No 题

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Although scientists observe that an organism's behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change, Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters' rhythms. Another experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism's rhythmic behavior.

1. All of the following could be considered examples of exogenous influences on an organism EXCEPT the influence of the
A level of a hormone on a field mouse's readiness for mating
B temperature of a region on a bear's hibernation
C salt level of a river on a fish's migration
D humidity of an area on a cat's shedding of its fur
E proximity of an owl on a lizard's searching for food

题目问了外因影响都有什么 EXCEPT
A荷尔蒙
B温度
C盐浓度
D湿度
E附近的猫头鹰
只有a是内因


2. Which of the following statements best describes the conclusion drawn by Brown (lines 17-21)?
A A change in tide schedule is the primary influence on an oyster's rhythms.
B A change in tide schedule may be an important exogenous influence on an oyster's rhythms.
C Exogenous influences. such as a change in tide schedule, seldom affect an oyster's rhythms.
D Endogenous influences have no effect on an oyster's rhythms.
E Endogenous influences are the only influences on an oyster's rhythms.

定位在
Although she could not posit an unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change, Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters' rhythms.
虽然她不能给出一个清晰地结论： 在行为与环境之间的联系。
brown总结潮汐的时间是可能有的外因的其中一个影响--> 在oyster的节奏上
B说的是A change in tide schedule may be an important exogenous influence on an oyster's rhythms.
就是潮汐的时间可能是一根对o的节奏很有用的外因。同意重复
C说反了，seldom是 很少，不常的意思

3.The passage suggests that Brown's study was similar to Hamner's in which of the following ways?

Ⅰ. Both experimenters discovered that anew environment had a significant effect on an organism's behavioral rhythms.

Ⅱ. Both experimenters observed an organism's behavioral rhythms after the organism had been transported to a new environment.

Ⅲ. Both experimenters knew a organism's rhythmic patterns in its original environment.
A Ⅰonly
B Ⅱonly
C Ⅰand Ⅱ only
D Ⅱand Ⅲ only
E Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ

两人的理论相似点
I：Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters' rhythms 认为是外因
He（Hamner） concluded that endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism's rhythmic behavior.认为是内因
不同
II 都观察到转换新环境的behavioral rhy
She（B） noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois.
Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole.
都观察了
III 都知道原先的ryh
同II

4. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Brown's conclusion?
A The oysters gradually closed their shells after high tide in Illinois had passed.
B The oysters' behavioral rhythms maintained their adaptation to the tide schedule in Illinois throughout thirty days of observation.
C Sixteen days after they were moved to Illinois, the oysters opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut.
D A scientist who brought Maryland oysters to Maine found that the oysters opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Maine.
E In an experiment similar to Brown's, a scientist was able to establish a clear causal relationship between environmental change and behavioral rhythms.

ABCD哪一个可以减弱brown的观点
brown的观点是动物的rhy是由外因引起的
理由为：  She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois.
她认为O一开始在C州潮汐的时候开壳，但是当适应了IL的潮汐时间之后（14天）他们开始随着IL的潮汐时间来开壳了
A：O在IL潮汐后关壳（支持）
B：O的rhy维持了13天（无关）
C：移到IL的第十六天， O在C州潮汐的时间开壳了（削弱）
D：马里兰的O移到缅因后随着缅因潮汐时间开壳（支持）
E：和Brown相似的实验，一个科学家建立的环境和rhy的联系（支持）

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（S1）It is well known that biological changes at the molecular level have morphogenetic consequences, consequences affecting the formation and differentiation of tissues and organs. （S2）It is superfluous to point out that gene mutations and disturbance of the biosynthetic processes in the embryo（胚胎的，初期的） may result in abnormalities in the morphology (structure) of an organism. （S3）However, whereas much is known about causes and consequences at the molecular level, and in spite of an enormous accumulation of chemical and morphological data on embryos of various kinds, out understanding of how genes control morphogenesis is still far from complete. （S4）Perhaps one reason for this is that molecular biologists and morphologists speak different languages. （S5）Whereas the former speak about messenger-RNA and conformational changes of protein molecules, the latter speak of ectoderms, hypoblasts, and neural crests.
S1生物分子的变化会影响形态：比如影响阻止和器官的变化与形成
S2在初期时的基因突变和扰乱生物合成过程可能会让生物形态变得很奇怪。
S3但是， 分子层面我们虽然知道很多，而且无论胚胎初期化学和形态学的资料有多多，我们对基因控制形态的理解还是不足
S4其中一个原因就是分子生物学家和形态学家观点不同
S5生物分子学家： MRna， 蛋白质分子构成
形态学：ectoderms(外层细胞), hypoblasts（内胚层）, neural crests（神经网络）
总结：第一段说了生物分子变化会影响形态……我们对形态学了解不多……两种科学家无法好好沟通


（S1）One solution to this predicament is to try to find some phenomena relevant to morphogenesis which both the molecular biologist and the morphologist can understand and discuss. （S2）As morphogenesis must be basically the result of changes in behavior of the individual cells, it seems logical to ask morphologists to describe the morphogenetic events observed in terms of changes in cellular contact, changes in the rate of proliferation of cells, or similar phenomena.（S3） Once this is done, it may be appropriate to ask questions about the molecular background for these changes. （S4）One may, for instance, ask whether variations in cell contact reflect alterations in the populations of molecules at the cell surface, or one may inquire about the molecular basis for the increased cell mobility involved in cell dispersion.
S1解决方式就是找一种现象，这现象和形态学有关，并且可以让形态学家与分子生物学家讨论。
S2形态发生必须是由于单个细胞的改变而形成的，那么去找一个形态学家去用联系细胞的变化，细胞繁殖的速率，或者类似的现象来形容这个形态学现象也是合理的。
S3这步完成了，问起关于这些变化的分子因素的问题也许就会显得很合理
S4比如如果问起这个在细胞里的变化是否反映了细胞表面分子的数量，或者如果问起在分子层面的，跟细胞分散有关系的细胞移动增加
总结：要解决第一段的那个无法沟通的问题，我们要找一个现象然后让两种科学家有共同语言。

（S1）Studies of this kind have been carried out with cells released from tissues in various ways and then allowed to reveal their behavior after being spread out into a thin layer. （S2）In many cases, such cells show the ability to reaggregate, after which different cell types may sort themselves out into different layers and even take part in still more intricate morphogenetic events. （S3）But in most cases, the behavior of cells in the intact embryo is difficult to study because of the thickness and opacity of the cell masses. （S4）The sea urchin embryo, however, has the advantage that it is so transparent that each cell can be easily observed throughout development. （S5）Thus, by recording the development of a sea urchin embryo with time-lapse photography, the research scientist might discover previously unknown features of cellular behavior. （S6）Perhaps the study of the sea urchin in this manner can provide a medium by which the molecular biologist and the morphologist can begin communicating with each other more effectively about the way in which genes control morphogenesis.
S1这类的研究有从组织里以不同形式分离出来的细胞，然后允许他们的行为在那些细层里面显示出来
S2很多情况下，这种细胞会从新剧集，在不同细胞把他们分到不同层之后，或者当他们在一些错综复杂的形态现象里扮演的角色
S3但是更多情况下，细胞在完整的胚胎下是很难被研究的，因为细胞群的厚度和僵化度。
S4但是海胆胚胎有一种优势，就是他们很透明，所以每个细胞都可以在发展过程中被观察
S5所以，在不同时间拍照记录海胆胚胎的发育，科学家们可能会发现之前未知的细胞行为。
S6也学是因为这种方法对于海胆的学习可以给分子生物学家和形态学家提供一个桥梁，这样他们就可以和对方交流关于基因控制形态的东西了


3.The major objective of the author's proposal is to
A devise a technique for proving that abnormalities in morphology result from gene mutations
B improve the procedures for organizing chemical and morphological data
C increase the accuracy of measurements of cell populations and cell mobility
D reduce the margin of error in the study of conformational changes of protein molecules
E provide a plan for increasing knowledge about the influence of genes on morphogenesis


目的题
作者认为需要一种方法建立两个学科专家的沟通桥梁从而达到研究的目的
A文章与technique无关
B与procedure无关
C跟measurement无关
D文中没有写到减少错误
E一个增长知识的plan：正因为两种科学家缺少对方掌握的知识，才需要沟通，第一段S3However, whereas much is known about causes and consequences at the molecular level, and in spite of an enormous accumulation of chemical and morphological data on embryos of various kinds, out understanding of how genes control morphogenesis is still far from complete也说明了


4. It can be inferred from the passage that some cells that have been isolated from an organism have the ability to
A control morphogenesis
B reform to make higher organisms
C reorganize to form clusters of cells
D regulate the transmission of light through the cell wall
E regulate the rate of tissue formation

