argument同主题写作第一类 8月14-15日

bio-LUID: 3788600

Arg 40 dairy products increase the risk of osteoporosis

Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium - substances essential for building and maintaining bones.Many people therefore say that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors and that causes the bones to weaken significantly with age.But a long-term study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study.Since bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

1.
claim      people therefore say that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis.
data       milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium
warrant  have plenty of milk and dairy products could help you absorb enough vitamin D and calcium, which benefit toughness of  bones.

evidence : the specific quantity of vitamin D and calcium per  unit of milk or dairy products.
               the quantity of vitamin D and calcium are absorbed from a diet rich in dairy products and if it could
               help improve the bones situation.

2.
claim     (this phenomenon  was caused by  consuming dairy products.)
data      a long term of study of a large number people found a higher rate of bone fractures in those consumed dairy products.  
warrant  (those eat more and then the result is that they easily fracture their bones)

evidence the Representation of the study, how long and how many people took this study?
              the rate of each group
              if consistence consuming dairy foods means much?

claim      this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease,
             the risk of osteoporosis.
data       (  )
warrant   bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis,higher risk of fractures of bones means higher risk of
              osteoporosis
evidence if the fracture of bones was caused by consistently eating dairy foods? any other factors could
              influence the results?
              the healthy condition of people of the two groups . (maybe most of those who consuming constantly dairy food have the genetic kind of osteoporosis which can not be cured by absorbing vitamin D and calcium)
             the further experience is need to specific the relation of dairy foods (v d and calcium) with fracture.

点评下西瓜同学的
第一个攻击点很到位，包括证据都很充足。但第二个有点问题，因为文章的最后一句话相当于一个总结，并不是由上一句话推出的，而是由整体信息推出的。证据和第一个也有重复。
意见：可以将服务员的realible单独提出讨论成一段话。 还有可以提出的
1. 心里不高兴，只是没说出来 不能说happy with the change
2. 数量太少，不能作为依据 作者的2%从何处得来不得而知。

bigheiniuUID: 3814202

Arg 43 recycle and longer-lasting landfill -o

The following appeared in a memorandum written by the chairperson of the West Egg Town Council.

Two years ago, consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years.During the past two years, however, the town's residents have been recycling twice as much material as they did in previous years.Next month the amount of recycled material - which includes paper, plastic, and metal - should further increase, since charges for pickup of other household garbage will double.Furthermore, over 90 percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future.Because of our town's strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

claim:Because of our town's strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted.

data: the town's residents have been recycling twice as much material as they did in previous years
warrant: the trend will go on in the future.
evidence: other factors => more people will come to live here


data: the charges for pickup of other garbage will double.
warrant: increasing cost will let people prefer recycling to throwing.

data: survey, 90 percent said more recycle in the future.
warrant: The survey's data is enough and comprehensive. People do what they have said in the future.

开头段:
According to the chairperson of the WETC, the available space in West Egg's landfill will last for a long time given that the increasing amount of recycling materials among residents, also the increasing charges for household garbage and people's eagerness in the survey about recycling. In order to evaluate the claim, we need to find more evidence about recycling materials, charge fees, and the survey.

中间一段:
To begin with, in order to support the amount of household garbage will go down, we need more evidence about whether this decreasing trend will go on[sustainable] in the future. The chairperson merely compare the current data with previous years recycling state, without considering other factors will influence or even diverse the trend. There is a great possibility that the city's development attracts more people living there, and although there is a custom about recycling materials, this cannot offset the emerge population. If so, the optimistic plan for the future will cause the country running out of placing for storing garbage.
(should talk about other situations)

评价18楼同学:
claim 列举的很清晰, 找到的攻击点也很准确.
疑问:
1. Assumption: The age won’t change how much hormone cortisol they produce when facing stimulating situations.
意见 => 出生顺序是唯一影响激素水平的因素
2. 第1个和第2个 claim 个人感觉可以合成一个, 因为激素是用来反应应激状态的一个指标.
3. Assumption: baby monkeys will have higher cortisol level of mothers produce more cortisol when pregnant.
Evidence: relevant research
意见 => 宝宝和母亲的激素水平有正相关.

GoldenStringUID: 3787185

Arg 2 birth order and stimulation level

The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.  

A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation.The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence).The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.  

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.


