Argument写作入门-开头段第一步：梳理结论、论据

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老师您好！下面是我的三个练习题，希望老师可以批改。

1.
抄写原题
argument 14

The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.

"A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

列出结论
if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night

列出论据
- 300 advertising executives took the survey about the average number of hours they sleep per night
- Those firms' executives who reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth.

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据
The article claims that business owners should hire more employees who need less sleep to make their company develop faster. The author mentions a research that studies 300 advertising executives' sleeping habits, which shows that companies with executives who sleeps less than six hours per day are more successful than others.


2.
抄写原题
argument 1
Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

列出结论
the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean

列出论据
- Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea.
- The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据
The author of the article states that other villages could also have made the Palean basket, as archeologists found the same kind of basket in the village across the river from Palea. The arguer also denies the possibility that Paleans brought the basket across the river because no boat have found.



3.
抄写原题
6) Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic regions. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of the year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the purported decline in deer populations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

列出结论
the purported decline in deer populations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.

列出论据
- The climate change causes the melt of the ice between the islands, so that deer cannot move over ice from island to island in order to find food.

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据
According to the author, the decline of Arctic deer population is the consequence of climate change. As the temperature getting higher, the ice between the islands melts, which Arctic deer used to travel across the frozen see to find food.

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今天准备开始跟着老师好好学习写作，我GRE写作只有2.5，我要好好学习。
老师，下面是我的总结和看了您的答案之后的改写：
According to the director, Buckingham College should commit to building new dorms given the projected enrollment over the next 5 decades, the expected shortage of dorm space. He also argues that new dorms can help students who cannot afford off-campus apartments that have become more expensive in average and attract more prospective students to study at Buckingham.  

我的改写：
Bucjingham college want to build a number of new dormitories for the following three reasons, firstly the number of students will increase in the following three years, secondly, it will cost a student much if he or she want to rent a house in town, thirdly new dormitories will attract excellent student.

练习一
原题：
Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.

结论：the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.
论据：1 Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos
         2 Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat
         3 no Palean boats have been found
开头段：
The article above assert that Palean baskets were not made only by the Palean people. For the reason that recently, archeaologists found such a basket in Lithos, an ancient village, which located across the Brim river ffrom Palea. And the river is very deep and broad, however no boats which can be the only tool to across the river have been found.

练习二
原题：

Argument2、The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.
"A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
结论：the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation.
论据：1 in stimulating situations，firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol
        2 Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations
        3 during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring
开头段：
In the letter to the editor we found that the recent study draw a conclusion that birth order have effects on an individual's levels of stimulation. And the letter cites the study of firstborn monkeys and humans in stimulating situation will produce much hormone and the first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol to support its conclusion

练习三
原题：
Argument 3 示范


The following appeared as a letter to the editor from a Central Plaza store owner.
"Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.”

结论：the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza.
论点：the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza
        There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza
开头段：
In letter to the editor the shoppers strongly suggest prohibited skateboarding in plaza. Because their believe that the skareboard users in the plaza will destory the environment in the plaze which will casue the decrease the number of shoppers.

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