被isolated的cell可以干什么

5.It can be inferred from the passage that the study of the effects of genes on morphogenesis is best accomplished by observing
A intact developing embryos
B adult sea urchins
C isolated living cells
D groups of genetically mutated cells
E cells from the same kind of tissue

观察ABCD哪个选项可以最好的学习genes对形态学的影响
A 文中提到由于僵化还有过细的原因大家都观察不到胚胎，所以intact（未受损伤的）胚胎不好观察，后面有个however，让步，表示第一种情况不可行还有第二种，所以观察海胆（b选项）其实是一个后补选项
B 第三段提到因为海胆是透明的，所以是一个很好的观察的对象，但是前提是未受损胚胎无法观察的情况下
C没提
D 没提
E 没提

6.According to the passage, it is difficult to study cells in most intact embryos because
A morphogenetic events cannot be isolated
B embryos die quickly
C embryos are difficult to obtain
D individual cells reaggregate too quickly
E individual cells are difficult to See


跟第五题定位一样，不好学习未受损的胚胎是因为看不到

7.Which of the following sequences best describes author's suggestion for future research on morphogenesis?
A Accumulation of data, simplification of language, explanation of morphogenesis
B Dispersion of cells, evaluation of cell activity, development of an explanatory hypothesis
C Classification of cell types, separation of cell observation of cell activity
D Observation of the cell development, description of cell behavior, explanation at the molecule level
E Differentiation of cell types, description of cell structure, analysis of molecular components


对于未来的建议
A data积累，语言简化，解释形态学
B 细胞活动，提出假设，没说
C 细胞分类没说
D观察细胞发展，描述细胞行为，在分子层面上解释
E 分类没说
AD好像都可以，A没有D细致，data积累和语言简化太广义了，D说的更加具体，根据作者提出的问题进行了进一步的解决

8.The tone of the author's discussion of the differences in the language used by morphologists and that used by molecular biologists is one of
A indifference
B neutrality
C derision（嘲笑）
D approbation（认可）
E indignation（气愤）

态度题，作者希望两个学科专家可以沟通交流
明显选B

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The Black experience, one might automatically assume, is known to every Black author. Henry James was pondering a similar assumption when he said: "You were to suffer your fate.That was not necessarily to know it." This disparity between an experience and knowledge of that experience is the longest bridge an artist must cross. Don L. Lee, in his picture of the Black poet "studying his own poetry and poetry of other Black poets," touches on the crucial point. In order to transform his own suffering-or joys-as a Black person into usable knowledge for his readers, the author must first order his experiences in his mind. Only then can be create feelingly and coherently the combination of fact and meaning that Black audiences require for the reexploration of their lives. A cultural community of Black authors studying one another's best works systematically would represent a dynamic interchange of the spirit-corrective and instructive and increasingly beautiful in its recorded expression.

Black experience--> known to every black author
HJ 思考此问题.
Disparity between  experience & knowledge of that experience**
DL: studying his own poetry and poetry of other Black poets,
transform his own experience-> to his readers, must order 需要转化他脑中的经历变成读者的经历要自己现在脑子里阻止语言
才能得到更好的作品让大家relate
black authors系统的学习别人最好的作品可以体现一种文字记载的精神上的变化，借鉴，和优美。


1.It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers poetry to be which of the following?
A A means of diversion in which suffering is transformed into joy
B An art form that sometimes stifles creative energy
C A bridge between the mundane and the unreal
D A medium for conveying important information
E An area where beauty must be sacrificed for accuracy

作者认为诗歌是
定位This disparity between an experience and knowledge of that experience is the longest bridge an artist must cross. Don L. Lee, in his picture of the Black poet "studying his own poetry and poetry of other Black poets," touches on the crucial point. In order to transform his own suffering-or joys-as a Black person into usable knowledge for his readers, the author must first order his experiences in his mind.
A错了，是作者的joy或者suffer转换到读者的joy or suffer
B Stifle art energy文中没提
C 平凡和不真实的桥梁，没说
D 转换重要信息的媒介
E 必须为了美而牺牲真实感，没说


2.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following?
A Courses that promote cultural awareness through the study of contemporary art
B The development of creative writing courses that encourage mutual criticism of student work
C Growing interest in extemporaneous writing that records experiences as they occur
D A shift in interest from abstract philosophical poetry to concrete autobiographical poetry
E Workshops and newsletters designed to promote dialogues between poets

作者不同意的观点
A 通过现代艺术提高文化感知 没提
B 学生互相评价的创意写作课（最后提到作者互相借鉴作品）
C 有了经历就可以即兴写作的兴趣，文章说了要先在脑中order一下再写，跟作者观点相反
D  没提
E 诗人之间对话 没提

3.The author refers to Henry James primarily in order to
A support his own perception of "the longest bridge (line 9)
B illustrate a coherent "combination of fact and meaning (line 20)
C provide an example of "dynamic interchange of the spirit(line 26)
D establish the pervasiveness of lack of self-knowledge
E contrast James's ideas about poetry with those of Don L. Lee


HJ说You were to suffer your fate.That was not necessarily to know it.后面说了This disparity between an experience and knowledge of that experience is the longest bridge an artist must cross.
说明HJ口中的suffer和know是一个disparity，也就是experience(fact) 和 knowledge（know）的disparity，这个disparity是一个long bridge，所以选a

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1. Although （i）_____ in her own responses to the plays she reviewed, the theatre critic was, paradoxically,（ii）_____ those who would deny that a reviewer must have a single method of interpretation.
A dogmatic.. impatient with
B eclectic.. suspicious of
C partisan.. hostile toward
D capricious.. intrigued by
E indulgent.. indebted by


although取反，paradoxically取反，前后不同意
ii）后面写的是critic对那些would deny that a reviewer must have a single method of interpretation的态度，也就是她岁那些反对那些只有一种观点的评论者的人，也就是有多重观点（折中）的人的态度

i）后面写了她自己的评论里的态度

整句话的意思就是她自己评论作品是A形式，她却对那些有多重观点（折中形式）的人持有态度B，说明这个评论家本人就持有多重观点（折中，），也就是eclectic。所以态度B应该是一个负面的评价，即Suspicious of

2.Faraday does not（i）_____ any particular theory; she believes that each theory increases our understanding of some dreams but that no single theory can （ii）_____ them all.
A endorse.. explain
B discuss.. simplify
C mention.. replace
D evaluate.. identify
E criticize.. eradicate

F不会XX任何特定的理论，她相信每个理论都可以增长我们对一些梦的理解，这是那些单一理论不能xx的

F支持多个理论，所以不支持单一理论，第一个空应该是正面词（does not取反），第二个空正面词（no single theory can取反）

3. Despite some allowances for occupational mobility, the normal expectation of seventeenth-century English society was that the child's vocation would develop along familial lines;（i）_____ the career of one's parents was therefore （ii）_____.
A disagreement with .. forbidden
B divergence from .. limited
C preparation for .. difficult
D reliance on .. unanticipated
E assumption of .. premature


occupational mobility职业流动性
child's vocation would develop along familial lines子承父业
分号去同，disagreement - despite 职业流动性 同取反
              不统一是limited的-子承父业是normal expectation
虽然有职业流动性，17世纪英国还是支持子承父业，所以和父母工作不相关的工作是有限的


4. The impact of a recently published collection of essays, written during and about the last presidential campaign, is lessened by its timing; it comes too late to affect us with its （i）_____ and too soon for us to read it out of historical（ii）_____.
A foresight.. anxiety
B research .. consistency
C assuredness.. skepticism
D immediacy.. curiosity
E veracity.. respect

最近出版的essay（那些在最后的presidential campaign的时候写的essay）的影响被出版的时间削弱了。分号取同。
essay来的太晚以至于不能用他的XX影响我们，又来得太早我们不能用历史的xx角度来读他们
逻辑上来讲太晚所以不即使，又太快了不能满足我们对历史的好奇心（因为还不算是个历史）


5.It would be misleading to use a published play to generalize about fifteenth-century drama: the very fact of publication should serve as a （i）_____ of the play's （ii）_____ character.
A qualification.. unusual
B manifestation.. unsophisticated
C restatement.. untraditional
D warning.. unrepresentative
E demonstration.. unliterary


misleading：如果用一个出版的play去概括15世纪的drama。冒号解释取同，出版的事实应该用来当做play的XX人物的XX
misleading说明作者观点是不要用一个刚出版的play去概括，说明作者认为一个刚出版的play并没有代表性，所以应该是d


6. Students of the Great Crash of 1929 have never understood why even the most informed observers did not recognize and heed the （i）_____economic danger signals that in （ii）_____ seem so apparent.
A obvious.. combination
B early.. conclusion
C direct.. application
D future.. potential
E prior.. retrospect

GC1929的学生从来没有明白为什么最牛逼的观察者也没有注意到XX的econ危机信号，XX看起来很明显
第一个空ABE都能选，他们没能开出来明显的、之前的econ危机，这个危机在现在看来那么明显，所以是e