1claim: the birth order has effect on an individual's levels of stimulation
2.data:A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys
3.warrant:A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation.
4.Question:
   1)Is the sample size is large enough to prove This clues?
  2)Is the sample is available enough to extand This clues from rhesus monkeys to all kinds of animals?
5Assumption:
   the sample size is not large enough and there is a lot of occasionality.So it can't prove the clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation.
    This clues only exist in the rhesus monkeys, Because of the speciality of rhesus monkeys.
6.Evidence:information about the certainty and occasionality of the clues.
   information about the speciality of rhesus monkeys.



1.Claim:firstborn infant monkeys have high stimulation level ,so do Firstborn humans .
2.data:.The study showed that in stimulating situations , firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol.
3.warrant:In stimulating situations ,firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings.
4.Question: Does the monkeys produce hormone cortisol just only Because of the factors of stimulating situation, no other factors such as age, gender?
5Assumption:the monkey can produce hormone cortisol not only Because of stimulating situation.
6 Evidence: Information about the levels of hormone cortisol of Different ages or genders monkeys.


1Claim:firstborn infant monkeys have high stimulation level due to the first-time Mother monkeys.
2.data: during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.
3.Warrant:the high level of cortisol of the first-time mother monkeys can affect the levels of cortisol of firstborn infant monkeys.
4.Question: is the cortisol hereditary?
   what's the levels of cortisol of the newborn monkeys in quiet situation?
5Assumption:the newborn monkeys have high levels of cortisol.
6Evidence: information about the levels of firstborn infant monkeys in quiet situation

国产耗子UID: 3484678

Argument 15/51/130/131/133

Arg 15 replace butter with margarine

15) The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

Claim 1：This change, however, has had little impact on our customers.

Data:  only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change.

Warrant: The rest of people who doesn't complained are satisfied with the change.

Assumption/evidence: The rest of people who doesn't complained are satisfied with the change. There are other reasons why the complaint rate was 2%.
there would be some situation to make those customer keep silent. E.g. free gift, coupon.


Claim 1: This change, however, has had little impact on our customers.

Data: Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead.

Warrant: They don’t complain because they dislike the change.

Assumption/Evidence: They don’t complain because they like it, not because they dislike it without saying it.
Those customers complaint with their friends, not in the questionnaire or directly to staff in the restaurants.
Out of polite, those customer don’t want to hurt others’ feeling.
They just busy to chat with friend, even they don’t like the change, they don’t want to waste time to tell people they hate margarine.

Claim2 : either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

Data: many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead

Warrant: They don’t complain because they can’t distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term butter to refer to either butter or margarine.

Assumption/Evidence: They should prove those people truly can’t figure the difference between butter and margarine, and the people should be ask if what’s the definition they are using for ‘butter’. More independent investigation needed to be done.

TaylorWUID: 3668665

Argument 55
Arg 55sales of video games will increase

The following appeared in an editorial in a business magazine.

"Although the sales of Whirlwind video games have declined over the past two years, a recent survey of video-game players suggests that this sales trend is about to be reversed. The survey asked video-game players what features they thought were most important in a video game. According to the survey, players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics, which require the most up-to-date computers. Whirlwind has just introduced several such games with an extensive advertising campaign directed at people ten to twenty-five years old, the age-group most likely to play video games. It follows, then, that the sales of Whirlwind video games are likely to increase dramatically in the next few months.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.


The survey asked video-game players what features they thought were most important in a video game. According to the survey, players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics, which require the most up-to-date computers.

Claim : providing a game that have lifelike graphics will do good on selling .
Data: players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics
Warrant : players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics .
Assumption: players opinions on features of a good game mirrors the features they are looking for when they buying games .
Questions:
-There are no information about who take response to the survey. Players’ age and wealth are not included.
-Price of the game is also an important thing that players take into consideration. Players can only buy games that they can afford.
-Weather the player can afford most up-to-date computer remains unanswered.


Whirlwind has just introduced several such games with an extensive advertising campaign directed at people ten to twenty-five years old, the age-group most likely to play video games.
Claim: Whirlwind’s game will sell
Data: Whirlwind put advertisement to people between ten to twenty-five years old
Warrant: people between ten to twenty-five years old is the age-group most likely to play video games.
Assumption: People who are ten to twenty-five years old play video games and buy them.
Question:
-Not all people between ten to twenty-five years old can afford games. Children and teenagers can only ask parents for it. It is their parents who decide to buy it or not.
-There is no data about who are the most powerful consumers. The ads should target on them.  

It follows, then, that the sales of Whirlwind video games are likely to increase dramatically in the next few months.
Claim : People will buy whirlwind video games
Data: Previous survey and the fact their game target on age group who play games
Assumption: Because they provide things they need so that players will buy their game.
Question:
-Players still have many other options since this maybe not the only game available in market .
-They provide the lifelike graphic , but maybe that’s not enough for the players . and there is no data about every features the players look for in a ideal game.

