关于作文的一些看法 Peter

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关于TWE
１．先说说英文议论文，或者说是论说文的结构问题．
Peter希望大家首先建立一个三个结构段的概念，开头段，正文段，结尾段，这三段必不可少，开头是短小，吸引人，引领全文的要求，结尾要短促有力，总结深化主题，耐人寻味．正文段就是你表达自己的观点的地方，这里至少要分三个层次段，写三到四个你的观点的不同层次或方面，如果一个层次段有两个意群，可以再分成意群段，所以按Peter的观点，一篇好的TWE,至少要写５段才显得饱满．
２．再解释一下Peter反复说的＂文章语言的具体题目特性＂，Peter是赞成结构摸板，但强烈反对语言摸板的，特别是文章的开头，要体现出你所写的题目的特点和你自己的特点，而不是说你的开头别的题目也能用，即使要用语言摸板，也要和自己的主题联系起来，第一段一定要见到你的主题句，这样才能体现你specific来，这也是ETS的要求．
３．段落的结构．Peter发现大家的段落总结有头无尾，就是段末把话说完就没了，不能和段落的主题联系起来，其实段落就是微观的文章，段末的总结就是文章的结尾，千万不要少！
４．不要把观点的平衡和结尾混淆．有些问题我们可以采取平衡观点，但并不是说你论述观点平衡的那一段就是结尾，结尾要总结的是全文，深化全文的主题，如果觉得平衡了观点之后结尾没有什么可写的，Peter建议你们把主题可以扩展，扩展主题的地域和时域（周期延拓，呵呵．）
５．关于长句和复杂句．Peter改的三篇觉得中间那篇的句子还不错，其他的就缺乏句子的合理组合，长短句的结合一定要有，句式结构要疯狂的变化（有点极端，意思是你要拼命想着把句式写得灵活多样），Peter这里把AW的分析下放到这里，希望能帮助你们把句子写出多样性来．
（1）．        多用介词加动词的倒装句：Finally, a core curriculum would ensure that all schoolchildren are taught core values upon which any democratic society depends to thrive, and even survive--values such as tolerance of others with different viewpoints, and respect for others.
（2）．        主题句要写长写复杂：However, a common curriculum that is also an exclusive one would pose certain problems, which might outweigh the benefits, noted above.
（3）．        同样是介词提前，另外注意有问句在前，后边一定要回答：First of all, on what basis would certain course work be included or excluded, and who would be the final decision-maker? In all likelihood these decisions would be in the hands of federal legislators and regulators, who are likely to have their own quirky notions of what should and should not be taught to children--notions that may or may not reflect those of most communities, schools, or parents.
（4）．        多用倒装句，if 不要满篇都是：This problem would only be exacerbated were these decisions left exclusively to federal regulators.
以及：For example, were all politicians to fully disclose every personal foible, character flaw, and detail concerning personal life, few honest politicians would ever by elected.
（5）．        能用单词的地方不要用句子：Although this scenario might seem far-fetched, these sorts of concerns are being raised already at the state level.
（6）．        多用单词和短语的并列，即所谓的用多个意思相近的同一种属的词来说明同一含义：For the purpose of documenting temporal, spatial events and experiences, I agree that a video record is usually more accurate and more convincing than a written record.
（7）．        注意插入语的妙用：It is impossible for anyone, no matter how keen an observer and skilled a journalist, to recount ha complete and objective detail such events as the winning touchdown at the Super Bowl, a Ballanchine ballet, the Tournament of Roses Parade, or the scene at the intersection of Florence and Normandy streets during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.
（8）．        词组并列式的例子列举方式：Thus they can play a vital evidentiary role in legal proceedings--such as those involving robbery, drug trafficking, police misconduct, motor vehicle violations, and even malpractice in a hospital operating room.
（9）．        举的例子可以重复使用使前后呼应：Returning to the riot example mentioned earlier, imagine relying on a video to document the financial loss to store owners, the number of police and firefighters involved, and so forth. Complete and accurate video documentation of such information would require video cameras at every street corner and in every aisle of every store.
（10）．        常见的精彩表达多是高级动词的合理搭配，短语或词的三个以上的并列，倒装，非限制性定语从句以及能够代表依据话的词，如far-reaching, 等等。还要注意选用合适的形容词！
６．过度衔接的问题：还是Peter把自己的总结贴上来
（１）举例论证：
1. for example/for instance后面直接论述你自己的例子。
2. a variety of scientist/philosophy/cases  illustrate this point/issue/phenomenon
3. sb./sth. /serves/can be used as/ a /typical/representative/ /example/illustration/.
4. a case in point is that……
5. as to the realm of ……(填入某一领域), the case of……（你所要举的例子）serves as a good example to illustrate.
6. While such examples are rear, the do occur occasionally, for example……（填入你的举例）
7. Paragons such as……, respectively, come immediately to my mind.
8. /History/The society/ /is replete with/abound in/brim over with/ examples of ……或者改写为There is abundant examples of…… in our life.
9. take a case of …… as an example
10. such as……
11.
（２） 引用：
（一） 引用的对象：
可以是名人名言，也可以是大众的话－用别人的嘴说出自己想说的话。
（二） 如何引用：
1. As sb. once said(and I paraphrase)
2. according to sb.,……(插入语，对这个sb.进行介绍)， once said……(名言),which is to say……（自己的论证）
3. （先引用名言）接下来说：Although I’m not a /student/specialist/ of ……（某行业／专业）, my understanding is that……（对名言的解释）
（３）过度：
1．……（正面说）however, as universally acknowledged, any good thing will become bad if going to its extreme,……（反面说）
2. …… serves as a two edged sword……
3./overextended/undue/ …… serves to be counterproductive or even harmful.
4.as a coin has two sides,……
5…… however, like anything /inchoate/incipient/……(说明弊端)此句用于说明新生事物的缺点
（４）其他连接：
（一）表示先后次序：
1. at this time
2. to begin with…… to sum up/in sum
3. previously
4. for one thing…… for another　用于说一个事物的两个方面
5. firstly……secondly……finally  其中finally也可以单独使用，表示最后一点的论述
6. simultaneously=at the same time
7. eventually=in the end=at last
8. last but not least
9. following this
10. proceeding this
（二）表因果关系：
1. being that:因为（写作中尽量少使用，因为是方言性质的词汇）
2. owing to=due to: because of, as a result of（是比较正规的表示“由于、因为”含义的词汇，建议多用due to因为出现的时间较晚，比较贴近现实）
3. for the reason that
4. in the view of=in regard to  : in consideration of 考虑到，由于。
5. therefore
6. consequently=as a consequence=in consequence
7. hence : because of a preceding fact or premise=THEREFORE
8. accordingly=so=consequently
9. thereupon=whereupon=consequently
10. whereupon
11. because=because of
12. since
13. so
14. thus
（三）表转折关系：
1. yet=but
2. nevertheless=nonetheless: in spite of that=however（nonetheless出现的比nevertheless出现的晚）
3. however
4. despite that=in spite of
5. regardless of=in spite of（regardless of比in spite of 出现晚）
6. and yet
7. but yet（６，７类似于yet）
在议论文中常见的是在让步后加以转折，使文章显得更有条理，更有说服力,所以，下面顺带来说说表示让步的连接词：
1. naturally :（当然） according to the usual course of things  : as might be expected 例句： We naturally dislike being hurt。
2. granted=granting that（假定……, 就算……）例句：Granted that you have some progress, you should not be conceited.　翻译：即使你有了一些进步，也不该骄傲。
3. of course
4. admittedly　例句： Admittedly, we took a chance.　翻译：必须承认，我们有投机心理。
5. provided=on conditions that
6. while it is true that……
（四）并列关系：
1. and
2. as well as
3. both……and……
4. either……or……
5. neither……nor……
6. again
7. also
（注意：借用表达同时含义的词也可以表达并列关系，如：at the same time, simultaneously）
（五）递进关系：
1. furthermore=besides : in addition to what precedes
2. moreover=besides=what is more
3. not……but……
4. in addition
5. additionally=furthermore
6. on one hand……on the other hand……（此词组也可以表示年个里并列、对比的含义）
7. not only……but also……
8. ……meanwhile……=meantime
9. likewise
10．further
（六）表类比关系：
之一：比较相同点：
1. in like manner
2. in comparison with
3. compared with
4. likewise=in like manner=similarly
5. in the same way
6. similarly
7. equally
8. just as
之二：比较不同点：
1. while
2. notwithstanding　例句：notwithstanding their inexperience, they were an immediate success
3. rather=instead 例句：It was no better but rather grew worse
4. rather than
5. on the contrary
6. whereas(而、却、反之) 例句：He is ill, whereas I am only a little tired.
7. in contrast=on the contrary

