issue 108 提纲

tesolchina_RAUID：3675555

issue 108/110

108) Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

110) Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.


批判性的判断在任何领域当中都是没什么用处的,除非判断来自于该领域专家。
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.【第一类写作指导】


这道题没有对领域进行限定，认为只有专家对作品的批判性判断才有价值。显然我们需要考虑分不同的领域来讨论。而在考虑选择不同领域的时候，我们还要搞清楚一个问题，即专家和非专家的区别在哪里。另外还可以考虑的一点是，在某个领域的专家和这个领域以外的专家的区别。题目认为只有前者的评判有价值，而我们似乎可以指出后者的评价也很有价值。


开头段
在提出观点之前，最好简单介绍背景。这里的背景可以指出在各个领域我们都需要评价作品的价值从而认可那些优秀的作品和创作者。于是有人提出这个题目中的观点。而我认为在某些领域如纯粹数学，作品的价值只能由领域内专家评价；而有些领域例如经济学、工程学，除了领域内专家评价外，还需要领域外专家的评价；而在一些应用领域如广告设计、电视剧本编写，作为非专家的观众的评价显然是十分重要的。


第二段 纯粹数学的论文、成果只能由领域内专家评判
涉及的理论概念只有领域内专家能够理解
对于这个工作对本领域的贡献也只有本领域专家对领域的发展比较熟悉
领域内专家可以提出批判意见指出下一步的改进方向
学科本身并无应用、相对其他领域比较超前，因此领域外的专家无法给出意见

第三段 经济学、工程学等领域的研究需要领域外的专家评判
经济学理论已经被应用到法学、政治学、人类学等多领域
经济学家在这些领域所做的工作需要得到来自这些领域专家的评判 他们具有相关的知识背景
相关领域的专家可以提出他们的角度和数据来验证相关工作
工程学的研究成果往往涉及多学科 如计算机工程涉及复杂的数学模型 因此数学家的评价也很有价值



第四段 广告设计、电视剧本等作品需要非专家的观众点评
广告设计需要广告受众来批评以修改那些观众不喜欢的元素
麦当劳需要聘请市场调查公司了解家长和孩子对儿童乐园餐广告的看法
电视剧本作家会根据观众对人物的喜好决定下一步人物的命运  
这些作品的最终价值取决于观众的喜恶


TS: In some fields such as pure mathematics, only experts in the field could offer valuable critical comments on the works; in other fields such as cosmology, experts from other fields, for example, mathematics and computer scientists may also offer some interesting insights; in more practical fields such as industrial design and movie production, the general public as end users may also contribute to the judgement.  

ts1: in certain fields where outsiders can hardly understand the materials, this statement probably holds true.
- example: pure mathematics (Green-Tao theorem)
- difficult for outsiders without proper training to understand
- outsiders not able to make judgement

ts2: in some fields experts from related fields may judge the works with regard to the methodology.
- example: cosmology (involves mathematical modeling and high-performance computing for analyzing big data)
- mathematicians may judge the validity of the math model
- computer scientists may judge the efficiency of the algorithms for dealing with the data  

ts 3: the general public without any specialized training may also judge work in certain fields such as industrial design and movie
- Apple ran numerous focus group discussion to collect comments from layperson end users on their design
- one of the key principle of user interface design is user-friendliness (users should find it easy to use)
- Hollywood movie studios also run workshops for layperson to read stories before the screenplays are finalized




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