Leona2017UID: 3829393

Arg 2 birth order and stimulation level

The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.  

A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation.The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence).The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.  

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.



Claim: Birth order effects individual’s levels of stimulation
Data: A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys
Warrant: The study found that firstborn infant monkeys produce more hormone cortisol than their siblings.

Questions:
Are these monkeys selected randomly?
Who did this study?
How did they record the data and analyze them?
Are eighteen monkeys more enough to represent every individual?
Are there any other factors that may have an effect on study?

Assumption:
The study was well-designed and conducted properly.
The eighteen monkeys can represent every individual.
Birth order is the only variable in the study.

Evidence needed:
More details of the study.
Other factors are not important for the observed results.

Claim: Firstborn infant monkeys have higher levels of stimulation
Data: Firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol
Warrant: Hormone cortisol primes the body for increased activity levels

Claim: Firstborn humans have higher levels of stimulation
Data: Not given. Maybe some other studies that is not mentioned.
Warrant:Hormone cortisol primes the body for increased activity levels

Claim: First-time mother monkeys have higher levels of stimulation
Data: First-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.  
Warrant:Hormone cortisol primes the body for increased activity levels

sweepyouUID: 3559530

Argument 15/51/130/131/133
15) The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

Claim1: Replacing butter by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants may have little impact on customers.
Data: Only about 2 percent of customers have complained about the change.
Warrant: The fact that only 2% of customers complain about the replacement means that 98% of customers are satisfied with it.
Assumption:
All the customers have told the truth about the margarine cupcakes.
If they are not satisfied with the cupcakes, they will directly complain to the restaurant, and all the complaints are gathered by the manager.
Even if they do not feel the cupcakes tasty, they don't know it's because of the replacement of the material.
There are not other reasons which may compensate the customers dissatisfaction, e.g.: the low prices, the drinks coming with the cakes are delicious.

Claim2: These customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.
Data: A number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead.
Warrant: The customers who ask for butter but given margarine instead feel okay with the margarine cupcakes.
Assumption:
They do not complain because they feel no difference between the two materials.
All the customers will feel free and have enough time to complain to the manager.

很_简单UID: 3742023

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

Claim: humans cannot have been a factor in the species' extinctions
Data: not given
Warrant: humans cannot have been a factor in the species' extinctions due to lack of evidence that the humans had any contact with the mammals.
Assumption: only significant evidence about human contacted with mammals could indicates that human is the key factors in extinctions.

Claim: the humans cannot have hunted the mammals.
Data: archaeologists have discovered numerous sites where the bones of fish had been discarded but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals
Warrant: no bones of large mammals results from the possibility that people can not have hunted the large animals.
Assumption:
1 large mammals’ bones should be discarded in sites as the same as the fish bones if mammals were hunted.
2 if fish bones can be preserved, then the mammals’ bones should also be preserved well in the site if mammals were hunted.
3 uncovered fish bones discarded in the sites due to people hunted fish.

Claim: some climate change or other environmental factor must have caused the species' extinctions.
Date: not given
Warrant: environmental factors is essential to explain the extinction mentioned in the argument due to the reason that human can not be factor;

Assumption: if the extinction are not caused by human, then the environment is the only alternative factory.

MaggieLLLLLLUID: 3827790

28) The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.

Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades, food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia.

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the prediction and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the prediction.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

1.        Claim: Salicylates can be used to treat headaches
Data: Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches.
Warrant: Salicylates share the same medical effect as aspirin
Evidence: Information about the specific structure and medical effect of salicylates
Question: How likely Salicylates and aspirin are? Are substance that belongs to the same chemical family are also very likely to share the same medical effect?
Assumptions: Salicylates share the same medical effect as aspirin

2.        Claim:  a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia will decline due to the rising use of salicylates.
Data:  This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study.
Warrant: The correlation means that the use of salicylates cause the decline of the headaches
Evidence: Information about the study whether it is representative when apply to Mentia’s citizens, other factors that would moderate the effect and whether there is a causation exist between the decline of headaches cases and consumption of salicylates
Question: Is this study representative when apply to Mentia’s citizens? Are there other factors that would moderate the effect? Is there a causation exist between the decline of headaches cases and consumption of salicylates?
Assumption: The correlation implies the causation; the Mentia’s citizens share the similar characteristics with the participants in the study; there are no other factors that would moderate the correlation.