（七）表示强调：
1. in fact（其实，事实上）
2. especially（在后面直接跟上你要强调的内容）
3. particularly
4. in particular=specifically
5. moreover
6. in reality（实际上，事实上）
7. what is more important
8. indeed=in reality
9. not to mention（更不用说）
10. undoubtedly（毫无疑问的）
11. no doubt
12. without doubt
13. certainly
14. absolutely
（八）表示条件关系：
1. once……　：一旦　例句：If one once losses confidence, he can never expect to do his work well. 翻译：一旦失去信心，就别想做好工作。
2. unless……　：如果不，除非　例句：We shall not call the meeting unless absolutely possible. 翻译：除非绝对必要，我们将不召开会议。
3. if……（这个词我们太熟悉了，我就不举例子了）
4. lest……: for fear that 用法：often used after an expression denoting fear or apprehension　例句I was worried lest she should be late.
　　　　　　　　   　　I hesitant to speak out lest he be fired.
5. provided (that)…… 例句：provided that circumstances permit　翻译：如果条件允许的话
6. if possible……（如果可能的话）
7. if so……（如果这样的话）
（九）表示总结：
1. to sum up
2. in sum
3. on the whole: 1) : in view of all the circumstances or conditions  : all things considered 2) : in general  : in most instances  : TYPICALLY
4. in short: by way of summary=briefly
5. therefore
6. consequently
7. in brief
8. in conclusion
9. in summary
10. to conclude
11. in conclusion
12. at length : 1) : FULLY, COMPREHENSIVELY 2) : at last  : FINALLY
13．to summarize
14. to put it in a nutshell
15. all in all
16. in all
希望Peter的修改总结对大家有帮助．

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