harbingers of a chain of inventions and discoveries. On recent terms, unless Charles Babbage formulated the Analytical Engine way back in the early nineteenth century, we probably would not be using our powerful computers as yet. Thus an understanding of our past not only incites new ideas, but also educates us about the work invested in the inventions of various gadgets that are taken for granted.

The current lifestyle of humankind indicates that all fancies and intricacies of our life are conspicuous only on the technological field. However the social, cultural and psychological traits of man have essentially remained the same over the centuries. The customs and traditions of various factions in the world have been in practice since primordial times. The roots of these practices were laid in the past. Religions of the world were formed several thousands of years ago. The Bible was written in time immemorial. These comprise the indispensible aspects of life, without which a man would be an ignoramus.

Although argued as just factual and immaterial in our diurnal lifestyles, history holds a unique power and teaches several important lessons if paid heed. Wars and battles imply the futility of man's greed for power and wealth. The human race learnt the gruesome consequences of nuclear power the hard way during the second World War. The world has thus been cautioned against a reiteration of such blunders for the betterment of mankind.
On the other hand, history has its glories as well. Great empires such as those of Caesar, The British Monarchy and the Indian kings are paragons of governmental excellence, many concepts of which, have been incorporated in the political administration in many parts of the world, resulting in peace and order in the nations. The constitutions of many nations involve the principles advocated by these successful kingdoms.

Man has progressed far in his quest for knowledge and answers for the unknown. Although today's man is more astute than his ancestors, there is no denying that the men of the past have paved way for this endeavor. Thus a profound knowledge of their ideas, concepts and ideals aid man in his practical approach to life.

hehuiUID: 134334

F．社会问题类（含媒体类）：13、26、174、207  29、161

13. Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct.

1.india
language is the medium of communication which resembles an important aspect of the cultural heritage of a country. There are two aspects for any language, existence and enhancement. Of these two, the former one depends entirely on the number of people using it as a medium of communication. Today, many languages are on the verge of extinction due to various reasons. If apposite steps are not taken by the respective governments, there is every possibility that most of these languages will disappear from this world.

According to recent surveys conducted on languages, there are about 8000 languages spoken round the globe and the existence of 90% of these languages is threatened. Another astonishing fact revealed by this survey is that in Europe alone 30% of the languages have become extinct in the past few years. Let us probe into the causes for this catastrophe. The three main causes for a language to disappear from the mainstream are, the tendency of people to use a foreign language, smaller community of people who know the language and non-existence of proper recording of the syntactic and semantic aspects of a language for the later reference. In all the above cases, the failure can be ascribed to the governments to a large extent for not being vigilant enough to stop the cessation of usage of a language.

Let us now bring out the actions that could be taken by the governments. Firstly, the governments should make people aware of the significance of speaking in their mother tongue. All the official transactions should be encouraged to take place in the official language only. Study of mother tongue should be made mandatory in primary education. Despite taking all these actions, if a language is feared to be dying, then the government should act immediately to preserve its usage and script (if available) so that in future if anybody is interested in reviving the language , he can find sufficient material to do so.

Thus, it is entirely dependent on the governments of the places where the existence of the least spoken languages is imperiled, to protect such languages by ensuring its minimal usage. Otherwise this cultural aspect of a society would not even leave a trace behind.

2. india
I completely agree with the author that some languages spoken by fewer people in the world are in the verge of becoming extinct . So it is definitely the responsibility of the government of that country to take steps to prevent such languages from becoming extinct

Language is a wonderful medium of communication .The life of any language depends on many factors , like strong literature , people抯 attitude & the number of users . 慉ttitude?& 憉sers ?are interrelated & are the key factors which influence the life of any language. If people have great respect & love towards their mother tongue , then obviously they stick to it & will not look up to other language .If peoples?attitude towards a language is distorted then automatically the user-base tend to decline .

Factors which are affecting the attitude of the people are ?Tendency of the people to use foreign language , influence of foreign media & entertainment industry & to some extent technological dependence of one country over the other .If proper actions are not taken to counter this problem by the government & people ,that particular language may become a history in its own land .

Japan is a good example for this . Though Japan is a small country with a small population , even today there is no decline in the number of people using this language .This shows how the government & people of Japan are cautious in preserving their culture .
But there are many small countries in south Asia where few western languages have overtaken their national languages .