7. While admitting that the risks incurred by use of the insecticide were not （i）_____, the manufacturer's spokesperson argued that effective （ii）_____ were simply not available.
A inconsequential.. substitutes
B unusual.. alternatives
C increasing.. procedures
D indeterminable.. safeguards
E proven.. antidotes

while取反
承认由杀虫剂产生的危险不是XX
厂家代言人争论说有用的XX缺货
第二个空明显是杀虫剂，所以应该是从AB里面选，前一个空说杀虫剂的危险虽然没有怎样，但是好的杀虫剂缺货，说明前面那个杀虫剂的危险很大，就是a

8.The simplicity of the theory—its main attraction is also its （i）_____ , for only by（ii）_____the assumptions of the theory is it possible to explain the most recent observations made by researchers.
A liability.. accepting
B virtue.. qualifying
C downfall.. considering
D glory.. rejecting
E undoing.. supplementing

句子说的就是简单的理论的优点也是它的XX，因为（后面解释XX） 只有怎样才能解释研究成果，解释研究成果是正面的行为，但是only让步，所以合理的只有supplementing或者rejecting（有点牵强），前面的就变成了负面的，所以选择E。
这句话就是理论的简单性，他的优点也是他的缺点，只有靠着补充添加才能解释最近的research

9.Our young people, whose（i）_____ sensitivities have not yet become（ii）_____, have a purer and more immediate response than we do to our environment.
A native.. excited
B keen.. calloused
C dull.. numbed
D impartial.. objective
E sophisticated.. perceptive

年轻人，xx的敏感还没有变成XX， 对环境有着更纯洁更快的反应
第二个空应该是负面的，所以callous 粗糙的
numbed麻木的都有可能
第一个空应该是取反，所以是b


10.Because it has no distinct and recognizable typographical form and few recurring narrative conventions, the novel is. of all literary genres, the least susceptible to _____.
A misuse
B imprecision
C inquiry
D definition
E innovation

由于没有可分辨的印刷形式，而且很少的重复叙述，这个小说，从所有文学类别来说，是最不可能xx的
应该是不好定义的
选d

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（S1）My objective is to analyze certain forms of knowledge, not in terms of repression or law, but in terms of power.（S2） But the word power is apt to lead to misunderstandings about the nature, form, and unity of power. （S3）By power, I do not mean a group of institutions and mechanisms that ensure the subservience of the citizenry.（S4） I do not mean, either, a mode of subjugation that, in contrast to violence, has the form of the rule. （S5）Finally, I do not have in mind a general system of domination exerted by one group over another, a system whose effects, through successive derivations, pervade the entire social body.(S6) The sovereignty of the state, the form of law, or the overall unity of a domination are only the terminal forms power takes.

S1:我的目标是研究knowledge的一种形式，不是根据约束或者法律去研究的，而是根据power
S2:但是power这个词可能会引起一些误会，关于power这个词的个体，形式，属性
S3:说道power这个词，我不是说一些可以使公民们有用的的一些机构和方法
S4:我也不是说一种制服别人的方法，和暴力不同，是有规矩的
S5:最后，我没有一个大致的操控系统使一个group强于另一个group。没有这样一个系统可以通过连续发上就可以弥漫整个社会
S6:州的最高统治权，法律的形式，还有统治的统一仅仅是power到达的一种最终形式
总结：第一算说了power并不是操控人的方法，而操控他人的方法只是power最终的一种形式，所以权利这个词是个很模糊的概念，比较迷惑人

（S1）It seems to me that power must be understood as the multiplicity of force relations that are immanent in the social sphere; as the process that, through ceaseless struggle and confrontation, transforms, strengthens, or reverses them; as the support that these force relations find in one another, or on the contrary, the disjunctions and contradictions that isolate them from one another; and lastly, as the strategies in which they take effect, whose general design or institutional crystallization is embodied in the state apparatus, in the formulation of the law, in the various social hegemonies.

对我来说，power必须要以多种权利的联系（在一个social圈里内在的联系）而去理解；要以一种形式，通过不停地纠结和抵抗，改变，增强，然后扭转的形式；要以一种支持（这些force的联系之间会存在的），或者反过来，一种分离和对立将他们分开；最后，要以一种计谋（会有效果的，整个设计和透明度要在组织中中体现出来），成为一种法律的组成（在很多不同的社会霸权中）
总结：这段怎么看怎么像是中国的散文…而且还有排比，主要讲的是作者对power的理解


（S1）Thus, the viewpoint that permits one to understand the exercise of power, even in its more "peripheral" effects, and that also makes it possible to use its mechanisms as a structural framework for analyzing the social order, must not be sought in a unique source of sovereignty from which secondary and descendent forms of power emanate but in the moving substrate of force relations that, by virtue of their inequality, constantly engender local and unstable states of power.（S2） If power seems omnipresent, it is not because it has the privilege of consolidating everything under its invincible unity, but because it is produced from one moment to the next, at every point, or rather in every relation from one point to another.（S3） Power is everywhere, not because it embraces everything, but because it comes from everywhere. （S4）And if power at times seems to be permanent, repetitions, inert, and self-reproducing, it is simply because the overall effect that emerges from all these mobilities is a concatenation that rests on each of them and seeks in turn to arrest their movement. （S5）One needs to be nominalistic, no doubt, power is not an institution,. and not a structure; neither is it a certain strength we are endowed with; it is the name that one attributes to a complex strategic situation in a particular society.

S1: 因此， 【观点像是（1）让一个人去明白power的作用，虽然只是那些非本质的次要的作用；（2）让power的作用变得成为一种可以分析社会秩序的一种方法】一定不能用来变成唯一一个霸权体质的来源，这样的话power的派生形式会散发，但是是一个force关联的基底，他们的本质是不公平的，会产生小地方和不稳定的power
S2:如果power是无所不在的，并不是因为他有一个无所不能的统一性可以合并所有的东西， 而是因为他可以从一个点产生到另一个点，存在于每一个点，或者说他和每个点都有联系
S3: power无所不在，不是因为他包含所有的东西，而是因为他从所有的地方来
S4：如果power有事看起来是永久的，重复的，惰性的，自生产的，仅仅是因为从这些移动性的整体影响是一系列互相关联的食物，可以在对方上面休息，也可以替换休息。
S5:一个人需要变得名利主义，毋庸置疑要用到power，而不是结构。也并不是一种我们被赠予的力量，而是一种名称，我们归属到一种复杂的情况下，在一个特定的社会
总结：这段写的就是power到底有什么作用，是以什么样的形式存在的

1. The author's primary purpose in defining power is to
A counteract self-serving and confusing uses of the term
B establish a compromise among those who have defined the term in different ways
C increase comprehension of the term by providing concrete examples
D demonstrate how the meaning of the term has evolved
E avoid possible misinterpretations resulting from the more common uses of the term


主旨题，作者定义power的用意是什么
第一段说明了作者认为我们常常误解power这个词的定义
A 让我们消除对power自私，不明白的用处，没有提到self-serving
B 建立compromise，但是作者并没有做出让步，而是直接用另一种方法说明power
C 增加对power这个词的理解，提供具体的例子，文中没有具体例子，都很抽象
D power这个词的进化史 没提
E 避免可能有的不理解（从一般人对power的理解来讲）
理论上来讲第一段就是在阐述e选项，就是人们对power的理解可能是ABC，但是power并不是你们所想而是XYZ


2.According to the passage, which of the following best describes the relationship between law and power?
A Law is the protector of power.
B Law is the source of power.
C Law sets bounds of power.
D Law is a product of power.
E law is a stabilizer of power.

细节题
不得不说…这篇文章最简单的一道题，读完文章后炒鸡绝望，看到第二题突然觉得终于可能不是全错了…
问law和power的关系
定位到第一段
(S6) The sovereignty of the state, the form of law, or the overall unity of a domination are only the terminal forms power takes.
S6:州的最高统治权，法律的形式，还有统治的统一仅仅是power到达的一种最终形式
就是说那些压制别人的东西，就是power的产物而已，所以是d

3. Which of the following methods is NOT used extensively by the author in describing his own conception of power?
A Restatement of central ideas
B Provision of concrete examples
C Analysis and classification
D Comparison and contrast
E Statement of cause and effect


细节题
作者在讨论自己对于power的看法的时候，没有用到下列哪个方法
A 重新定义中心思想--》整个第二段都在重新定义中心思想
B 具体例子--》文章整体都很抽象，并没有举例
C 分类分析--》文章各种排比都是在分类分析
D 比较相似--》文章用power和law，institution作比较
E 因果--》第三段多个因果关系

4.With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?
A Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely.
B The highest proof of virtue is to possess boundless power without abusing it.
C To love knowledge is to love power.
D It is from the people and their deeds that power springs.
E The health of the people as a state is the foundation on which all their power depends.

