Argument写作入门-开头段第一步：梳理结论、论据

tobinzUID: 3239969

argument 14

The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.

"A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.



结论：

These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night."

论据：

-A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms.

-Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth

开头段

According to an article in a business magazine, a company that wants to be competitive in the market  should hire only people who need no more than six hours of sleep per night, which is based on a study showing that executives who report less than six hours per night had higher profit margins and faster growth.

精簡版:

An ariticle in a business magazine argues that companies who want to be competitive should hire people without needing much sleep, because they tend to make more profit for the company based on a survey involving 300 advertising executives.

附录：

看了老师开头段，我想开头段压缩的取舍应该跟后面论证有关。譬如，是写advertising executives 还是只写 executives。下文若要说，这个调查只是涉及一个行业（advertising），所以结论不能推广。那么，开头还是应该含有advertising的内容。

不知可否这样理解，写完的argument应该让一个没有看过原来题目的人也能理解你在说什么。

tobinzUID: 3239969

60 题目：

The following appeared in a letter from a firm providing investment advice for a client.
       
Most homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically cold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating. Last heating season that region experienced 90 days with below-normal temperatures, and climate forecasters predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years. Furthermore, many new homes are being built in the region in response to recent population growth. Because of these trends, we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil.
       
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.


结论:

we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil.

论据:

-Most homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically cold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating

-Last heating season that region experienced 90 days with below-normal temperatures, and climate forecasters predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years

-many new homes are being built in the region in response to recent population growth


开头段：

A firm suggests its client should investment in Consolidated Industries whose major operations is the retail sale of home heating oil given last heating season's lower temperature and projected several years of the chilly weather pattern. Also, it argues most homes in this region have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating and many new homes are being constructed in this region due to population growth.

tobinzUID: 3239969

arument 15

The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.       

Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.
       
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.


结论

Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States.This change, however, has had little impact on our customers

论据
-only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change

-many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead.

-either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

开头段

The manager in his/her memorandum argues that the change hasn't affected their customers that butter has been replaced by margarine given few complains from customers, meaning overwhelmingly most  customers have been satisfied with the change. Also, it shows customers basically do not distinguish butter from margarine.  

简短：

The manager argues that the change has done little impact on customers that butter has been replaced by margarine, because most customers seem to be satisfied with it.

注：看了老师范文，发现自己总是倾向写的长。可能是总担心漏点，还是总结能力有待提高。

tobinzUID: 3239969

Argue 32

The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Quiot Manufacturing.
       
During the past year, Quiot Manufacturing had 30 percent more on-the-job accidents than at the nearby Panoply Industries plant, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts say that significant contributing factors in many on-the-job accidents are fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Quiot and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that employees will get adequate amounts of sleep.       

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.



结论

to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Quiot and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that employees will get adequate amounts of sleep.


论据

-During the past year, Quiot Manufacturing had 30 percent more on-the-job accidents than at the nearby Panoply Industries plant, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours

-Experts say that significant contributing factors in many on-the-job accidents are fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers

首段

A vice president of QM argues they should shorten their employees' work shifts in order to let them get sufficient amounts of sleep, reduce on-the-job accidents and boost productivity, because PI plant, another company producing similar products, had lower accidents with shorter work shifts during the past year. Besides, experts say fatigue and sleep deprivation have a bearing on on-the-job accidents

bit_liangUID: 3643530

抄写完整原题
Argument 14
The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.
A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

列出结论
These results suggests that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.

列出论据
1. A recent study rating 300 make and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms.
2.Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth.

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。
The article suggests that a firm should only hire executives who need sleep less than 6 hours per night to be successful based on a survey on 300 advertising executives.

bit_liangUID: 3643530

抄写完整原题
Argument 1
Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

列出结论
Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Pelean.
列出论据
1.Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people.
2. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" baskets in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have cross it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found.
写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。
The statement concludes that so-called "Palean" baskets that previously believed made only by Palean people are not uniquely Palean. A basket like that was recently discovered in Lithos, which is a village across a river from Palean. The river is believed not accessible without a boat. However, no boats have been found in Palean.

tobinzUID: 3239969

Argument 1

Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.       


Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.


结论

it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.

证据

- archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea

-The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat,and no Palean boats have been found.