This is not a problem where government alone can fight by just making rules or passing laws ,but requires peoples?participation also. First of all the government must try to create awareness among their people about this problem .If they are able to convince people about this , then half of their problem is solved .The steps any government could take to counter this problem -Medium of instruction at school & college should be made compulsory in national language .A subject on national language should be included in the curriculum till primary education .Medium of communication & official transaction in all government offices should be in national language . These steps will definitely impart some impetus to the usage of the language .

Secondly ,government & people should encourage their own language抯 movies & other literary work .Moreover parents should avoid other languages while they are at home as this will enforce their children to use their mother tongue .

In sum , language is an emblem of nation抯 cultural sentiments . Any damage to it will reflect a damage to their culture . So it is not only the responsibility of the government but also the responsibility of the people to nurture their language .
3.usa
The fundamental function of language, as is pointed out by some linguists, is to communicate thoughts within groups so that to accumulate knowledge and make groups survive. With the advent of globalization in modern world, many lesser-known languages are being lost mainly because they prevent individuals and communities speaking such languages from communicating with outside world, and ultimately become obstacles of further development of these communities. As a consequence, I strongly hold the opinion that governments concerned about those lesser-known languages speakers should promote and encourage them to learn national and worldwide languages rahter than act to prevent such language from extinct.

Undoubtedly, lesser-known language speakers have fewer opportunities to contact and acquire the most advanced scientific and technological information, even though computer and modern media have made such informatio so accessible to almost every English speaker. Therefore, such lesser-known languages, originally created for the purpose of promoting communicating and development, have gradually become impediment of improvement. The minority childern in China, for instance, compared with the majority children, have fewer opportunities to continue their education in colleges or universities because their own language prevent them from absorbing and understanding knowledge mainly published in national language. Obviously, in order to improve their education, government should take action to help minorities learn national language instead of encouraging them to just speak their own languages.

Some advocates of maintaining lesser-known languages might argue that preventing such languages from extinct is not contradictory with helping these languages speakers learn other more useful languages, such as national language and world language. However, unless those advocates are willing to embrace the irrational position that every one has potential to speak several languages, they have to admit that it is impractical to assume all these childern speaking lesser-known languages can undertaken heavy burden of courses ranging from at least two kinds of languages, to mathmetics, chemistry, physicy, literature, history and so forth. With exception of those interested in lesser-known languages and related cultures, it is unfair and unwisdom to compel those children to maintain their lesser-known language just for sake of succession of their cultures.

In summary, although I would not deny for a moment that maintaining lesser-known languages is conducive to social development in the sense that make culture diversity, I still insist that governments should provide more effective approaches to eliminate obstacles preventing lesser-known languages speakers from efficiently communicating and obtaining valuable information outside their communities, rather than stiffly persist on maintaining such languages.

26.Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served.

Hehui’s outline:
1.i agree that aged buildings contain cultural values. However I believe we should pay more attention to present and future instead of commemorating the past. Anyway whether to retain old buildings or not depends on how much they benefit contemporary people, and we can enjoy present future but we may not enjoy the past.
2.old building are valuable because they are living textbook of our history and always remind us who we are and what happened to us. In west inland of china, many minorities still keep their own housing style which demonstrate their distinction from other communities. Macaw, (a newly reoccupied city in south china) had been for centuries under the rule of Portugal, which is witnessed by a number of European style buildings left behind by portugueses
3. and there is necessity to maintain some most brilliant historical legacies, because they embodied the great intelligence and effort of our ancestors, and some of they still leave mysteries to us. World heritage- Egyptian pyramids Chinese great wall
4. but many less important buildings do not worth remaining, especially when some dilapidated ones are located in the very center of a modern city they may look discordant with the surrounding skyscrapers and even damage the overall image of the city. Some may argue though less brilliant than the emperor’s palace, they are also of a value as part of the history, we may compact them in the libraries
5.moreover, whether to torn down the old buildings depends on the current economic situation and the future plan of the city. If forced to choose one, I’d rather dismantle the old buildings to enable modern facility to be
6. in sum, as old buildings resemble the past and of certain historical values, it is our responsibility to preserve the most brilliant and important ones, but to others, if we cannot retain their entities, we may keep their spirits

1.india
Buildings in a society does represent the past life a society. Both, past and future are equally important to a society. Whether modern development should be given preference over historic buildings depends on the situation and purpose of contemporary needs. However, if a situation arise that historic buildings are standing as hindrance to the modern development, It would be more beneficial if the preference is given to the modern buildings over historic buildings.