3.        Claim: Citizens consumption of salicylates have been steadily increasing
Data: Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades, food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives.
Warrant: The extra salicylates added to food are consumed by citizens
Evidence: Information about the exact increasing amount of salicylates added to food, citizens’purchasing rate of this product and people’s consumption rate
Question: Are the increasing amount of salicylates significant enough to reduce headaches? Are these kind of products all purchased by the citizens? Do they actually eat them?
Assumption: The increasing amount of salicylates are significant enough to reduce headaches. These products are purchased and eventually eaten by the citizens

4.        Claim: The usage of salicylates in food will increase more rapidly
Data: Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods
Warrant: Many company will use salicylates as flavor additives and it will earn a commercial success
Evidence: Information about the actual adoption rate of salicylates as flavor additives among the food company in Mentia, the marketing research about consumers’buying intention, consumption rate and satisfication rate of this product
Question: Will most companies adopt salicylates as flavor additives? Will it be bought and eventually consumed by the customers in Mentia?
Assumption: Many companies in Mentia will use salicylates ad flavor additives. Citizen’s in Mentia will buy these products and eat them.

安歌UID: 3662922

Argument

Three basic elements in an argument:
Claim
Data
Warrant

Questions
Evidence
Assumptions

Arg 40 dairy products increase the risk of osteoporosis -o

Argument model essays and outlines

Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium - substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore say that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors and that causes the bones to weaken significantly with age. But a long-term study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

Claim       
a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis
Data
Not Given
Warrant
Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium - substances essential for building and maintaining bones.
Questions
Can milk and diary products help prevent osteoporosis?
Evidence
osteoporosis, a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors and that causes the bones to weaken significantly with age
(More evidence about whether genetic factors play an important part should be given)
Assumptions
Having a diet rich in milk and dairy product can prevent osteoporosis by influencing environmental factors.
(But genetic factors can also play an important part, thus reducing the influence from environmental factors.)

Claim
a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis
Data
Not Given
Warrant
But a long-term study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study.
Questions
How large is the sample? Did the researchers chose a sample representative enough? Or is the study biased?
Evidence
study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study (More evidence about the recipients should be given)
Assumptions
A long-term study of a large number of people should be convincing to draw a conclusion.
(But how large the sample is should be significant for the result.)

Claim
a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis
Data
Not given
Warrant
bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis
Questions
Can having a symptomatic of certain disease lead to the final conclusion of having such disease?
Evidence
(More evidences should be given to indicate having such symptom can safely lead to the conclusion of being diagnosed of certain disease)
Assumption
Having a symptomatic of certain disease is equal to having such disease. (Having a symptomatic may not mean having certain disease)

改了名字你们就认不出我了UID: 3670039

130) The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

Butter has now been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. Only about 2 percent of customers have filed a formal complaint, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers cannot distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine. Thus, to avoid the expense of purchasing butter, the Happy Pancake House should extend this cost-saving change to its restaurants throughout the rest of the country.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.


In the memorandum, the author recommends the Happy Pancake House to apply the action, replacing butter with margarine, to its restaurants throughout the country and believes that such strategy is cost-saving. While such recommendation will attribute to saving cost on purchasing butter, the reasoning of this argument is unconvincing due to several unsubstantiated assumptions which, if proven unwarranted, will damage the logical soundness of the recommendation.
Conclusion: To avoid the expense of purchasing butter, the Happy Pancake House should extend this cost-saving change to its restaurants throughout the rest of the country.

First of all, the author’s recommendation relies heavily on the assumption that the formal complaint rate truly reflects customers’ feeling towards the shift from butter to margarine.
Claim: an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change
Data: about 2 percent of customers have filed a formal complaint
Warrant: all the customers who are not satisfied with the replacement made complaint.
Assumption: the formal complaint rate truly reflects customers’ feeling towards the shift from butter to margarine.

In addition, by stating that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead, the author rules out some alternative possibilities of the customer’s not complaining. However, we need to re-examine the assumption that butter and margarine are the same to the customer.
Claim: either these customers cannot distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine
Data: many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead
Warrant: butter and margarine are the same to the customer
Assumption: butter and margarine are the same to the customer

Even if these aforementioned assumptions are valid, the author’s recommendation can be problematic when it’s applied to a larger range. The author’s suggestion is based on the assumption that these specimens in southwestern United States can represent all situation throughout the country.
Claim: (unstated)
Data: Butter has now been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States
Warrant: people throughout the rest of the country will have the same attitude towards the shift from butter to margarine like people in southwestern United States
Assumption: these specimens in southwestern United States can represent all situation throughout the country

Dover999UID: 3808377

101) There is now evidence that the relaxed pace of life in small towns promotes better health and greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities. Businesses in the small town of Leeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Masonton. Furthermore, Leeville has only one physician for its one thousand residents, but in Masonton the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high. Finally, the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher than that of Masonton residents. These findings suggest that people seeking longer and healthier lives should consider moving to small communities.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.


