Argument Mapping：理清思路，进行直观的论证组织！ [color=red]推荐[/co

poohUID: 146994

from:http://www.austhink.org/argumentmapping/index.htm#whyneed
很好的东西，帮助理清思路，纠正逻辑混乱，下载看看吧，会很受启发的，真得很好，呵呵

Argument mapping is producing graphical "boxes and arrows" maps of complex debates. The result —an argument map—is a paper chart presenting an overview of the reasoning.

A very simple argument map would fit on a single A4 sheet. Large argument maps require poster-sized charts, or many such charts. Very complex debates might fill an entire wall.

Argument mapping is a specific kind of activity, focusing on the inferential or evidential structure among claims and reasons, and producing surveyable paper charts. It is important to distinguish argument mapping from other techniques such as concept mapping, and decision analysis.



Why do we need it?
Many organizations face complex issues involving lots of arguments on both sides, objections, rebuttals, etc.. Often they produce analyses of the situation, presented in familiar forms such as written reports or PowerPoint presentations.

The basic problem is that the human mind simply cannot encompass at one time all aspects of a complex debate. The truth is that we can only ever focus on one or at most a handful of things at once. Generally what happens is that we focus on those few aspects of the debate which are particularly salient to us—usually because they support our prior opinion—and neglect the rest.

Argument mapping expands our capacity to grasp complex debates by presenting the argumentation in two-dimensional spatial layout. It translates abstract conceptual structure into a simple spatial structure. A very large part of our brain is devoted to getting around in physical space—seeing where things are, and keeping track of our position in relation to things. An argument map taps into this vast reserve of processing power, bringing it to bear in understanding the conceptual layout of some complex issue.



Some benefits of argument mapping
Mapping promotes clarity and rigor in thinking, and leads to deeper understanding of the issues
  
Argument maps greatly improve sharing of knowledge among a team
  
Argument maps are extremely efficient ways to present overviews of complex argumentation to another person
  
An argument map makes the boundaries of current knowledge or debate visually apparent.
  
Argument maps make meetings more efficient by helping focus discussion
  
Argument maps promote better decision making by ensuring that a higher proportion of relevant considerations are taken into account
  
Mapping arguments produces a permanent record of thinking on a topic, thus addressing the challenge of maintaining organizational memory.
e.g.
The Victorian government should agree to sharing of public lands and resources with native title applicants
附件里有图示

poohUID: 146994

我觉得这种mapping对于essay的写作来说是有revolutionary意义的，我按这种方法列了提纲
issue 7 .The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records. 【7】
摄像机可以通过如此精确而有力的记录手段来再现当代生活，因此它已经代替书面记录成为了一种更重要的记录手段。


解释：
When claims appear in arguments, they have other names, depending on their role:   
Conclusion-----------.
Any claim that has at least reason supporting it or objection against    it, is a conclusion.    （出发点）
Premise.----------
A claim is called a premise when it is part of a reason or objection.   
(图中reason 后面跟的粗体）
Lemma.-----------（图中白框中的没有变粗的部分。这是我们经常容易掉的一个前提)
A claim is a lemma when it is both a premise and a conclusion - i.e., an    intermediate step in reasoning

绿色的是reason, 红色的是objection.
即使你是反对这一观点的，你仍然可以列出支持者的观点用以反驳，即两个objection=一个resaon.
这就是说我们再写文章的时候应该考虑，与我们观点相反的观点，如果不合理就驳倒它来巩固自己的观点，如果是合理的就用辩证的观点接受它，使文章更全面逻辑性更强。
PS:如果大家感兴趣的话，我会做更详细地介绍的。

meloncollieUID: 138374

真佩服你能弄出这么一个专业的东西。一下子还不怎么明白，待本人慢慢研究吧。