Historic buildings represent the societies past life culture, traditions that抯 been preserved and maintained since ages. Crucial part of the society is to pass on the traditions and culture that has been preserved. Historic buildings are one of the elements of the society that can be used for this purpose. But, buildings may lack contemporary facilities that may be necessary for everyday life.

Lets look into an example. India was once very rich with kings and kingdoms. There are so many great forts left behind by those kings. Some are preserved as historic buildings. Some others are changed into hotels and resorts for government tourist funds. If historic buildings are used to serve contemporary needs, it would serve both purposes. It not only satisfies the contemporary needs, but also preserves the history. That way, buildings do not get destroyed and history can be remembered in every way.

Some might argue that renovating the historic buildings to contemporary needs may loose its authenticity. Its good to preserve history but, one has to think and move on with the future. Living without modern development and everyday needs may not make give a meaning to the contemporary life.

On the other hand, construction of modern buildings by destroying every historic building on purpose is not good. Preserving historic life and promoting them using those buildings involves everyone in the society. For instance, some city builders try to replace some historic buildings for their own selfish reasons. Such purposes should be thoroughly evaluated.

In sum, I concur that preference between modern development and historic buildings depends on the situation. If historic buildings stand as a hurdle to the modern development, it would be more beneficial if the preference is given to modern buildings.

2.Nigeria
It is true that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past and as such it should be preserved but one would find out that not all the historic buildings are worth preserving. I will only subscribe to the idea of preserving only those buildings that have a significant mark in our society's history such as the King's Palace, colonial masters' building, missionaries' houses just to mention few.

For instance, in Nigeria the house where Mary Slessor lived was preserved because she played a significant role of stopping the killing of twins in my country. Also there is a rock under which people of a certain comunity found refuge each time a superior community comes to invade their community, such rock was preserved as a tourist attraction and people of that community go there once in a year as a mark of remembrance. I believed that it is only structures like these that should be preserved.

In the absence of those kinds of structures mentioned above, I am of the oppinion that modern planners should make better use of the old building for modern purposes.
Moreover, most historic building are devoid of the necessary facilities required in our modern life, they are therefore neglected to dilapidate thereby constituting environmental nuissance to the community.

If there are modern schools, hospitals, recreational centres, industries to be built and we refused to build it because we are trying to preserve the old buildings, it is going to be at the detriment of our kids that we are trying to keep those historic buildings for.

Many people would like to argue that Historic buildings could be rennovated to serve thesame modern purposes. Yes, old buildings could be given a facelift inorder to meet up with the modern day an age buildings but by so doing, the building will loose it's originality and the purpose of preserving it would have been defeated.

In sum,I acknowledge that historical buildings should be preserved but we should be selective about it, so that it does not distrupt the modern development of our society which aims at meeting our comtemporary needs.

174. Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.
India( 4)
Laws, the official rules and regulations generally found in constitutions and the like, are used to govern a society and to control the behavior of its members. In modern societies, authorized bodies such as a legislature make laws. They are sanctifies, for sociological purposes and backed by the coercive power of the state. Adherence is mandatory and any deviation is deterred and punished as the laws are sanctified and adherence to them is made compulsory, the question of whether they are absolute or not may sometimes arise.

Society is dynamic and ever changing and evolving. Laws and institutions of governance too have evolved along with it. Law develops as society evolves. The ancient societies, which were mostly tribal, were simple conglomeration of people, the cementing force being kinship and religious belief systems. These were devoid of legal institutions but not of laws. The religious beliefs, mores, traditions, taboos etc. combine to form the 憉nwritten?laws. Inspite of the absence of organized law enforcing entities, tribal chiefs acted as enforcing authorities. The nature of law then was restrictive to perpetuate society and avenging to prevent wrongdoing against individuals. This nature of law is no different from, and no less important than that of modern law, at least in principle.

As the societies gradually evolved into territorial based ones, the concept of state and the 憇tate?law evolved. Governmental structures evolved and so did governmental laws. The changing face of society necessitated a new type of law and modern law began to take shape. Roman Law is the first written compilation of laws and these can be called the mother of laws. These early laws took into consideration the necessities of society and thus the nature of laws was directly dependent upon the nature of the society.

All this proves that the laws should be as dynamic as the society they govern, it is the members of the society that tend to influence the nature of laws. If we were to take for example, the legal right to own slaves and the laws that sanctioned this can equally be blamed . The Agri-based south of America before civil war needed work force for agriculture and thus slavery was institutionalized and legally sanctioned. On the other hand the industry based north of America, which did not encourage slavery that much, can be clearly absented here.