首段

Archaeologists put forth that Palean baskets, baskets once believed to have been fabricated only by the Palean people, were not uniquely Palean, because they found Palean basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the extremely deep Brim River which the ancient Paleans could have crossed by boat . However, no Palean boasts have been found.

tobinzUID: 3239969

argument 6

Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic regions. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of the year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the purported decline in deer populations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.
       
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.


结论：

the purported decline in deer populations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.


证据：

-Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it

- according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining.

-these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt


首段：

According to the statement, decrease in deer populations, reported by local hunters, stem from the fact that they cannot follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea, as their habitat hinges on alternating warm and frozen seasons that are, unfortunately, in the grip of global warming.

bit_liangUID: 3643530

抄写完整原题
Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic regions. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of the year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the purported decline in deer populations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

列出结论

The purported decline in deer populations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.
列出论据

1.According to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining.
2.These reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt.

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。

The argument concludes that the deer's being unable to move across the frozen sea caused the decline in deer populations. The decline was reported by local hunters and coincide with the melting of the sea ice due to recent global warming trends.

bit_liangUID: 3643530

抄写完整原题
The following is a letter to the editor of the Waymarsh Times.

Traffic here in Waymarsh is becoming a problem. Although just three years ago a state traffic survey showed that the typical driving commuter took 20 minutes to get to work, the commute now takes closer to 40 minutes, according to the survey just completed. Members of the town council already have suggested more road building to address the problem, but as well as being expensive, the new construction will surely disrupt some of our residential neighborhoods. It would be better to follow the example of the nearby city of Garville. Last year Garville implemented a policy that rewards people who share rides to work, giving them coupons for free gas. Pollution levels in Garville have dropped since the policy was implemented, and people from Garville tell me that commuting times have fallen considerably. There is no reason why a policy like Garville's shouldn't work equally well in Waymarsh.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

列出结论
It would be better for Waymarsh to follow the example of the nearby city of Garville.

列出论据
1. According to a state survey completed 3 years ago and just completed, the commuting time has risen from 20 minutes to 40 minutes.
2. Building new roads is expensive and will disrupt some of our residential neighborhoods.
3.Pollution in Garville have dropped and commuting time has fallen since the implement of the policy that give coupons to people who share rides to work.
写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。

The editor suggests that the city of Waymarsh should follow the example of the nearby city of Garville to solve the traffic problem as pollution and commuting time in Garville have both fallen since the implement of the policy that give coupons to people who share rides to work. The traffic problem is certificated by contrast of state surveys completed 3 years ago and recently showing that commuting time has doubled.

yvonneecatUID: 3640481

抄写完整原题
The vice president of human resources at Climpson Industries sent the following recommendation to the   company's president.
  "In an effort to improve our employees' productivity, we should implement electronic monitoring of employees' Internet use from their work stations. Employees who use the Internet from their work stations need to be identified and punished if we are to reduce the number of work hours spent on personal or recreational activities, such as shopping or playing games. By installing software to detect employees' Internet use on company computers, we can prevent employees from wasting time, foster a better work ethic at Climpson, and improve our overall profits."


列出结论
to improve employees' productivity, the Climpson Industry should implement electronic monitoring of employees' Internet use from their work stations.
列出论据
1. Employees who use the Internet from their work stations need to be identified and punished if we are to reduce the number of work hours spent on personal or recreational activities, such as shopping or playing games.
2. By installing software to detect employees' Internet use on company computers, we can prevent employees from wasting time, foster a better work ethic at Climpson, and improve our overall profits.

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。  
According to the vice president, the Climpson Industry should commit to implementing electronic monitoring of emplyees' Internet use from their work stations, in order to decrease the work time spent on personal activities. He also argues that by implementing such software they can improve work ethic as well as overall profits.

抄写完整原题
The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Santorian, a company that manufactures men's clothing.
Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high quality wool fabric, we discontinued production of our alpaca overcoat. Now that we have a new fabric supplier, we should resume production. This coat should sell very well: since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand. Also, since the price of most types of clothing has increased in each of the past five years, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company profits will increase.
列出结论
Santorian should resume the production of alpaca overcoat.
列出论据
1.Since they have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since their major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand.
2.since the price of most types of clothing has increased in each of the past five years, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and their company profits will increase.
写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。
According to the new president, the company of Santorian should resume the production of alpaca overcoat, He argues the alpaca overcoat will sell well due to the expected pent-up customer demand and high price.