作者观点
A power会腐败，绝对power会绝对腐败--》无absolute
B 不滥用权力--》无boundless
C 爱知识爱power--》知识只在第一段中出现了一小下
D power从人和事来--》最后一段S3: power无所不在，不是因为他包含所有的东西，而是因为他从所有的地方来
E 不搞好身体怎么搞革命-》没提

5. The author's attitude toward the various kinds of compulsion employed by social institutions is best described as
A concerned and sympathetic
B scientific and detached
C suspicious and cautious
D reproachful and disturbed
E meditative and wistful

态度题
（S3）By power, I do not mean a group of institutions and mechanisms that ensure the subservience of the citizenry.
power，并不是指保证使平民顺从的一套手段和机制
对compulsion持否定，所以是detached的
这题我也不是很清楚。。。如果有人搞懂请回复


6.According to the passage, states of power are transient because of the
A differing natures and directions of the forces that create them
B rigid structural framework in which they operate
C unique source from which they emanate
D pervasive nature and complexity of the mechanisms by which they operate
E concatenation that seeks to arrest their movement

power为什么短暂，细节题
定位在（S1）Thus, the viewpoint that permits one to understand the exercise of power, even in its more "peripheral" effects, and that also makes it possible to use its mechanisms as a structural framework for analyzing the social order, must not be sought in a unique source of sovereignty from which secondary and descendent forms of power emanate but in the moving substrate of force relations that, by virtue of their inequality, constantly engender local and unstable states of power=不稳定=短暂（从前面找原因）.


7.It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes the conflict among social forces to be
A essentially the same from one society to another even though its outward manifestation may seem different
B usually the result of misunderstandings that impede social progress
C an inevitable feature of the social order of any state
D wrongly blamed for disrupting the stability of society
E best moderated in states that possess a strong central government

social forces中的conflict是
定位（S1）It seems to me that power must be understood as the multiplicity of force relations that are immanent in the social sphere; as the process that, through ceaseless struggle and confrontation, transforms, strengthens, or reverses them;
power是multiplicity of force--> immanent

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The hypothesis of an expanding Earth has never attracted notable support, and if it were not for the historical example of continental drift, such indifference might be a legitimate response to an apparently improbable concept. It should be remembered, however, that drift too was once regarded as illusory, but the idea was kept alive until evidence from physicists compelled geologists to reinterpret their date.
大陆膨胀学说不被支持
如果不是因为历史上的大陆漂移理论，这种对不靠谱理论的冷漠可能会比较可以理解
但是我们要记得漂移理论以前也被认为不靠谱，我们一直认为这个理论不靠谱，直到物理学家找到找到了证据然后让那些地理学家改变他们的日期

Of course, it would be as dangerous to overreact to history by concluding that the majority must now be wrong about expansion as it would be to reenact the response that greeted the suggestion that the continents had drifted. The cases are not precisely analogous, There were serious problems with the pre-drift world view that a drift theory could help to resolve, whereas Earth expansion appears to offer no comparable advantages. If, however, physicists could show that the Earth's gravitational force has decreased with time, expansion would have to be reconsidered and accommodated.
当然，如果过度反应历史认为大多数人对膨胀论的想法是错误的是很危险的。
这两个观点并不一样，漂移前世界有很多问题，漂移论都能解决，但是膨胀论就不行
如果物理学教可以给出地心引力会随着时间的减少而减少，那么膨胀轮可能会被从新考虑并且利用

文章观点是膨胀论不被支持，但是有可能是真的，第二段说明了之前漂移论可以解决的问题膨胀论说明不了，但是还是有希望成为一个正确的观点。

1.The passage indicates that one reason why the expansion hypothesis has attracted little support is that it will not
A overcome deficiencies in current geologic hypotheses
B clarify theories concerning the Earth's gravitational forces
C complement the theory of continental drift
D accommodate relevant theories from the field of physics
E withstand criticism from scientists outside the field of geology

为毛膨胀假说只有一点support，因为他们不可以
定位在The cases are not precisely analogous, There were serious problems with the pre-drift world view that a drift theory could help to resolve, whereas Earth expansion appears to offer no comparable advantages.
因为这个观点并没能解决上一个观点产生的问题


2.The final acceptance of a drift theory could best be used to support the argument that
A physicists are reluctant to communicate with other scientists
B improbable hypotheses usually turn out to be valid
C there should be cooperation between different fields of science
D there is a need for governmental control of scientific research
E scientific theories are often proved by accident

最后大陆漂移论被接受可以支持哪个观点
定位在第一段作者用大陆漂移不被接受因为不靠谱，直到物理学家发现了证据让他们改了说法，说明合作的重要性
a没提
b不靠谱的理论也许是对的，并不是被支持的观点，因为他们被接受的原因主要是收到了物理学家的帮助
c两个学科的合作
d没提征服
e没提accident


3.In developing his argument, the author warns against
A relying on incomplete measurements
B introducing irrelevant information
C rejecting corroborative evidence
D accepting uninformed opinions
E making unwarranted comparisons


作者反对什么
a 不精确测量 没说
b 不重要信息 没说
c 拒绝支持证据 没说
d 接受不了解的提议 作者的观点
e 做没保障的比较 反了，定位在The cases are not precisely analogous

4.It can be deduced from the passage that the gravitation force at a point on the Earth's surface is
A representative of the geologic age of the Earth
B analogous to the movement of land masses
C similar to optical phenomena such as mirages
D proportional to the size of the Earth
E dependent on the speed of the Earth's Rotation

地表重力的作用
定位在If, however, physicists could show that the Earth's gravitational force has decreased with time, expansion would have to be reconsidered and accommodated.
a 地球年龄 没说
b 大块陆地移动 没说
c 海市蜃楼没说
d 和地球大小成比例 --》因为如果地心引力减小，那么膨胀论就有可能是对的了
e 跟地球旋转速度有关 没说

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1. In failing to see that the justice's pronouncement merely（i）_____previous decisions rather than actually establishing a precedent, the novice law clerk（ii）_____ the scope of the justice's judgment.
A synthesized.. limited
B overturned.. misunderstood
C endorsed.. nullified
D qualified.. overemphasized
E recapitulated.. defined

the novice law clerk--> in falling to see法官的宣判并不是建立precedent。 这个law clerk 过分强调了法官的判断。


2. When theories formerly considered to be（i）_____in their scientific objectivity are found instead to reflect a consistent observational and evaluative bias, then the presumed neutrality of science gives way to the recognition that categories of knowledge are human（ii）_____.
A disinterested.. constructions
B callous.. errors
C verifiable.. prejudices
D convincing.. imperatives
E unassailable.. fantasies

有instead of 所以bias取反选a

3. Although the minuet appeared simple, its（i）_____ steps had to be studied very carefully before they could be gracefully（ii）_____ in public.
A progressive.. revealed
B intricate.. executed
C rudimentary.. allowed
D minute.. discussed
E entertaining.. stylized

although 取反， simple--》intricate

4.The results of the experiments performed by Elizabeth Hazen and Rachel Brown were（i）_____ not only because these results challenged old assumptions but also because they called the（ii）_____ methodology into question.
A provocative.. prevailing
B predictable.. contemporary
C inconclusive.. traditional
D intriguing.. projected
E specious.. original

because 取同， 后面说这些结果挑战老的假设，也应为他们怀疑了什么样的方法论
挑战了假设所以有煽动性，and后面取同，所以跟挑战权威一样，挑战了普遍流行的方法论，选a

5. Because outlaws were denied _____ under medieval law, anyone could raise a hand against them with legal _____.
A propriety.. authority
B protection.. impunity
C collusion.. consent
D rights.. collaboration
E provisions.. validity

because 取同。 他们被否认了某种东西，在政府的XX下所有人都可以反击他们。如果人们可以反击他们那么说明法律是无效的，但人们又不可能有权利，所以是在免罪的情况下，选b


6.Rather than enhancing a country's security, the successful development of nuclear weapons could serve at first to increase that country's _____.
A boldness
B influence
C responsibility
D moderation
E vulnerability

rather than取反
后面写提高security，后面就是e

7. It is puzzling to observe that Jones's novel has recently been criticized for its（i）_____ structure, since commentators have traditionally argued that its most obvious（ii）_____ is its relentlessly rigid, indeed schematic, framework.
A attention to.. preoccupation
B speculation about.. characteristic
C parody of.. disparity
D violation of.. contradiction
E lack of.. flaw

since取同，前面被criticized所以后面也是被批评，填flawed
前面是criticized空格1应该是负面次，就是e

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Notable as important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a "masculine text in which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male heroes or anti-heroes. （S的女性角色depend on男性角色）Bronte produced a more realistic narrative portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent women.（B的作品跟realistic，女性high-spirited, independent） Nevertheless, these two novels are alike in several crucial ways(两个作品相似处). Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion（暗指） and fierce（凶暴的）, though shadowy（模糊）, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical（超自然的） intentions, though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much controversy.（though critics' efforts to articulate these intentions have generated much controversy） Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorial(writer) intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.

