Argument 34 高频 奶制品和骨质疏松症 恳请抛砖,共同提高!

aoisoraUID: 161964

Argument 34
Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.
　　“牛奶和奶制品富含维他命D和钙这二种构造和维持骨骼所必不可少的物质。许多人因此相信，奶制品丰富的饮食有助于防止骨质疏松症。该疾病表现为随着年龄的增大，人的骨头变得异常无力，它与环境和基因因素相关。但对许多人进行的一项长期研究却发现，那些在整个研究的年份中始终食用奶制品的人，他们发生骨折的概率要高于该项研究的所有其他参与者。由于骨折是骨质疏松的一种征候，这一研究结果表明，富含奶制品的饮食实际上是在增加而不是在减少骨质疏松症的风险。”

中文提纲:
1. 骨折率高并不一定是由于骨质疏松,或许是其他原因,比如工作危险性高,经常进行高危险的体育运动.
2. 骨折率高不一定是由于奶制品的缘故. 或许这些人年纪更大, 也或许基因和环境的因素对他们相对不利.
3. 那些骨折率低的人也不一定没有骨质疏松. 很有可能他们有着严重的骨质疏松症.只是以别的方式表现出来了,或者是潜在的,根本没有表现出来.

In this argument, the arguer drew a conclusion that a long-term study demonstrated that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase the risk of osteoporosis. Because the study showed that those who have consistently consumed dairy products have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Although this reasoning seems to be plausible, it relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions and inadequate reasoning, therefore making it unpersuasive.

First of all, the argument based on an unsubstantiated assumption that the higher rate of bone fractures of those people is due to the disease -----osteoporosis. However, the arguer failed to rule out the possibility that those who have the higher rate of bone fractures do more dangerous works or enjoy less safe sports than those who have the lower rate of bone fractures. It is more likely that the dangerous work condition and the less safe sports led into bone fractures, rather than osteoporosis. Without strong evidence to support this fundamental assumption, the argument is nothing but an illusion.

Moreover, even assuming it is indeed that osteoporosis resulted in bone fractures of those people, lacking more specific information about the health conditions of those people, it is impossible to assert that dairy products should be responsible for the bone fractures. It may, in fact, be likely that those who have a higher rate of bone fractures also have a far higher age than other participants in the study. And it is also likely that both environmental and genetic factors for them are unfavorable. Consequently, it is other reasons lead to osteoporosis, rather than consuming the dairy products.

Finally, the arguer failed to take account the health conditions of those who have a lower rate of bone fractures. Since bone fractures are only one of symptoms of osteoporosis, it is unreasonable to infer that those who have a lower rate of bone fractures do not have osteoporosis. Unless the arguer provides more detail information about the health conditions of the participants, I will consider that those who seemly have a lower rate of bone fractures, actually, have a more serious osteoporosis than those who have a higher rate of bone fractures. The serious osteoporosis was represented by other symptoms, such as the pain in joints, or even did not give any indications.

In conclusion, without specific information about the health and work conditions and life styles of the participants, it is unreasonable to assert a diet rich in dairy products may increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.

dapangduUID: 176130

第一次回帖，不妥之处请直说。 :)

1、在第三段中说osteoporosis 的引起原因时对原文中提到的both environmental and genetic factors直接说这是原因不更好？为什么要“are unfavorable. ”好像这个原因不重要了。个人认为这是一个拿彼之矛攻彼之盾的好办法。
2、it is other reasons lead to osteoporosis有语法问题吧。
3、 “those who have “是不是可以在适当的时候换成一些别的说法。
说来说去都是小毛病。

aoisoraUID: 161964

多谢回帖，说老实话。我觉得这篇逻辑错误我分析的不到位啊。你说的那些小毛病，我也注意到了，可就是不知道该怎么改改。：（
anyway,thank you so much!

咪咪渣UID: 170659

你还有一个很明显的错误没有攻击到， 即unreliable study 的问题，
还有就是论者犯的一个矛盾问题，就是奶制品富含维生素D 和钙与后面的引起的骨折的矛盾， 这是与我们的常识相抵触的， 这个问题我也不知道该如何攻击， 勉强写了一小段，你看看是 否合理？有否必要？
        What’s more, the arguer assumes that osteoporosis is the only reason breeding fracture. However, as we know, fracture may caused by other relevant factors rather than osteoporosis, such as accidents mentioned above, tumors, endocrine systematic diseases, and so forth. Therefore, without considering other alternative reasons, the arguer cannot arrive at the conclusion that occurring of fracture is the result of osteoporosis.

咪咪渣UID: 170659

不好意思，贴错了。其实我刚刚才现时写了这篇文章，不如贴上来大家研讨研讨，
写得比较粗躁， 还请见谅。

        Citing the results of a study that people who consume dairy products throughout the years suffer a higher rate of bone fracture than any other participants, the arguer draws a conclusion that a diet rich in dairy products actually increase the risk of osteoporosis rather than decrease. However, close scrutiny reveals that this argument relies on a series of unproven assumption and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.

        Firstly, the argument falsely bases on an unreliable study. No precise information is provided to support the study is believable. How long does it last? Does the sample of research is large enough to attain a solid results? Is the group of people representative of all? Unless these questions are answered, the arguer cannot reach the conclusion that the dairy products increase the risk of fracture.

        Secondly, the arguer unreasonably assumes that it is dairy products which are responsible for the higher fracture rate of people. No solid evidence in the argument to support this is the case. It is highly possible that other possible factors might give rise to the same result. Perhaps the higher fracture rate people is old-age man than those who have less fracture; or their genetic factors may determines their more susceptible to suffer from fracture; also it is presumed that vehicle accidents and dangerous work conditions are responsible for the higher rate of bone fracture. Any of these scenarios, it true, would serve to undermine the conclusion that dairy products swell the risk of bone fracture.

        What’s more, the arguer assumes that osteoporosis is the only reason breeding fracture. However, as we know, fracture may caused by other relevant factors rather than osteoporosis, such as accidents mentioned above, tumors, endocrine systematic diseases, and so forth. Therefore, without considering other alternative reasons, the arguer cannot arrive at the conclusion that occurring of fracture is the result of osteoporosis.

        Finally, the arguer’s conclusion is conflict with what doctors suggest people to do. As stated in argument, the dairy products are bound of vitamin D and calcium, which is known as substances for building and maintaining bones. Therefore, until more credible evidence is provided to disrupt this widely acceptable scientific research, the arguer cannot convince me that consuming dairy products brings higher fracture to people.

        To sum up, the argument is neither warranted nor persuasive, since evidence in the analysis does not lend so strong support to what the arguer claims. To strengthen the argument, the arguer should demonstrate the study is indeed reliable to base on. To solidify the argument, more facts and information should be presented to rule out other possible factors mentioned above.