issue 56 提纲

tesolchina_RAUID: 3675555

Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer.  

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position， you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position


While we can find a number of well-known examples to support this statement, generally speaking, discoveries and creations in science and engineering are made possible by a great many experts working together with clear goals in mind and the support of great amount of resources.

P2 cite a few well known examples such X-ray, antibiotics and GPS  (they are well-known not because they are typical but because they are exceptional attracting disproportionally more media attention)
P3 most discoveries and creation require collaborative works by many experts one step at a time
literature review; peer-reviewed journals; replicable experiments
P4 projects for these discoveries and creation often require commitments of great amount of resources that are by no means accidental   

based on the story of GPS, one can also argue that the initial idea or concept may be accidental but the subsequent development and refinement of the idea into sophisticated technology are by no means accidental  

the outline is for you to write up





a more detailed outline

TS: While it is true that some important discoveries or creation were not anticipated by the explorers or researchers in advance, in most cases, knowledge and new products are constructed in a systematic way through which accidents are anomalous.

ts1: Some dramatic events in the history of mankind created the illusion that many discoveries or creation were accidental when in fact such serendipity is rather unusual.  
- the discovery of the New World by Columbus
- the explorer aimed to find a new route to Asia
- he stumbled upon America due to the incomplete knowledge about the world geography at the time
- the discovery of X-ray by William Roentgen while experimenting with a cathode radiation
- but these cases are dramatic but rare

ts 2: the reason why most discoveries or creations in science are not accidental
- modern scientists usually work on problems under the sponsorship of some organizations
- to make sure the money is well spent, they will have to write proposals for their research
- in the proposal they will need to review the literature to justify the need of the research
- the questions they seek to answer are grounded in the literature and well-defined in advance  
- they will also set out very clearly the methodology for achieving the goals
- there is very little room for accidental discoveries

ts 3: the reason why researchers and designers in engineering seldom discover or make anything by accident
- many researchers work for R&D in coporations
- they make detailed plan in advance in order to get the money they need (budget has to be approved by the management)
- they make prototypes first and then get feedback from colleagues from other departments
- the questions they seek to answer have to be clearly stated in advance
- the design of the products may also be revised according to the response of the customers




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