Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.
Should governments stop financing scientific researches with unclear results? I fundamentally disagree with such a recommendation. At first blush it looks a very practical one because it makes sense for governments not to waste taxpayers’ money on worthless scientific researches. However, I believe that governments cannot fairly judge whether a scientific research is beneficial, due to the nature of scientific research and potential long-term benefits of theoretical researches.
The primary problem of this recommendation is that it is paradoxical in its nature: scientific research is to explore the unpredictable in search of true answers to our questions; therefore no one can firmly determine its consequences before it is conducted. And yet the recommendation is illogically assuming that governments are able to know whether a scientific research is worthwhile beforehand. Consider the first digital computer, ENIAC, which was designed and constructed by two researchers from University of Pennsylvania. It was expensive and bulky; yet it can only perform some basic algorithmic operations very slowly. Its invention and research seemed to fit the criteria of “having unclear consequences”; yet thanks to the US Army who did not stop financing this project, we today can enjoy the convenience of modern computers which evolved from this precedent. The example illustrates that no one, including the governments, can accurately predict whether a researched technology has any profound impacts on society in the future. This suggests that the above recommendation is impractical and may force governments to make unfair judgments on scientific researches which seem not to have very clear objectives.
Secondly, theoretical scientific research might be severely impacted if governments stop funding, simply because they do not see any immediate or obvious benefits. Theoretical scientific research is not concerned with solving practical problems with immediate interests. But it provides insights into phenomena and builds knowledge frontier; its outcomes are made used by applied scientific research. There are many examples: Albeit Einstein’s general relativity, Stephen Hawking’s Black Hole theory, Alan Turing’s Turing Machine, and etc... These scientific researches might seem to serve only one unclear purpose – exploring the uncharted—at least during the time when they were still in gestation. But one could not deny the great benefits they brought to their respective area of subject. If governments are to stop financing these scientific researches, the majority of theoretical scientific researches, which might or might not bring potential benefits, would be killed in embryo.
However, given the limited economic resources, governments need to allocate more funding to those scientific researches which serve more urgent and more immediate social problems. This inevitably would diminish funding for some other researches which do not have clear consequences. But it makes sense. If there was a severe epidemic sweeping through the globe causing millions to die, shouldn’t governments allocate most of its research resources to those biologists who focus on finding out the cures? Admittedly, research funding should be always allocated accordingly by weighing against more pressing social problems; this is one of the responsibilities of governments.
In the final analysis, considering that scientific research is meant to discover the unknown results, and that theoretical research might not serve immediate benefits, it is entirely possible that governments cannot make fair judgements on whether a scientific research is worth the expense. Although sometimes governments need adjust their research funding allocation accordingly, given the limited economic resources, in overall the recommendation is too absolutistic.