Thus, the discussion proves beyond doubt that, laws have been flexible all through human history as they should be. This must be the case, as they should serve the society in improving and in perpetuating it. If any law is against human conscience of a given period and place, the society itself develops some internal forces to resist and revise the law in question. The abolition movement in the US, the anti-sati movement instigated by Brahma Samaj in India are examples for this societal action to bring flexibility to the laws. So flexibility of laws is an ideal rather than a violation of tradition.(Ramana)

207. "Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."
BY HEHUI
简要提纲：
I.        简要阐述题目涉及问题的复杂性+观点：rituals and ceremonies help define a culture
II.        方面一：rituals and ceremonies help define our identity(who we are),是从客观的身份上讲
III.        方面二：…help arouse certain group feelings(从主观感情认同上讲)
IV.        方面三：…indicate inner believes and values(从更深层面的价值关上讲)
V.        结尾：2句话总结2.3.4段

In the past, when the globe was not combined as closely as today, we may judge people's cultural backgrounds by where they come from, their nationalities, even their physical natures such as the color of their bodies and hair. However today, all those standards are spoiled by the increasing trends of migration, exogamy and worldwide cultural communications. In contrast to those apparent characters, rituals and ceremonies are rather hard to change because they are deeply rooted in the cultural traditions of certain groups and have been held on for generations.

Rituals and ceremonies remind us constantly who we are. As July 4 is one of the most important days in a year to all the United States people, October 1 also has special meaning to all Chinese people because the country came into existence on the same day in 1949. Every year the ceremony of the National Day attracts millions of people from all over China even people of Chinese nationality from abroad. Hearing the national song, looking at the national flag flying in the soft wind, watching the parade performed on the ceremony, each Chinese people once again confirms that he is a Chinese.

Rituals and ceremonies arouse a feeling of pride of a country and national identification. The ceremonies of raising national flags in global sport events such as the Olympic games are strong cases to the point. It often occurs that part of the audience in the stadium holding an awarding ceremony spontaneously stand up when a national song is played while others just watch in their seats. We may surely believe, though a little boldly, that they are from the same nation and at that time the ceremony bind their hearts towards their motherland together.

Rituals and ceremonies also indicate the underlying values of different groups. Some old Indian tribes still maintain the adult ceremony in which a young man who just reach the age of an adult should first pray to the Bear Spirit which represents the nature and all the power which nature endows them to survive. In the eyes of those tribe fellows, nature ranks the first among those they should thank to. Similarly, in a Chinese style wedding ceremony, the young couple should bow to both the parents of the groom and the bride before they bow to each other (in a Chinese wedding ceremony there is a routine of three bows: first to the heaven and earth, second to the elders, last to each other), which contains a traditional value of respecting the older generations.

From all we have discussed above, we may draw a conclusion that rituals and ceremonies are human activities which involve many aspects within a culture. They help remind people’s identities, agitate their distinct group feelings and insinuate their deeper believes and values. It largely depends on rituals and ceremonies that people become aware of whom they are and which group they belong to.

29. Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."
1. India
Public figures such as actors, politicians and athletes should certainly expect people to be interested in their private lives. Privacy is a small cost to pay for the fame and adulation that they receive. It is true though, that on some occasions people hound celebrities and this excessive zeal must be discouraged.

Generally people are concerned with the private lives of public figures for one of the following reasons: To show their affection and solidarity, to criticise their actions or policies, to use as a basis for comparison and to satisfy their lurid curiosity. All human beings like to feel important. Certain people gain this feeling of importance by associating themselves with public figures of their liking while others achieve the same by heaping castigation and calumny upon celebrities. Also morbid curiosity is inherent in most humans and this is manifest in the practice of delving into the personal lives of public figures. This is only to be expected and thus public figures must be willing to give up their privacy. They must take solace in the age-old pithy maxim ?No pain, No gain ?and must be prepared to sacrifice their privacy.

In fact in most cases celebrities make a fuss about the invasion of privacy only when they have something to hide. When they are doing a noble deed they want the whole world to notice irrespective of whether their action pertains to their public life. Numerous examples may be cited. An actor insists on the presence of the press when he is about to make a donation for a good cause. But when news of his liaison with his co-star leaks out he rants, raves and refers to it as a 憄ersonal?matter.
When a sportsperson is making one of his rare visits to the orphanage he invites reporters to accompany him but in the face of a drug scandal is unwilling to make any comments and expects to be left alone!