1.The primary purpose of the passage is to
A defend a controversial interpretation of two novels
B explain the source of widely recognized responses to two novels
C delineate broad differences between two novels
D compare and contrast two novels
E criticize and evaluate two novels

先说了不同，又说了相同


2.According to the passage, Frankenstein differs from Wuthering Heights in its
A use of multiple narrators
B method of disguising the author's real purposes
C portrayal of men as determiners of the novel's action
D creation of a realistic story
E controversial effect on readers

定位：Shelley produced a "masculine text in which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male heroes or anti-heroes. （S的女性角色depend on男性角色）Bronte produced a more realistic narrative portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent women.（B的作品跟realistic，女性high-spirited, independent）
男性在他们小说中作用的不同


3. Which of the following narrative strategies best exemplifies the "evidentiary narrative technique" mentioned in line 31-32?
A Telling a story in such a way that the author's real intentions are discernible only through interpretations of allusions to a world outside that of the story.(没提)
B Telling a story in such a way that the reader is aware as events unfold（没提） of the author's underlying purposes and the ways（没提） these purposes conflict with the drama of the plot
C Telling a story （storyline）in a way that both directs attention to the incongruities among the points of view(disjunctions) of several characters(different perspectives ) and hints that the plot has a significance other than that suggested by its mere events(same events, writer intention)
D Telling a story as a mystery(没提) in which the reader must deduce, from the conflicting evidence presented by several narrators（没提）, the moral and philosophical significance of character and event
E Telling a story from the author's point of view（没提） in a way that implies both the author's and the reader's ironic distance from the dramatic unfolding of events

定位：Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorial(writer) intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.

特点
1. storytelling
2. ironic disjunctions
3. different perspectives on the same events
4. ironic tensions between surface drama and writer intention

4. According to the passage, the plots of Wuthering Heights and Frankenstein are notable for their elements of
A drama and secrecy
B drama and secrecy
C realism and ambition
D mystery and irony
E morality and metaphysics

定位：
2. Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion
in a way that implies both the author's and the reader's ironic distance from the dramatic unfolding of events

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Climatic conditions are delicately adjusted to the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. If there were a change in the atmosphere—for example, in the relative proportions of atmospheric gases—the climate would probably change also. A slight increase in water vapor, for instance, would increase the heat-retaining capacity of the atmosphere and would lead to a rise in global temperatures. In contrast, a large increase in water vapor would increase the thickness and extent of the cloud layer, reducing the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface.
climatic conditions-->earth atmosphere composition

The level of carbon dioxide, CO2, in the atmosphere has an important effect on climatic change. Most of the Earth's incoming energy is short-wavelength radiation, which tends to pass through atmospheric CO2 easily. The Earth, however, reradiates much of the received energy as long-wavelength radiation, which CO2 absorbs and then remits toward the Earth. This phenomenon, known as the greenhouse effect, can result in an increase in the surface temperature of a planet. An extreme example of the effect is shown by Venus, a planet covered by heavy clouds composed mostly of CO2，whose surface temperatures have been measured at 430℃. If the CO2 content of the atmosphere is reduced, the temperature falls. According to one respectable theory, if the atmospheric CO2 concentration were halved, the Earth would become completely covered with ice. Another equally respectable theory, however, states that a halving of respectable theory, however, states that a halving of the CO2 concentration would lead only to a reduction in global temperatures of 3℃.
CO2 important effect
如何造成温室效应以及CO2对温度的影响

If, because of an increase in forest fires or volcanic activity, the CO2, content of the atmosphere increased, a warmer climate would be produced. Plant growth, which relies on both the warmth and the availability of CO2, would probably increase. As a consequence, plants would use more and more CO2. Eventually CO2 levels would diminish and the climate, in turn, would diminish and the climate, in turn, would become cooler. With reduced temperatures many plants would die; CO2 would thereby be returned to the atmosphere and gradually the temperature would rise again. Thus, if this process occurred, there might be a long-term oscillation in the amount of CO2, present in the atmosphere, with regular temperature increases and decreases of a set magnitude.
举例说明CO2增加减少造成的东西

Some climatologists argue that the burning of fossil fuels has raised the level of CO2, in the atmosphere and has caused a global temperature increase of at least 1℃. But a supposed global temperature rise of 1℃ may in reality be only several regional temperature increases, restricted to areas where there are many meteorological stations and caused simply by shifts in the pattern of atmospheric circulation. Other areas, for example the Southern Hemisphere oceanic zone, may be experiencing an equivalent temperature decrease that is unrecognized because of the shortage of meteorological recording stations.
fossil和co2的关系，以及测量各地温度

1. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?
A Why are projections of the effects of changes in water vapor levels on the climate so inaccurate?
B What are the steps in the process that takes place as CO2 absorbs long-wavelength radiation?
C How might out understanding of the green-house effect be improved if the burning of fossil fuels were decreased?
D What might cause a series of regular increases and decreases in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere?
E Why are there fewer meteorological recording stations in the Southern Hemisphere oceanic zone than elsewhere?

定位：If, because of an increase in forest fires or volcanic activity, the CO2, content of the atmosphere increased, a warmer climate would be produced. Plant growth, which relies on both the warmth and the availability of CO2, would probably increase. As a consequence, plants would use more and more CO2. Eventually CO2 levels would diminish and the climate, in turn, would diminish and the climate, in turn, would become cooler. With reduced temperatures many plants would die; CO2 would thereby be returned to the atmosphere and gradually the temperature would rise again. Thus, if this process occurred, there might be a long-term oscillation in the amount of CO2, present in the atmosphere, with regular temperature increases and decreases of a set magnitude.

2. The author is primarily concerned with
A explaining the effects that the burning of fossil fuels might have on climate.只有最后一段提到
B illustrating the effects of CO2 on atmospheric radiation第二段only
C discussing effects that changes in the CO2 level in the atmosphere might have on climate
D challenging hypotheses about the effects of water vapor and CO2 on climate第一段
E refuting hypotheses（无） by climatologists about the causes of global temperature fluctuations
主要在讨论CO2

3. The passage suggests that a large decrease in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere would result in
A at least a slight decrease in global temperatures
B at the most a slight increase in short-wavelength radiation reaching the Earth
C a slight long-term increase in global temperatures
D a large long-term increase in the amount of volcanic activity
E a slight short-term increase in atmospheric water vapor content

定位：If, because of an increase in forest fires or volcanic activity, the CO2, content of the atmosphere increased, a warmer climate would be produced. Plant growth, which relies on both the warmth and the availability of CO2, would probably increase. As a consequence, plants would use more and more CO2. Eventually CO2 levels would diminish and the climate, in turn, would diminish and the climate, in turn, would become cooler. With reduced temperatures many plants would die; CO2 would thereby be returned to the atmosphere and gradually the temperature would rise again. Thus, if this process occurred, there might be a long-term oscillation in the amount of CO2, present in the atmosphere, with regular temperature increases and decreases of a set magnitude.

4. The author refers to Venus primarily in order to
A show the inherent weakness of the green-house effect theory
B show that the greenhouse effect works on other planets but not on Earth
C show the extent to which Earth's atmosphere differs from that of Venus
D support the contention that as water vapor increases, the amount of CO2 increases
E support the argument that the CO2 level in the atmosphere has a significant effect on climate

定位：The Earth, however, reradiates much of the received energy as long-wavelength radiation, which CO2 absorbs and then remits toward the Earth. This phenomenon, known as the greenhouse effect, can result in an increase in the surface temperature of a planet. An extreme example of the effect is shown by Venus, a planet covered by heavy clouds composed mostly of CO2，whose surface temperatures have been measured at 430℃.