1. Claim: relaxed pace of life in small towns promotes better health than does the hectic pace of life in big cities
Data: Businesses in the small town of Leeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Masonton
Warrant: The number of the days of sick leave is proportional to the workers’ unhealthy conditions.

Assumption:
a). The extents that all the workers (both in the small town and big city) would like to ask for sick leave because of their unhealthy conditions are almost equal.
b). The rule that regulates the days of sick leave in the small town is nearly same as that of big city.
c). The reason that lead workers in both small town and large city to be sick are mainly faster pace of life.

2. Claim: relaxed pace of life in small towns promotes better health than does the hectic pace of life in big cities
Data: Leeville has only one physician for its one thousand residents, but in Masonton the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high
Warrant: The ratios of the total physician to the entire residents in both Leeville and Masonton can exactly reflect the people’s heathy conditions.

Assumption:
a). People who are sick in both Leeville and Masonton turn to their local physicians separately.      can afford the fee spent on the cure.      
b). There are not external factors that influence the supply and demand relationship between the physician and the sick. For example, there is not too much interference from the government.
3. Claim: relaxed pace of life in small towns promotes greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities
Data: the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher than that of Masonton residents
Warrant: The higher average of age indicates the greater longevity

Assumption:
a). The number of new comers relative to their total residents is so small that can be negligible.    b). The medical treatment levels in two sites are so equal that  they don’t affect too much on the longevity
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fh_seuUID: 3648560

Arg 40 dairy products increase the risk of osteoporosis -o

Argument model essays and outlines

Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium - substances essential for building and maintaining bones.Many people therefore say that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors and that causes the bones to weaken significantly with age.But a long-term study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study.Since bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

Claim:  
Data:  
1. Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium - substances essential for building and maintaining bones.
2. Many people therefore say that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis.  
3. Osteoporosis is a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors and that causes the bones to weaken significantly with age.
Warrant:  Bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis.  

Claim:  This study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.
Data:  A long-term study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study.  
Warrant: The long-term study of a large number of people.  

LynnHanUID: 3788778

The following appeared in a health magazine published in Corpora.

Medical experts say that only one-quarter of Corpora's citizens meet the current standards for adequate physical fitness, even though twenty years ago, one-half of all of Corpora's citizens met the standards as then defined. But these experts are mistaken when they suggest that spending too much time using computers has caused a decline in fitness. Since overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.


NO1.Unit
Claim：（the fitness levels has inclined during the period of 20 years）implied
Data：Medical experts say that only one-quarter of Corpora's citizens meet the current standards for adequate physical fitness, even though twenty years ago, one-half of all of Corpora's citizens met the standards as then defined.
Warrant：the proportion of Corpora’s citizen who meet the standards has declined
-Assumption：standards for adequate physical fitness remain unchanged in 20 years
Statistics methods applied in this case are adequate and reliable
-Evidence needed：how people defined the standards for physical fitness,and whether the statistical figures accurate or not

NO2.Unit
Claim：（spending too much time using computers has not caused a decline in fitness）implied,and thus those medical experts are wrong
Data：overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit
Warrant：using computer excessively doesn’t have impact on the citizens’ fitness
-Assumption: same status could be witnessed  in other areas of Corpora(only a special case or a prevailing trends)
            No alternative factors have any impact on people’s fitness(wealth,living habits,air condition)
-Evidence needed：data from other regions of Corpora regarding the relationship of
Fitness and computer using

NO3.Unit
Claim：low expenditures on fitness-related products and services was the consequence of economic declination
Data：this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services
Warrant：the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, not due to people’s ignorance of improving fitness
-Assumption: people tend to pay more for fitness products and services if economic gets better
              fitness levels are strongly associate with expenditures that people spend on the products and services
-Evidence needed：citizen consumption changes(a fitness-related app for free,such as KEEP)
                            how fitness-related expenditures each year are affected by economic fluctuation

点评沙鸥（误~）同学的：
觉得很棒，有具体栗子值得学习。
另外想问一下，这篇一开头说了1/2和1/4relatively，和后面反驳experts的观点什么联系？是在部分支持吗？自己写argument的时候，直接分别讨论还是？