However excessive publicity in addition to affecting the lives of public figures could also have adverse effects on society at large. Publicity in the form of scandals, scams and lurid stories could have a pernicious effect on the minds of common people. It fuels fantasies and prevents a man from getting his work done. Thus people should in their own interests check their curiosity.
It is obvious that public figures like being lionized. They are celebrities because they are a cut above the rest and must sacrifice their baser instincts or risk adverse publicity. They must accept the propensity of common man to poke his nose into their private affairs. It is but a small price to pay for a place in the history books.

2. India
The issue at hand that "Public figures such as actors ,politicians,and athletes should expect people to be intertested in their private lives and should expect to lose atleast some of their privacy" is a controversial one.This is one topic that has been debated upon ever since media came into existance,and for once,lives and events no longer belonged to the person or place,but to the entire world.The public figures themselves might argue that they are answerable only to issues that concern their field of expertise,and the rest of their lives is of noone's concern.However,it is of my opinion that the antithesis is true,and that public figures should expect to loose a certain amount of privacy when they become famous.

What is fame? It is when people acknowledge and appreciate you for something inspite of not knowing you personally.Any popular public figure person such as an Actor or athlete is scrutinised,admired,and loved.People imitate them and seek inspiration from them.If Tiger Woods or Steffi Graf wears Adidas shoes in an advertisement,they go ahead and buy them.There is a certain amount of trust in the admiration people show for the celebrities.For the public figures themselves,its a very special place to be,when people listen when u speak, and love you without knowing you.But along with this fame comes a price.When we are crazy about sometime,we are also interested in their lives.The Common Man can almost relate to the celebrity on a personal level.It's not only what they're famous for anymore,its where they live,who they're married too,what they did on new year抯 eve that captures our interest.For example,Sachin Tendulkar is more than just a cricketor in India.He is an idol.People pray for him,love him and he practically controls the emotions of a nation.Wouldn't it be natural that people also want to know what music he listens to,and where he met his wife too? We wouldnt be human if we weren抰 interested especially when we invest so much time,love and admiration in celebrities ,which they enjoy as fame

When the entire Monica Lewinsky episode broke out,Preseident Clintion defended himself saying "Even Presidents have personal lives".That might be true,but the question remains whether or not people have a right to know or not.When people devote so much of their time listening to you,supporting you,invest a peice of their lives to you,i beleive that they have a right to know everything about the person.In President Clinton's case,whether his personal life affected his capabilities as a President or not, is irrelevant.But when prople choose to vote for you for President of United States over other candidates,they decide not only on basis of capabitilies,but also on the person you are.So,people have a right to know every truth and then decide for themselves whether the personal life overshadows the capabilities.

The truth of the matter is,whether or not public figures agree that it is the people's right not,is immaterial .People will always be facinated by the private lives of celebrities and this is immutable. So celebrities,should realise and recognise this as the price of fame and expect to loose a portion of their privacy.
However,on the flip side,when the invasion of privacy becomes immoral, then it should not be supported.An example of this would be nude photoes of Actresses being taken without consent and published.Therfore in summary i conclude that Public figures should expect to loose atleast some of their privacy,and it is upto them to protect the rest.

161 In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.
1. usa
Media is a mirror of the society. Everything good and bad happening in the world is reflected in the media. People sitting elsewhere in the world are made aware of any events happening in other part of the world by the media. However, it抯 the sole responsibility of the media to reflect the picture in its true colours.

I would agree with the author抯 proposition to the extent that certain sections in a media, say, a few channels in a television or a particular news paper or a magazine, may be biased. And in certain cases where there main motive is to make profits and not to bring the truth to the people. Or in cases where the media wants to increase its readership by relying on making an event scandalous, will the statement stand true. However, such mediums form a very attenuated part of the society. More so, the readers of today are wise and alert of the ongoing event around them. And can well distinguish between right and wrong.

Why do we forget that it is only through the media that we come to know about the heroes of the world. I should admit that in the society of today one will find very few heroes around him. Here, by heroes I refer to people who do something out of ordinary. Not what a common man would or dare to do. One would not find a person doing something heroic around him everyday. But there are a lot of people in the other parts of the world and even in his own country for that matter. Now how does he come to know about them?? It is only through the media. Else, the hero will remain known only to a limited people around him and remain anonymous to a large no of people far away from him.