5.The passage suggests that if there were a slight global warming at the present time, it would be
A easy to measure the exact increase in temperature because of the abundance of temperature recording stations throughout the world
B difficult to measure the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere because of local variations in amounts
C easy to demonstrate the effects of the warming on the water vapor in the atmosphere
D difficult to prove that the warming was caused by the burning of fossil fuels
E easy to prove that the warming was caused by an increase of cloud cover

定位：Some climatologists argue that the burning of fossil fuels has raised the level of CO2, in the atmosphere and has caused a global temperature increase of at least 1℃. But a supposed global temperature rise of 1℃ may in reality be only several regional temperature increases, restricted to areas where there are many meteorological stations and caused simply by shifts in the pattern of atmospheric circulation. Other areas, for example the Southern Hemisphere oceanic zone, may be experiencing an equivalent temperature decrease that is unrecognized because of the shortage of meteorological recording stations.

global temperature rise=global warming
A measure the exact increase in temp--> abundance of 记录仪：文中最后提到shortage of meteorological recording stations.
B 不好测量，因为有地区co2差异：文中说的是温差，并不是co2差
C demonstrate-->大气中的vapor：完全没提
D 不好证明是否是fossil fuel引起的：文中第一句argue burning of fossil fuels 是提高了co2 level，然后引起了全球温度上升了1度。But接着前面的一句说明取反，整段后面应该就是说不是fossil fuel引起的。后面接着说有可能是因为only several regional temperature increases有很多可以测量温度的地方，而且引起温度上升的原因的shift in the pattern of atmospheric circulation.其他地方可能还会有气温下降，但是并不能认清楚，由于没有温度测量。整段说明的就是不一定是fossil fuel引起的，因为第一，可能只是一些地区气温的上升，或者由于大气循环，第二，由于其他地方的测量站也不多，不好妄下定论
E 很好证明是clould cover增加引起的（完全没提到）

6. The discussion of climate in the passage suggests which of the following conclusions?

Ⅰ Climate is not perfectly stable, and slight regional temperature variations can be considered a normal feature of the environment. 定位第三段

Ⅱ We are unable at present to measure global temperature changes precisely 定位最后一段

Ⅲ The most important cause of regional climatic fluctuations is the change in CO2 levels in the atmosphere. most太绝对，没说co2一定是最主要的
A Ⅰ only
B Ⅲ only
C Ⅰ and Ⅱ only
D Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
E Ⅰ.Ⅱ. and Ⅲ

7. All of the following can be found in the author's discussion of climate EXCEPT.
A a statement about the effects of increased volcanic activity on the Earth's temperatures
B an indication of the effect of an increase in water vapor in the atmosphere
C a contrast between two theories about the effects of a lowering of CO2 levels in the atmosphere
D a generalization about the efficiency of meteorological recording stations
E a hypothesis about the relationship between atmospheric gases and changes in climate

A第一段
B第一段
C第二段According to one respectable theory, if the atmospheric CO2 concentration were halved, the Earth would become completely covered with ice. Another equally respectable theory, however, states that a halving of respectable theory, however, states that a halving of the CO2 concentration would lead only to a reduction in global temperatures of 3℃.
D没有generalization efficiency，只是说数量
E第三段，co2和气候的关系

MIUselizaUID: 3631596

During adolescence, the development of political ideology becomes apparent in the individual; ideology here is defined as the presence of roughly consistent attitudes, more or less organized in reference to a more encompassing, though perhaps tacit, set of general principles. As such, political ideology is dim or absent at the beginning of adolescence. Its acquisition by the adolescent, in even the most modest sense, requires the acquisition of relatively sophisticated cognitive skills: the ability to manage abstractness to synthesize and generalize, to imagine the future. These are accompanied by a steady advance in the ability to understand principles.
PI的在个人中的发展
PI：持续的态度，encompassing, tacit general principles
PI在AD一开始dim和absent
adolescent的acquisition需要sophisticated 认知能力：抽象处理技巧，综合概括，长远考虑
要明白principles

The child's rapid acquisition of political knowledge also promotes the growth of political ideology during adolescence. By knowledge I mean more than the dreary "facts," such as the composition of county government that the child is exposed to in the conventional ninth-grade civics course. Nor do I mean only information on current political realities. These are facets of knowledge, but they are less critical than the adolescents absorption, often unwitting, of a feeling for those many unspoken assumptions about the political system that comprise the common ground of understanding—for example, what the state can "appropriately" demand of its citizens, and vice versa, or the "proper" relationship of government to subsidiary social institutions, such as the schools and churches.Thus, political knowledge is the awareness of social assumptions and relationships as well as of objective facts. Much of the naivete that characterizes the younger adolescent's grasp of politics stems not from an ignorance of "fact" but from an incomplete comprehension of the common conventions of the system, of what is and is not customarily done, and of how and why it is or is not done. （younger ad's understanding of PS is native. The understandings are from an incomplete comprehension of common conventions of the system, and what is and is not customarily done, and of how and why it is or is not done, but not from an ignorance of fact）
child对P的只是可以提高AD对PI的认知
KNOWLEDGE：不是dreary facts：civic course学到的；不是现在政治上的realities的info
那些只是K的表面，但是并不critical，和AD的不自觉的吸收的那些PS的unspoken assumptions比起来（common ground of understanding）
比如：州和平民的关系，还有反过来，征服和社会机构的正当关系，比如说学校和教堂
因此，K是对social assumption和obj facts的awareness。
native 说明ad对于ps的理解，不是从对于fact的无知，而是从对cc的不理解，什么是例行公事，为什么有些事情要做，有些事情不要做而定义出来到native--》年轻人的native不是无知事实，而是不了解本质

Yet I do not want to overemphasize the significance of increased political knowledge in forming adolescent ideology. Over the years I have become progressively disenchanted about the centrality of such knowledge and have come to believe that much current work in political socialization, by relying too heavily on its apparent acquisition, has been misled about the tempo of political understanding in adolescence Just as young children can count numbers in series without grasping the principle of ordination, young adolescents may have in their heads many random bits of political information without a secure understanding of those concepts that would give order and meaning to the information.
但是我不想过分强调K对PI的重要性
几年来我对K的重要性幻灭，这样让我相信现在PS的work太过于依赖那些明显的吸收，已经变得曲解AD对于政治理解的速度， 就想年轻小孩可以连续数数，但是不明白数字排列顺序。年轻的青少年可能有很多random的P info，但是没有一个完整的对概念的理解。

Like magpies, children's minds pick up bits and pieces of data. if you encourage them, they will drop these at your feet—Republicans and Democrats, the tripartite division of the federal system, perhaps even the capital of Massachusetts. But until the adolescent has grasped the integumental function that concepts and principles provide, the data remain fragmented, random, disordered.

像喜鹊一样，孩子们可能会捡起那些零散的信息
如果你鼓励他们，他们可能会可能会告诉你 共和党和民主党，联邦系统的三分制度，也许麻生的首付是什么
但是知道他们明白了外层的作用（概念和主旨提供的），那么这些信息都是零散无组织的

总结：文章讲了AD对于政治知识的理解太零散，就算他们知道了很多的信息，他们还是没有理解到更深层的东西，以至于他们对于零散信息的依赖太多。仅仅是教他们那些抽象的概念还有一些现实新闻是不够的，他们需要形成一个知识系统。

1.The author's primary purpose in the passage is to
A clarify the kinds of understanding an adolescent must have in order to develop a political ideology
B dispute the theory that a political ideology can be acquired during adolescence
C explain why adolescents are generally uninterested in political arguments
D suggest various means of encouraging adolescents to develop personal political ideologies
E explain why an adolescent's political ideology usually appears more sophisticated than it actually is

主旨题
A understanding they must have to develop a PI
B dispute the theory(did not mention)
C why they are generally not interested(did not mention)
D various means of encouraging (not the most important point)
E why AD's PI more sophisticated(did not mention)

2. According to the author, which of the following contributes to the development of political ideology during adolescence?
A Conscious recognition by the adolescent of his or her own naivete
B Thorough comprehension of the concept of ordination
C Evaluation by the adolescent of the general principles encompassing his or her specific political ideas
D Intuitive understanding of relationships among various components of society
E Rejection of abstract reasoning in favor of involvement with pragmatic situations

对于AD发展PI做出贡献的
A naivete错
B 定位Over the years I have become progressively disenchanted about the centrality of such knowledge and have come to believe that much current work in political socialization, by relying too heavily on its apparent acquisition, has been misled about the tempo of political understanding in adolescence Just as young children can count numbers in series without grasping the principle of ordination, young adolescents may have in their heads many random bits of political information without a secure understanding of those concepts that would give order and meaning to the information. 写的是对于ordinatin的依赖太重以至于不好
C specific political ideas （did not mention）
D 定位Thus, political knowledge is the awareness of social assumptions and relationships as well as of objective facts. --》various components of society
E rejection没提

3. The author uses the term "common ground of understanding" (lines 36-37) to refer to
A familiar legislation regarding political activity
B the experiences that all adolescents share
C a society's general sense of its own political activity
D a society's willingness to resolve political tensions
E the assumption that the state controls social institutions

定位These are facets of knowledge, but they are less critical than the adolescents absorption, often unwitting, of a feeling for those many unspoken assumptions about the political system that comprise the common ground of understanding—for example, what the state can "appropriately" demand of its citizens, and vice versa, or the "proper" relationship of government to subsidiary social institutions, such as the schools and churches.

