EDISON-----HIS LIFE AND INVENTIONS

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EDISON
HIS LIFE AND INVENTIONS

BY

FRANK LEWIS DYER
GENERAL COUNSEL FOR THE EDISON LABORATORY
AND ALLIED INTERESTS

AND

THOMAS COMMERFORD MARTIN
EX-PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE
OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

CONTENTS

          INTRODUCTION
I.        THE AGE OF ELECTRICITY
II.       EDISON'S PEDIGREE
III.      BOYHOOD AT PORT HURON, MICHIGAN
IV.       THE YOUNG TELEGRAPH OPERATOR
V.        ARDUOUS YEARS IN THE CENTRAL WEST
VI.       WORK AND INVENTION IN BOSTON
VII.      THE STOCK TICKER
VIII.     AUTOMATIC, DUPLEX, AND QUADRUPLEX TELEGRAPHY
IX.       THE TELEPHONE, MOTOGRAPH, AND MICROPHONE
X.        THE PHONOGRAPH
XI.       THE INVENTION OF THE INCANDESCENT LAMP
XII.      MEMORIES OF MENLO PARK
XIII.     A WORLD-HUNT FOR FILAMENT MATERIAL
XIV.      INVENTING A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF LIGHTING
XV.       INTRODUCTION OF THE EDISON ELECTRIC LIGHT
XVI.      THE FIRST EDISON CENTRAL STATION
XVII.     OTHER EARLY STATIONS--THE METER
XVIII.    THE ELECTRIC RAILWAY
XIX.      MAGNETIC ORE MILLING WORK
XX.       EDISON PORTLAND CEMENT
XXI.      MOTION PICTURES
XXII.     THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDISON STORAGE BATTERY
XXIII.    MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS
XXIV.     EDISON'S METHOD IN INVENTING
XXV.      THE LABORATORY AT ORANGE AND THE STAFF
XXVI.     EDISON IN COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURE
XXVII.    THE VALUE OF EDISON'S INVENTIONS TO THE WORLD
XXVIII.   THE BLACK FLAG
XXIX.     THE SOCIAL SIDE OF EDISON
          APPENDIX
          LIST OF UNITED STATES PATENTS
          FOREIGN PATENTS
          INDEX

INTRODUCTION

PRIOR to this, no complete, authentic, and authorized
record of the work of Mr. Edison, during an active life,
has been given to the world. That life, if there is anything
in heredity, is very far from finished; and while it continues
there will be new achievement.

An insistently expressed desire on the part of the
public for a definitive biography of Edison was the
reason for the following pages. The present authors
deem themselves happy in the confidence reposed in
them, and in the constant assistance they have enjoyed
from Mr. Edison while preparing these pages,
a great many of which are altogether his own. This
co-operation in no sense relieves the authors of
responsibility as to any of the views or statements of
their own that the book contains. They have realized
the extreme reluctance of Mr. Edison to be made the
subject of any biography at all; while he has felt that,
if it must be written, it were best done by the hands
of friends and associates of long standing, whose judgment
and discretion he could trust, and whose intimate
knowledge of the facts would save him from
misrepresentation.

The authors of the book are profoundly conscious
of the fact that the extraordinary period of electrical
development embraced in it has been prolific of great
men. They have named some of them; but there
has been no idea of setting forth various achievements
or of ascribing distinctive merits. This treatment
is devoted to one man whom his fellow-citizens
have chosen to regard as in many ways representative
of the American at his finest flowering in
the field of invention during the nineteenth century.

It is designed in these pages to bring the reader face
to face with Edison; to glance at an interesting childhood
and a youthful period marked by a capacity for
doing things, and by an insatiable thirst for knowledge;
then to accompany him into the great creative
stretch of forty years, during which he has done so
much. This book shows him plunged deeply into
work for which he has always had an incredible
capacity, reveals the exercise of his unsurpassed
inventive ability, his keen reasoning powers, his
tenacious memory, his fertility of resource; follows
him through a series of innumerable experiments,
conducted methodically, reaching out like rays of
search-light into all the regions of science and nature,
and finally exhibits him emerging triumphantly from
countless difficulties bearing with him in new arts
the fruits of victorious struggle.

These volumes aim to be a biography rather than
a history of electricity, but they have had to cover so
much general ground in defining the relations and
contributions of Edison to the electrical arts, that they
serve to present a picture of the whole development
effected in the last fifty years, the most fruitful that
electricity has known. The effort has been made to
avoid technique and abstruse phrases, but some
degree of explanation has been absolutely necessary
in regard to each group of inventions. The task of
the authors has consisted largely in summarizing
fairly the methods and processes employed by Edison;
and some idea of the difficulties encountered by
them in so doing may be realized from the fact that
one brief chapter, for example,--that on ore milling--
covers nine years of most intense application and
activity on the part of the inventor. It is something
like exhibiting the geological eras of the earth in an
outline lantern slide, to reduce an elaborate series
of strenuous experiments and a vast variety of
ingenious apparatus to the space of a few hundred
words.

A great deal of this narrative is given in Mr. Edison's
own language, from oral or written statements
made in reply to questions addressed to him with
the object of securing accuracy. A further large part
is based upon the personal contributions of many
loyal associates; and it is desired here to make grateful
acknowledgment to such collaborators as Messrs.
Samuel Insull, E. H. Johnson, F. R. Upton, R. N
Dyer, S. B. Eaton, Francis Jehl, W. S. Andrews, W.
J. Jenks, W. J. Hammer, F. J. Sprague, W. S. Mallory,
an, C. L. Clarke, and others, without whose aid
the issuance of this book would indeed have been
impossible. In particular, it is desired to acknowledge
indebtedness to Mr. W. H. Meadowcroft not only for
substantial aid in the literary part of the work, but
for indefatigable effort to group, classify, and summarize
the boundless material embodied in Edison's
note-books and memorabilia of all kinds now kept
at the Orange laboratory. Acknowledgment must
also be made of the courtesy and assistance of Mrs.
Edison, and especially of the loan of many interesting
and rare photographs from her private collection.

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