阅读里的推理题怎么做?Peter告诉你.

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这里Peter再给大家总结一下阅读里边推理题的做法：
１．什么是推理题？
推理题是出题人从原文中抽取某一细节，然后要求读者以此细节为基础，推理出相应的结论。
２．推理题考什么？
许多人认为推理题考的是思维和逻辑，但是，每个人的思维习惯不同，ETS不可能要求一个语言水平测试能够反映人的思维逻辑，所以，归根结底，推理题还是考大家在主题上对细节的把握，换句话说，就是看大家是不是掌握了文章的主题，是不是能把细节推理到主题范围上去。
３．什么样的题算是推理题：
Peter这里罗列几个推理题的题干：
（１）        ０５０８－16. What does the author imply about George Pullman's attitude toward his workers in lines 10-11 ?
（２）０５０８－34. It can be inferred that black-headed gulls change direction when they spot a peregrine falcon for which of the following reasons?
（３）０５０１－5. It can be inferred from the passage that the green areas in woven tapestries developed a bluish tinge because
（４）０２０９－46.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that:
题干的关键词是infer, imply等等，其实，也没有必要这么细分，只要是文中的细节没有明确指出，需要自己提炼的都是推理题。
４．推理题怎么做？
这里说到核心内容了。Peter给出的办法我自己把它叫做逻辑链条。所谓逻辑链条，一般需要６个要素，首先，把题目要求的推理源（也就是题干提及的部分）放在整个链条的中心，然后把它的前后意群分别放在它的左右，现在这个链条就有了最核心的三个部分，下来，请把推理源所在的段落主题放在第二的位置上，第一的位置上放的是全文的中心和作者观点态度。现在我们有了５个要素，最后就是把选项放在第六的位置上，分别比较这四条逻辑链条，选出前后符合的就可以，具体演示如下：
全文主题及作者态度——段落主题——前意群——推理源细节——后意群——推理选项
这样的话，将推理放在全文的大背景下，以前后意群为依托，大大丰富了我们推理的严密性和合理性。P.J.Sharp教授曾这样说，“推理是基于事实根据所得出的关于文章本身或者关于作者观点的逻辑结论”，我们可以明确的看出Peter的这条逻辑链条正是遵循这样的规律的。
前后意群对推理的帮助体现在意思的解释和延拓上，前后意群和推理源的关系Peter已经总结过了，这里直接引用：其实细节句之间的关系只有两种，同义关系或者是反义关系，同义关系就是：递进，并列，解说，举例，扩展，这些关系实际上前后句说的是一个意思，所以前句的信息可以直接用来为理解句意服务．而反义关系就是：转折，让步，否定，反例．那么只要把前句关系取反，就可以为理解句意服务．
我们现在以０５０８的１６题为例，来演示具体的操作办法：
Questions 11-20
In the United States, many social reformers in the late nineteenth century demonstrated a concern for improved housing conditions for workers, George Pullman (1831-1897),  the wealthy industrialist who introduced luxury railway cars with beds, built his model  tine city called Pullman in 1880 to address housing problems caused by Chicago's
5     industrialization. Constructing the town, Pullman hoped to produce an ideal environment that would help attract workers of a superior type to [he railway car industry and retain them. Pullman inhabitants were expected to embody values of thrift, industry, and  morality. They were taught to develop propriety and good manners, cleanliness and neatness of appearance, diligence, and self-improvement through education and savings.
10    Like the brick clock tower that dominated his town center, Pullman kept a regulatory eye on his workers.
In its first five yean, this new experiment in industrial life received little criticism, except from radical political groups. Crediting the town of Pullman with producing a new type of dependable and ambitious worker in a rationally ordered environment, reformers,
15    at first, praised it as a successful model for modern industrial life. However, after 1885, with the high gloss of the experiment dulled, it became clear that the residents of Pullman had honest grievances about the overcharging of rent and other services.
In 1893, The World's Columbian Exposition, an exhibition that aimed to promote American cultural, economical, and technological development, and in which George
20    Pullman was a major investor, was held in Chicago. The town of Pullman became a popular tourist stop, attracting more than its share of curious travelers. There were 10,000 foreign viators-alone during the exposition year. In fact, the first Baedeker Travel Guide  to the United States advised visitors to tour Pullman. Frequent trains and trolley cars connected the fairgrounds of the exposition with the town, and on several occasions,
25    George Pullman himself guided the tours. Constructing a fantastic environment for the benefit of tourists, he made sure that any real tensions between bis office and the working inhabitants of the town were rendered invisible to the tourist gaze.

16. What does the author imply about George Pullman's attitude toward his workers in lines 10-11 ?
(A) Pullman believed that his workers should follow a strict daily schedule.
(B) Pullman felt that his workers required careful monitoring and supervision.
(C) Pullman thought that individual workers could be taught to work together as a team.
(D) Pullman believed that his workers had trouble keeping track of the time they spent on a task.
现在来建立逻辑链条：
文章主题：在美国社会对工人居住环境关心的大背景下，GP同学建了一个town，本文就是介绍这个town的组成，发展和核心理念的。
段主题：介绍这个town的来历和特点以及核心理念。
前意群：Pullman inhabitants were expected to embody values of thrift, industry, and  morality. They were taught to develop propriety and good manners, cleanliness and neatness of appearance, diligence, and self-improvement through education and savings.
推理源：Like the brick clock tower that dominated his town center, Pullman kept a regulatory eye on his workers.
后意群：这里段落在这里截止，所以我拿后一段的主题做后意群。In its first five yean, this new experiment in industrial life received little criticism, except from radical political groups.
最后的选项我就不放进链条了，大家自己去做。现在我们来梳理这个链条：后意群明显是
换了话题，所以我们从前意群来看，前面说的是工人们被要求遵守的核心理念，同时they were
taught也体现出了他们所受的要求和管理。那么，在段主题的大背景下，这Like the brick
clock tower that dominated his town center, Pullman kept a regulatory eye on his workers.一
句应该也在说这个town的特点，应该和这个town的核心理念有一定的关系。来看推理源本
身，从clock dominate 和keep an ......eye on……可以看出应该还是说该town的特点和理念，
应该偏重与强调工人的修养和管理方面。那么选项A就很好的match了这个逻辑链条。许
多人可能会说我看着答案讲题，站着说话不腰疼，但是我们再来看其他三个选项放到逻辑链
条后的情况。链条：介绍GP所建立的town——该town的来历特点——该town对工人的要
求——（推理源）市中心的大钟以及keep an eye on the worker——（后意群转移话题，不加
入链条）——B工人应该得到更严密的监管/C工人应该合作/D帮助工人知道时间．
好了，我们可以现在把CD去弊掉，就看B，B从前意群来推理，完全合理，但是却不符合
推理源，工人的严格时间表是可以从clock推理出来，但是严格的监管包括的前者，也就是
范围过于大，而不符合推理源的特点．前面一直在强调工人的修养，而工人遵守时间表恰把
工人修养和GP的监督联系了起来，但B项就没有这个联系的作用了．

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谢谢分享

宝贝小猪UID：2135340

又是一个好东西，顶一下，谢谢peter大哥！

pewcg8UID：2143213

今天太忙了,所以就举了一个题目,改天Peter给大家再多分析分析020304的题

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谢谢分享

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3x

vigilwangUID：203758

想咨询一下Peter大哥何许牛人也：）
敬礼！

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厉害，明天仔细看。

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顶一下

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peter,peter超级牛人耶

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啥都不说了，眼泪哗哗的！！

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peter太厉害了哈，hoho~~~
我不行了~~~

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看了，谢了

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谢谢