Secondly, it is through the recognition and praise of the people that a hero will be motivated. A person is not always hungry of power or money as a reward for his act. At times just a little recognition or a pat on the back will suffice to reward him and boost his morale. What does a fire-fighter gets when he rushes into a building blazing into flames to rescue a small child trapped in there?? Just self-satisfaction and will to perform his duty. And a little recognition of his courage would do wonders to his morale. And what if the event is broadcasted on television?? Wouldn抰 he be happily and motivated towards his job? Definitely, Yes. He will do his job with more enthusiasm and passion. And what about the million of people who watched his heroic act on television. Even if this act of his is able to inspire 1 more man, the count of hero抯 in our society will increment by one. What I want to suggest that this is a cumulative effect. And the main source of this cumulative effect is the media.

For example, India celebrates its Independence day on 15th August every year. On this day there is carried out a procession of all the children who have done some heroic act in one or the other way. This is telecasted nation wide on televion and broadcasted on radios. It forms the main news of the newspapers the next day. So what is media doing in this regard?? It is enhancing the image of heros and bringing their stories not our homes and in our lives and making us proud of them.

During the time India was under British rule and there was widespread revolution going on in the country to overthrow the British rule, in many parts of the country many newspapers, like Punjab Kesri, were banned. The rulers said that the news and contents were causing unrest and violence among the people. What the newspapers were actually doing was that it was bring the stories of resistance offered by Indians to the rulers in one part of the country to the other part of the country and inspiring people to follow suit in their area. It was conveying stories of heroism of people into the masses on a large scale and thereby inspiring people. This act in no way was tarnishing the image of heroes as the statement of the author states.

However, there have been cases in which the images of people have been distorted and presented to the people by media. But these are very few cases and not noteworthy. What I believe is that though its entirely upto the media authorities to decide as to what kind of news it wishes to publish, in the world of today, every common man is alert and aware to be easily fooled by any false news passed onto him. There might be differences in opinions of the different sources of media but that抯 just the point of view of people and nothing to do with the tarnishing of image of any hero.

In sum, I would say that media plays a major part in forming an opinion among masses. And that there might be some media sources who for there selfish motive might try to make every news scandalous, might that be on the cost of soiling a heros image, there a other sources that are manifold in number who would present a clear picture. And such sources outweigh the profit-making source in number to a large extent.

2. It is true that contemoprary famous personalities are subjected to such a high level of media srutiny that is no longer possible to hide even the smallest of the flaws which is will be caught by the media and that will result in diminishing reputation of the personality. But, i disagree with the claim that it is not possible to regard anyone as hero.

First of all, the media is mirror of society. Those public figures that are famous and widely respected are subjected to close of scrutiny of public. The media is constantly in search of even the smallest flaws that it can be find in the lives of these public figures. Many times media goes crosses the limit and invades the private life of these celebrities. However, no one is 100% correct. Every human being has his own faults and weaknesses. Thus, we should give consideration only to the issues that matter to the society. For example, the famous black leader of south africa, nelson manela, is widely respected in south africa fro his life - long efforts for rescuing the black people from the tyrannies of the white government of south africa. Recently, nelson mandel's ex-wife was charged of embezzlement and this led to flood of articles about nelson mandela.

hehuiUID: 134334

G．行为、观念、品德类：16、93、152

16. Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary ligeare entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.
1.        from sample
Do modern luxuries serve to undermine our true strength and independence as individuals? The speaker believes so, and I tend to agree. Consider the automobile, for example. Most people consider the automobile a necessity rather than a luxury; yet it is for this very reason that the automobile so aptly supports the speaker's point. To the extent that we depend on cars as crutches, they prevent us from becoming truly independent and strong in character as individuals.

Consider first the effect of the automobile on our independence as individuals. In some respects the automobile serves to enhance such independence. For example, cars make it possible for people in isolated and depressed areas without public transportation to become more independent by pursing gainful employment outside their communities. And teenagers discover that owning a car, or even borrowing one on occasion, affords them a needed sense of independence from their parents.However, cars have diminished our independence in a number of more significant respects. We've grown dependent on our cars for commuting to work. We rely on them like crutches for short trips to the corner store, and for carting our children to and from school. Moreover, the car has become a means not only to our assorted physical destinations but also to the attainment of our socioeconomic goals, insofar as the automobile has become a symbol of status. In fact, in my observation many, if not most, working professionals willingly undermine their financial security for the sake of being seen driving this year's new SUV or luxury sedan. In short, we've become slaves to the automobile.