破折号作解释，common ground of understanding是appropriately demand, proper relationship
A legislation(DNM)
B experience(DNM)
C general sense of it's OWN, state's demand, relationships...
D political tension(DNM)
E assumption(DNM): states, social institutions(单方面)


4.The passage suggests that, during early adolescence, a child would find which of the following most difficult to understand?
A A book chronicling the ways in which the presidential inauguration ceremony has changed over the years
B An essay in which an incident in British history is used to explain the system of monarchic succession
C A summary of the respective responsibilities of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government
D A debate in which the participants argue, respectively, that the federal government should or should not support private schools
E An article detailing the specific religious groups that founded American colonies and the guiding principles of each one

对于child难以理解的是？
A 从编年史来讲总统就职的变化
B 英国历史上的一次事件用来解释国王继承
C legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government的责任的总结
D debate, 政府要不要支持私立学校的debate
E 美国殖民的信仰，还有每一个的主旨
1. young children can count numbers in series without grasping the principle of ordination（不了解背后的原因就能讲变化，A）
2.incomplete comprehension of the common conventions of the system, of what is and is not customarily done, and of how and why it is or is not done. （B，只从一次事件中无法吸取真正原因的精华）
children's minds pick up bits and pieces of data. if you encourage them, they will drop these at your feet—Republicans and Democrats, the tripartite division of the federal system, perhaps even the capital of Massachusetts.（C和E就是类似的data，并没有说明背后的原因，只是解释了这是个什么东西）

5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about schools?
A They should present political information according to carefully planned, schematic arrangements.
B They themselves constitute part of a general sociopolitical system that adolescents are learning to understand.
C If they were to introduce political subject matter in the primary grades, students would understand current political realities as an earlier age.
D They are ineffectual to the degree that they disregard adolescents' political naivete.
E Because they are subsidiary to government, their contribution to the political understanding of adolescents must be limited.

态度题
学校应该
A political info （仅仅是info是无效的）
B constitute part of general... ad are learning to understand定位：what the state can "appropriately" demand of its citizens, and vice versa, or the "proper" relationship of government to subsidiary social institutions, such as the schools and churches.全文只有这里提到了school，就是学校就是社会体系的一部分
C primary grades--> political subject, they would understand PR as an earlier age：定位The child's rapid acquisition of political knowledge also promotes the growth of political ideology during adolescence.（说的是PI，不是PR）
D ineffectual, disregard ad's naivete：定位Much of the naivete that characterizes the younger adolescent's grasp of politics stems not from an ignorance of "fact" but from an incomplete comprehension of the common conventions of the system, of what is and is not customarily done, and of how and why it is or is not done.
E must be limited cuz of government(DNM)

6. Which of the following best summarizes the author's evaluation of the accumulation of political knowledge by adolescents?
A It is unquestionably necessary, but its significance can easily be overestimated.
B It is important, but not as important as is the ability to appear knowledgeable.
C It delays the necessity of considering underlying principles.
D It is primarily relevant to an understanding of limited, local concerns, such as country politics.
E It is primarily dependent on information gleaned from high school courses such as civics.

AD的K
A necessary, overestimated
B important, but appear Knowledgeable(反了)
C delay underly principle(并没有delay)
D relevant to an understanding of ...（还有其他，不光是local的）.
E dependent on info gleaned from civic(太片面)

7.Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the author's discussion of the role of political knowledge in the formation of political ideology during adolescence?
A He acknowledges its importance, but then modifies his initial assertion of that importance.
B He consistently resists the idea that it is important, using a series of examples to support his stand.
C He wavers in evaluating it and finally uses analogies to explain why he is indecisive.
D He beings by questioning conventional ideas about its importance, but finally concedes that they are correct.
E He carefully refrains from making an initial judgment about it, but later confirms its critical role.

PI的formation， K的作用
定位Over the years I have become progressively disenchanted about the centrality of such knowledge and have come to believe that much current work in political socialization, by relying too heavily on its apparent acquisition, has been misled about the tempo of political understanding

对k的态度偏向负面，大负小正，认为现在political socialization的认知对于表面吸收依赖太重，从而阻碍了理解的速度
A 重要，但是modifie的一开始的重要性
B 没有完全否认重要性
C 不评价：定位都找出来了很明显评价了
D 大正小负，反了
E 同上

MIUselizaUID: 3631596

The Food and Drug Administration has recently proposed severe restrictions on the use of antibiotics to promote the health and growth of meat animals. Medications added to feeds kill many microorganisms but also encourage the appearance of bacterial strains that are resistant to anti-infective drugs. Already, for example, penicillin and the tetracvlines are not as effective therapeutically as they once were. The drug resistance is chiefly conferred by tiny circlets of genes, called plasmids, that can be exchanged between different strains and even different species of bacteria. Plasmids are also one of the two kinds of vehicles (the other being viruses) that molecular biologists depend on when performing gene transplant experiments. Even present guidelines forbid the laboratory use of plasmids bearing genes for resistance to antibiotics. Yet, while congressional debate rages over whether or not to toughen these restrictions on scientists in their laboratories,little congressional attention has been focused on an ill-advised agricultural practice that produces known deleterious effects.

FDA最近法案防止抗生素在动物肉里
因为会杀死好多微型生物但是也会让防止抗生素的BS昌盛
比如P和T并没有以前那么有用了
抗药性主要是基因光环给予的，叫做P，可以在不同的strains或者不同种类的B之间游走
P还是两种运输工具的其中一种（另外一种是病毒），分子学家要在基因转化实验的时候可以用得到
现在个guideline不让他们在实验室里同p来转换基因去，为了抗生素的抗药性
但是当议会辩论谈到实验室禁止就会很多attention，但是在农业上就没有那么多attention

According to the passage, the exchange of plasmids between different bacteria can result in which of the following?
A Microorganisms resistant to drugs
B Therapeutically useful circlets of genes
C Anti-infective drugs like penicillin
D Viruses for use by molecular biologists
E Vehicles for performing gene transplant experiments

定位 Medications added to feeds kill many microorganisms but also encourage the appearance of bacterial strains that are resistant to anti-infective drugs. Already, for example, penicillin and the tetracvlines are not as effective therapeutically as they once were. The drug resistance is chiefly conferred by tiny circlets of genes, called plasmids, that can be exchanged between different strains and even different species of bacteria.

P在两个b之间的转换会导致什么
A MO对drug的resistant（文中说的是anti infective druges就是antibiotic，指的是bacterial strains，也就是MO的一种）
B Circlets of genes就是P，并没有治疗的效果，而是一种对drug resistance的帮助
C P在细菌中的转换会引起Penicillin一样的抗生素。。。很奇怪
D 没提
E 没提

MIUselizaUID: 3631596

1. For some time now, _____ has been presumed not to exist: the cynical conviction that everybody has an angle is considered wisdom.
A rationality
B flexibility
C diffidence
D disinterestedness
E insincerity

the cynical conviction that everybody has an angle is considered wisdom.与空格取反
每个人都有自己的立场-》selfish
取反D，公正公平

2. Like many eighteenth-century scholars who lived by cultivating those in power, Winckelmann neglected to neutralize, by some （i）_____gesture of comradeship, the resentment his peers were bound to feel because of his（ii）_____the high and mighty.
A quixotic.. intrigue with
B enigmatic.. familiarity with
C propitiatory.. involvement with
D salutary.. questioning of
E unfeigned.. sympathy for

like取同--》 那些巴结权贵的人
W不中立
空格1取同，巴结--》propitiatory求好感

3.Unfortunately, his damaging attacks on the ramifications of the economic policy have been _____by his wholehearted acceptance of that policy's underlying assumptions.
A supplemented
B undermined
C wasted
D diverted
E redeemed

damaging attacks毁灭性的，unfortunately取反B
acceptance接受

4. In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appears（i）_____, since the mechanical nature of classical physics does not （ii）_____creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical principles possible.
A anomalous.. allow for
B abstract.. speak to
C anachronistic.. deny
D enduring.. value
E contradictory.. exclude

does not后面的跟前面取同，因为有since
所以都好前后都是说creative reasoning不好，选A

5. During the 1960's assessments of the family shifted remarkably, from general endorsement of it as a worthwhile, stable institution to widespread（i）_____it as an oppressive and bankrupt one whose（ii）_____was both imminent and welcome.
A flight from.. restitution
B fascination with.. corruption
C rejection of.. vogue
D censure of.. dissolution
E relinquishment of.. ascent

shifted取反
general endorsement, worthwhile, stable
to后面取反 endorsement-censure

6.The sheer diversity of tropical plants represents a seemingly _____source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilized.
A exploited
B quantifiable
C controversial
D inexhaustible
E remarkable

few取反，前面D无穷无尽的


7 The state is a network of exchanged benefits and beliefs, （i）_____between rulers and citizens based on those laws and procedures that are（ii）_____ -to the maintenance of community.
A a compromise.. inimical
B an interdependence.. subsidiary
C a counterpoint.. incidental
D an equivalence.. prerequisite
E a reciprocity.. conducive

exchanged benefits and beliefs就是互惠关系，E

8. To have true disciples, a thinker must not be too（i）_____: any effective intellectual leader depends on the ability of other people to（ii）_____thought processes that did not originate with them.
A popular.. dismiss
B methodical.. interpret
C idiosyncratic.. reenact
D self-confident.. revitalize
E pragmatic.. discourage

冒号前后取同
一个有效的leader要靠其他人的能力去XX和他们不同的想法选reenact
第一个空格肯定是负面意思，idiosyncratic古怪的

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The making of classifications be literary historians can be a somewhat risky enterprise. When Black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literary history may result. This caution is particularly relevant in an assessment of the differences between Black poets at the turn of the century (1900-1909) and those of the generation of the 1920's. These differences include the bolder and more forthright (1920's)speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness. It should be remembered, though, that comparable differences also existed for similar generations of White poets.