The following appeared in a memo to the board of directors of Bargain Brand Cereals.
　"One year ago we introduced our first product, Bargain Brand breakfast cereal. Our very low prices quickly drew many customers away from the top-selling cereal companies. Although the companies producing the top brands have since tried to compete with us by lowering their prices and although several plan to introduce their own budget brands, not once have we needed to raise our prices to continue making a profit. Given our success in selling cereal, we recommend that Bargain Brand now expand its business and begin marketing other low-priced food products as quickly as possible."
结论
Bargain Brand now expand its business and begin marketing other low-priced food products as quickly as possible.
论据
The Bargain Brand breakfast cereal, being introduced as the first product of the company, quickly earned their share in the market and made profits.
写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。
The board of directors argues that the company of Bargain Brand Cereals should now expand its business and start to put more low-priced food products as quickly as possible, due to the success of their former product, the Bargain Brand breakfast cereal. being introduced as the first product of the company, the breakfast cereal quickly earned their share in the market and made profits.

triggerlinUID: 3568088

抄写完整原题

Argument 3
The following appeared as a letter to the editor from a Central Plaza store owner.
"Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.”
  
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

列出结论

Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.

列出论据

Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza.

There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza.

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。  

The store owner argues that in order to maintain the thriving business in Central Plaza, the city should ban skateboarding activities taking place in the area. This is because of the protestation from shop owners and deliberately damaged public assets in the plaza.

-----------------

抄写完整原题

5) The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette.
On Balmer Island, where mopeds serve as a popular form of transportation, the population increases to 100,000 during the summer months. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians, the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by the island's moped rental companies from 50 per day to 25 per day during the summer season. By limiting the number of rentals, the town council will attain the 50 percent annual reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year on the neighboring island of Seaville, when Seaville's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals.

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

列出结论

To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians, the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by the island's moped rental companies from 50 per day to 25 per day during the summer season.

列出论据

By limiting the number of rentals, the town council will attain the 50 percent annual reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year on the neighboring island of Seaville, when Seaville's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals.

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。  

In this argument, the arguer claims that it is necessary for the town council to reduce the number of moped rental in summer, which would consequently lead to fewer accidents. To bolster the claim, the arguer contends that the same enforcement took place last year in Seaville and brought about expected result.

yolandapiuUID: 3607992

The following appeared in a memo from the director of student housing at Buckingham College.

"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories. Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

列出结论
Buckingham College should bulid quantities of new dormitories to serve the housing needs of students.
列出论据
1.Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate.
2.Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing.
3.Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham.
写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。
The director insists that Buckingham Colleage should increase the amount of constructing dorms which contributes to serve the housing needs of students, mainly referring to the growing enrollment, the rising average rent near the Buckingham Colleage and the increasing probability to attract more prospective students.

万仔UID: 3666064

Argument 8
The following appeared in a memo from the director of student housing at Buckingham College.

"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories. Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.


Conclusion:
-Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories.

Arguments:

- Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate.

- Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing.

- Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham.  


The director draws the conclusion that the building of a number of new dormitories is necessary in Buckingham College due to the college's increasing enrollment and high cost of off-campus housing. Also, this action adds to the charm of the college and contribute to the enrollment.



Argument 1
Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.


Conclusion:

-the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.

Arguments:

-Recently, however,archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea.

-The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found.


According to the author, the belief that woven baskets have been made only by Palean people is not true, due to the discovery of the similar basket in Lithos. The Lithos basket cannot belong to Palean people because of the isolation of these two places.



Argument 2
The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.

"A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations(such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of
cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.


Conclusion:

-A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation.

Arguments:

-In stimulating situations, firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol.

-Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations.

-During pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.


In the letter, a potential relationship is revealed that the birth order may affect individual's levels of  stimulation by a recent study of 18 rhesus monkeys. Also, a statement of human's relevant situation is used to reinforce this argument.

xuanxuano1UID: 3656015

The director draws a conclusion that BC should build a number of new dormitories to serve housing needs of their students, to make this argument cogent more evidences are needed.

又改了，觉得过于简单

The director argues that more dorms should be built to meet the demand of more students in the next 50 years and to help students who have difficulties renting apartment outside campus, meanwhile this also can attract more students to choose BC.