Consider next the overall impact of the automobile on our strength as individuals, by which I mean strength of character, or mettle. I would be hard-pressed to list one way in which the automobile enhances one's strength of character. Driving a powerful SUV might afford a person a feeling and appearance of strength, or machismo. But this feeling has nothing to do with a person's true character. In contrast, there is a certain strength of character that comes with eschewing modern conveniences such as cars, and with the knowledge that one is contributing to a cleaner and quieter environment, a safer neighborhood, and arguably a more genteel society. Also, alternative modes of transportation such as bicycling and walking are forms of exercise which require and promote the virtue of self-discipline. Finally, in my observation people who have forsaken the automobile spend more time at home, where they are more inclined to prepare and even grow their own food, and to spend more time with their families. The former enhances one's independence; the latter enhances the integrity of one's values and the strength of one's family.

To sum up, the automobile helps illustrate that when a luxury becomes a necessity it can sap our independence and strength as individuals. Perhaps our society is better off, on balance, with such "luxuries"; after all, the automobile industry has created countless jobs, raised our standard of living, and made the world more interesting. However, by becoming slaves to the automobile we trade off a certain independence and inner strength.

2.singapore
Every coin as two sides to it. No technology by itself is good or bad . it depends on the way one utilizes it.To label all the luxuries and conveniences of modern life as entirely harmless or harmful is not justified .Although these contemporary so called luxuries do have some adverse side effects they have ,in fact become our necessities. To do away with them is tantamount to mankind taking a huge leap backwards.

The contemporary conveniences have promoted a sedentary lifestyle . A direct consequence of which is the spurt in risk factors like obesity. This has lead to a rise in incidence and prevalence of coronary heart diseases and cerebrovascular accidents.Thus it might seem that sedentary lifestyle which we enjoy is actually the underlying factor for one of the major causes of death. However , if we compare statistics with the previous generations , it is evident that the average lifespan of humans has increased . The death rate has analogously plummeted down. This fact is further strengthened by the observation that the life span is more in developed countries (which have more luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life) than in the developing countries.Modern technology has also helped us in eradicating dreaded diseases like small pox, polio and measles.

It has often being argued that the mental health problems are on the rise and that they are the result of stresses of our day to day life. But I would argue that we have merely become more aware of our mental health problems . Hence the steep rise in cases of mental diseases is confounded by more cases being recognised and treated rather than an actual rise in such cases.On the contrary it is the result of eradication of infectious diseases that has helped us concentrate on these neglected diseases.

It is true that we have become dependant on modern machines and electricity for all our work. A cut in power supply is enough to bring the nation to a halt . It is at such times that we think whether machines are made for man or man is made for machines.The pollution created by use of all these facilities has not only affected man but also the entire environment. We pay large amounts for our luxuries and then shell out still larger amount on losing our weight accumalated due to sedentary lifestyle. All these luxuries are supposed to save our time ,but honestly where is the time in our lives? We are all so always busy.

Thus contemporary lifestyle has it's own pros and cons. It is the risk -benefit ratio which we must analyze before making a choice and I would choose strongly in favour of contemporary lifestyle.

93.The concept of "individual responsibility" is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making. (460)
BY HEHUI
简要提纲：
1.        观点：部分赞同
2.        让步：人们似乎是因为外力的趋使才履行责任的-排比举例
3.        转折：过分强调外力因素忽略了人自身的一些美德，即人本身是有责任感的，这种责任感来源于内心的感情而非外界的制约-例子：父母对子女
4.        递进：人本身的责任感也来源于长期形成的道德观念-例子：1.帮盲人过马路；2.志愿者
5.        总结：责任感不是虚无的

I partly agree to the statement above because people's behavior is to some degree determined by outer forces besides their own will, but whether the notion of "individual responsibility" is a necessary fiction is open to doubt.

Apparently, people tend to take their accountability in that they are subjected to certain social pressure, such as laws, regulations and rules. In pursuing more profits, powerful companies tend to form a union, in the economic term of Trust, by which will gain them the dominant position in the market without the constraint of the anti-trust law aiming at keeping an active and fair market. And a smoker, though is extremely hungry for a cigarette, cannot do so in some non-smoking areas, such as a hospital, under the sanitary regulations. Also, a college student may spend most of his/her time in sports and entertainment if without the strict rule of grade which determines whether he/she can get a degree and successfully graduate or not. In brief, we may not deny that exterior forces play a large part in regulating people's actions.

However, an overemphasis on forces that is not of people's own making may conceal the truth that human beings have their own will to take their responsibility thus may tarnish some important innate human virtues. We cannot imagine that our parents nurture us only due to the laws relating to protection of the immature. Neither do many young people in my country spontaneously take care of the older because of certain laws or regulations. In these cases our sense of accountability is more likely originated from our hearts than from those outer forces. And the word responsibility bears the meaning of fidelity and love rather than the emotionless mandatory.