When poets of the 1910's and 1920's are considered together, however, the distinctions that literary historians might make between "conservative" and "experimental" would be of little significance in a discussion of Black poets, although these remain helpful classifications for White poets of these decades. Certainly differences can be noted between "conservative" Black poets such as Countee Cullen and Claude McKay and "experimental" one such as Jean loomer and Langston Hughes. But Black poets were not battling over old or new styles; rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his her style, for what mattered was racial pride.

However, in the 1920's Black poets did debate whether they should deal with specifically racial subjects. They asked whether they should only write about Black experience for a Black audience or whether such demands were restrictive. It may be said, though, that virtually all these poets wrote their best poems when they spoke out of racial feeling, race being, as James Weldon Johnson rightly put in." perforce the thing the Negro poet knows best"

At the turn of the century, by contrast, most Black poets generally wrote in the conventional manner of the age and expressed noble, if vague, emotions in their poetry. These poets were not unusually gifted, though Boscoe Jamison and G, M, McClellen may be mentioned as exceptions. They chose not to write in dialect, which, as Sterling Brown bas suggested, "meant a rejection of stereotypes of Negro life," and they refused to write only about racial subjects. This refusal had both a positive and a negative consequence. As Brown observes. "Valuably insisting that Negro poets should not be confined to is sues of race, these poets committed [an] error… they refused to look into their hearts and write." These are important insights, but one must stress that this refusal to look within was also typical of most White poets of the United States at the time. They, too often turned from their own experience and consequently produced not very memorable poems about vague topics, such as the peace of nature.

1. According to the passage, most turn-of-the-century Black poets generally did which of the following?
A Wrote in ways that did not challenge accepted literary practice.
B Described scenes from their own lives.
C Aroused patriotic feelings by expressing devotion to the land
D Expressed complex feeling in the words of ordinary people.
E Interpreted the frustrations of Blacks to an audience of Whites.

定位：At the turn of the century, by contrast, most Black poets generally wrote in the conventional manner of the age and expressed noble, if vague, emotions in their poetry.
A conventional=did not challenge
B DNM own lives
C DNM patriotic
D DNM ordinary people
E DNM B&W的关系

2.It can be inferred from the passage that the author finds the work of the majority of the Black poets at the turn of the century to be
A unexciting
B calming
C confusing
D delightful
E inspiring

定位：This refusal had both a positive and a negative consequence. As Brown observes. "Valuably insisting that Negro poets should not be confined to is sues of race, these poets committed [an] error… they refused to look into their hearts and write." These are important insights, but one must stress that this refusal to look within was also typical of most White poets of the United States at the time. They, too often turned from their own experience and consequently produced not very memorable poems about vague topics, such as the peace of nature.

后面的not very memorable前面还有个too就是说白人比起那些黑人一样，都不是很memorable。所以是A

3. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward classification as a technique in literary history?
A Enthusiastic
B Indifferent
C Wary
D Derisive 嘲笑的
E Defensive

定位第一段第一句：The making of classifications be literary historians can be a somewhat risky enterprise.
risky enterprise--> wary谨慎的

MIUselizaUID: 3631596

The primary method previously used by paleontologists（古生物学家） to estimate climatic changes that occurred during Pleistocene glacial cycles was the determination of 18/O16/O ratios in calcareous（钙质的）  fossils. However, because this ratio is influenced by a number of factors, the absolute magnitude（巨大，重要性）  of the temperature difference between Pleistocene glacial and interglacial cycles could not be unequivocally ascertained. For example, both temperature fluctuations and isotopic（同位素的） changes in seawater affect the 18O/16O ratio. And. since both factors influence the ratio in the same direction, the contribution of each to the 18O/16O ratio cannot be determined.

Fortunately, recent studies indicate that the racemization（外消旋作用） reaction of amino（氨基） acids can be used to determine more accurately temperatures that occurred during Pleistocene glacial cycles. Only L-amino acids are usually found in the proteins of living organisms, but over long periods of geological time these acids undergo racemization, producing D-amino acids, which are not found in proteins. This reaction depends on both time and temperature thus, if one variable is known, the reaction can be used to calculate the other.

1. It can be inferred from the passage that determination of the temperatures mentioned in line 18 through 18O/16O ratios and determination through racemization reactions both require which of the following?
A Calcium deposits known to be from Pleistocene seas
B Proteins containing both L-amino acids and D-amino acids
C Glacial debris from both before and after the Pleistocene period
D Fossil material from organisms living during the Pleistocene period
E Proteins containing both amino acids and 18O

定位，18o16o需要的
to estimate climatic changes that occurred during Pleistocene glacial cycles was the determination of 18/O16/O ratios in calcareous（钙质的）  fossils.用的是石灰质化石
R需要的
Fortunately, recent studies indicate that the racemization（外消旋作用） reaction of amino（氨基） acids can be used to determine more accurately temperatures that occurred during Pleistocene glacial cycles.氨基酸的R reaction可以用来准确的测量P时代的温度变化
Only L-amino acids are usually found in the proteins of living organisms, but over long periods of geological time these acids undergo racemization, producing D-amino acids, which are not found in proteins.
只有L 氨基酸在活生物中，但是在长期的地质期这些酸经过R反应形成了D氨基酸（未在蛋白质粒发现）
由此推断，这两个东西都需要当时在P时代存活的动物的化石

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（S1）Chimps and children, gulls and Greeks—the ethnologists to their merry way, comparing bits of human cultural behavior with bits of genetically programmed animal behavior. (S2)True, humans are animals; they share certain anatomical features with other animals, and some items of human behavior may seem analogous to the behavior of other animal.(S3) But such analogies can seriously mislead if we fail to look at the context of a particular item of behavior. (S4)Thus one ethnologist compares the presentation of a twig by a cormorant with gift-giving in humans. (S5)Yet the cormorant's twig-presentation simply inhibits attack and is comparable to other appeasement rituals found in many species. (S6)Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture，but within the same culture in various social contexts everything significant about it derives from its social context. (S7)Thus, ethnologists can accomplish little—beyond reminding us that we are animals—until they study humans as cultural beings.

S1 猩猩和人， 海鸥和希腊人--民族学家好笑的方法，比较人类文化行为和动物先天性为的bits
S2 当然，人类也是动物，他们分享一些结构上的相同，还有一些人类的行为看似和动物行为一样
S3 但是那些相同会跑偏，如果我们看不到一个行为背后的含义
S4 所以一个民俗学家比较一个C提供树枝的行为和人类送礼的行为
S5 但是C的送树枝只是防止攻击，可以与其他一些物种的缓和行为相比较
S6 人类的送礼行为和目的不光是文化差异，而且有时候在同样的文化下不同的故事背景，所有都从不同的背景而决定
S7 因此，民族学家无法实现太多，除了提醒我们是动物以外，知道他们把人类当成有文化的物种来学习

1. The author's attitude toward contemporary ethologists can best be described as
A puzzled
B conciliatory
C defensive
D defensive
E disparaging

作者对于民族学家持有不赞同的心态，所以是鄙视的，选E

2. Which of the following statements from a report on a cross-cultural study of gift-giving would, if true, most strongly support the author's assertions concerning human gift-giving?
A In every culture studied, it was found that some forms of gift-giving are acts of aggression that place the receiver under obligation to the giver.
B Most governmental taxation systems differentiate between gifts of property given to children during a parent's lifetime, and a child's inheritance of the same property from a parent dying without a will.
C Some gift-giving customs have analogous forms in nearly every culture, as in the almost universal custom of welcoming strangers with gifts of food.
D In North America, generally speaking, money is an acceptable holiday gift to one's letter carrier or garbage collector, but is often considered an insult if given to one's employer, friends, or relatives.
E Some gifts, being conciliatory in nature, indicate by their costliness the degree of hostility they must appease in the recipient.

类比题
gift giving world
作者对于人类送礼行为的定义
定位 (S6)Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture，but within the same culture in various social contexts everything significant about it derives from its social context.
1. differ from culture to culture
2. different social context
3. derives from social context
A人与人的关系
B政府规定
C文化之间相同
D在北美可以快递小哥和收垃圾的钱，但是如果给了朋友家人员工就是一种侮辱 different social context
E程度差异