Moreover, our own will to take our responsibility also comes from our moral considerations which are well established as we live in any moral society. We are brought up being continuously imbued with criterions and moral standards which tell us the right from the wrong, the good from the evil. As we grow up, the accumulated sense of morality becomes ingrained in our minds thus becomes part of our nature which will affect, either directly or indirectly, our each action. For example, most people may willingly help a blind person cross a busy street not because they are forced to do so, but their sense of morality impels them. In the same token, it is largely depends on their sense of humanity that the volunteers from some advanced academies in rich countries choose to work in some impoverished areas. They not only take their own responsibility, but also involve in some social duties as a whole.

From the foregoing analysis, we may safely conclude that though sometimes people take responsibility as the obligation, the concept of individual responsibility is out of the question a fiction. On the contrary, it functions well in the real world, and cheeringly it outfluxes from the bottom of our hearts.  


152. The only responsibility of executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies. (435, 60’’)
BY HEHUI
简要提纲:
1.        提出观点: 原题的观点是狭隘的, 行政人员不应只想赚钱,要为公司长远利益考虑
2.        过度段:让步(钱是重要地)+转折(只认钱会忽略掉更重要的方面)
3.        重要方面一:外部因素:公司需要好的商业环境,行政人员要处理好公司与竞争者的关系
4.        重要方面二:内部因素:公司凝聚力:来源于行政人员对员工的态度
5.        结尾:总结3\4段

As the higher level of a company, executives are not only responsible for one aspect of the company's interests, but for the overall benefit of it. As the decision-makers and designers of the company they must see from a larger picture of the development of the company, not the immediate or short-run boom, but a long-term and sustained development. In this case I believe the assertion above indicating the only thing that executives should do is to make money within the legitimate limitation is incomplete and incomprehensive.

Admittedly, material consideration ranks among the top concerns, not necessarily the first, of a company. Money is important for a company to survive the intensely competitive business world and to develop. However, narrowing their attention on money will jeopardize instead of assuring or improving the development of the company, because many significant aspects for the long-term benefit are neglected.

For one thing, it is important for a company to grow in a friendly and equal atmosphere among its thousands of competitors and within the whole society. Firstly, executives should accurately orient his company in a sea of counterparts and secondly, also the most importantly, try to ensure that every detail of the relationship between their own company and those counterparts is on the right track. For example, though the company is eager to attract customers, it should apply the proper means. Any malignance will bring nothing but an equivalent or worse revenge.

For another, an inner cohesion of the company also weighs in shaping its future. And in fact this cohesion, or in another word, a group feeling of the company, results from how the higher level treats with the staff. Executives are not here in the company to offer job positions, give emotionless orders and inspect how the workers fulfill them. They are here to organize the group of people each of whom is conducive and indispensable to the success of the company. To arouse the group feelings from the workers, they should sometimes be their listeners and friends, caring about their needs and complaint; in other times they should be wise leaders for the workers to follow. All these seem marginal or even trifling to the development and enlargement of the company, but they are actually the ultimate power and stimuli to achieve that goal.

In conclusion, it is more important for executives to consider the long-term development than concentrating on how much they may help the company earn. Despite money, they should also take into account the outer and inner factors which will largely affect the overall benefit of the company.

hehuiUID: 134334

强力推荐下载还有 131 和103的两个文件,因为里面有美国老师对文章很详细的评论,大家可以从中看出一些ETS平分的端倪.

还想再次提醒大家:请以正确态度对待这些资料,以尊重他人的劳动成果.

祝大家考试成功!

hehuiUID: 134334

第一帖里的文章处处那行变乱码了,在这里纠正一下:
3.出处：来自 www.testmagic.com  的国外同学的作文（我一般都标出了作者的国籍）、满分网和GTER的作文、还有一些是我自己写的

alexandra8204UID: 138807

thank you so much, good luck for you~

hehuiUID: 134334

是哪位斑竹填加的题目括号里的内容,这些不只是TESTMAGIC 的,是因为刚才写帖子的时候出了乱码,我后来解释了一下出处.

happyman2000UID: 136936

全部下载完毕，多谢hehui大MM !

threeUID: 143437

真好人也

zyxUID: 137435

谢谢！

imongUID: 140258

版权的问题的确值得注意，我已经改过来了。
非常感谢！