[天下无G]第二次作业 issue提纲

lindorUID: 2290025

116 "With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society -- including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences -- will benefit greatly from international influences."
随着经济和通讯等领域的全球化，毫无疑问，社会的方方面面，包括教育、政治、艺术和科学，都将从这种国际化影响中获益非浅。
P: some aspects of society would benefit from international influences,while others won't.
1. In the realm of education and the sciences, internaional influences have brought up unprecedented prosperity.
2. As to politics, globalization impulse countries to learn from each other.
Undeveloped and developing countries are seeking for ways to enhance their strength through successful cases of other developed countries.
3. However, rapid growth of global networks leads to problems in the arts. diversity and originality of arts are threatened by mass international communications.
eg: the trend of assimilation in music and painting might impede the promotion of cultural characteristics.

170."The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people."
170． 一个富强的国家最有力的证明不是它的统治者、艺术家或者科学家，而是全体人民的福利
disagree.
oversimplify the criteria of a greate nation.
1.First, it fails to define "general welfare."
If the general welfare means money owned each person.
switzerland is the richest country in the world, with 648241 dollars per person. Yet it is hard to say switzerland is the greatest country in the world.
If the general welfare means social well-being.
The government in Norway assure great social well-being, even a person never work, he can survive and get rid of hunger.
However, norway is not the greatest nation in the world.
2. the strength of a country should be considered comprehensively,including many aspects such as economy, military, diplomatism and so on. rules,artists,and scientists can make efforts to the greatness of their country,whoes achievememnts
can contribute to the development of the country.

197. "The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries."
197． 一个国家的生活质量提高和社会的安定是和其他所有国家的生活质量提高和社会安定密不可分的。
Agree. 分成科技的 经济的 社会问题的方面来说，都有世界性的问题。
1.The material progress of a country is influenced by material progresses of other countries.
2. Well-being of one country depends on the well-being of other countries in the world.
For example,911. 恐怖分子。Nuclear weapon.
3. even material progress and well-being can influence each other. A country of better well-being can ensure the material progress. Meanwhile, the material achievement can lift all people’s well-being. (走题了么。。)

11 "All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."
Agree
1. With the rapid spread of network and dramatic development of transportation, education has become more and more global.   It is necessary for the development of a global university, where people from different countries could collaborate with each other.
2. However, the speaker fails to define the world’s most persistent social problems.  each social problem appears to be different in different countries
3. on the other hand, though nearly all the social problems are persisting in every nation, some may be disasters in one nation while slight flaw in another.

174."Laws should not be stationary and fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."
Disagree.
1. Admittedly, laws have flaws, and that is why almost every country has a large group to find flaws and then modify laws.
2. However, a certain measure of consistency, stability and predictability in our laws is required in order for us to understand our legal obligations and rights as we go about day-to-day business as a society.
3. Frequently modifying laws might not only make civilians confused but also frustrate executives, such as polices and lawyers.

178"It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds."
178． 控制、限制人们行为的法律很可能通过，但是立法不能改变人们的本性。法律也无法改变人们所思所想。
这一题没有好想法。。
1.  It is true that people are instinctive to free themselves from limitations of stark laws.
2. The objective of laws is to control people’s behavior, and then to avoid harmful actions to individuals and the whole society. For example, governments laid down several economy laws in order to remain an organized economical environment.
从人们的思想决定人们的行为，人民的行为很有可能是有害的，而人民的思想难以控制，所以只有通过法律通过限制人民的行为达到防止人们邪恶的思想导致的行为危害社会。然而法律无法阻止别人想什么，想法不构成犯罪。这样分析感觉顺一点。 但是走题了木有？

180."Many problems of modem society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."
Disagree.
1. The speaker failed to define “moral behavior”.
What problems caused by moral behavior? 例子。 。什么例子。。？
2.The speaker assumes that laws have nothing to do with solving many problems of modern society.
Admittedly, laws cannot diminish criminal intention.
3.However, Laws and legal system, although cannot change people’s hearts and minds, can help to place limits on people’s behavior, therefore help to sharply reduce the rate of some society problems. Taking computer crime for example …
4. Until now, laws act as effective weapons to restrain evil behaviors and maintain peaceful society.
感觉这个提纲也写得不好。。主要是没有实际的有道德问题引起的社会问题。比如说论文剽窃？还有没有？
换个方向说，跟上一题一样，说人们的思想决定了人们的行为，而人们的思想千差万别，难以控制，甚至会引起了很多社会问题，比如比如。。。 然 只有通过法律限制行为才是最有效的。（怎么比较是最有效？），举例通过法律极大的帮助解决了啥啥社会问题？最后，表明我们现在只有一边resort to laws，and enhance people's moral 。

17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."
Disagree. Oversimplify the laws.
1. The speaker failed to classify the types of laws.
2. Just and unjust might has different meanings by different people in different country, considering influence of diverse culture.
3. The concept of just and unjust might change as time passed by. In ancient china, people think …
4. To obey just laws seems easier than to disobey unjust laws.
　Women in Iraq has no right to go to school, while their counterparts in civilized nations would think it is quite reasonless. Unfortunately, Iraq women have no power to disobey and resist such laws, otherwise they would be killed.

29 "Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."
Disagree.
1. Admittedly, people are interested in private lives of celebrity. That’s why entertainment magazines always have great market. Some actors sell out their private news to increase their popularity. For example …, xu jinglei,
2. However, other public figures are not willing to lose their privacy, especially for politicians, who clearly know that scandal can destroy them.
3. Additionally, some people become famous under accidental conditions without expectation to lose their privacy.
although many public figures can not help but accept the fact that being famous will lose at least some of their privacy, they sincerely hope people can leave them alone and give them more private space.

60 "The media—and society in general—mistakenly expect an individual to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group."
没想出来这个怎么发挥才好。。不懂题设的背景，或者说没有很好的实例给我分析。。
1.It is common that people in a group share the same opinions with little bifurcation. In this case, it is easy and effective to get the points of a representative who can stand for the group.
2.However，in most cases, the views of representatives could not accurately deduce to that of the entire group.
3.This reminds us to keep discreet and qualified attitude to the speech of individuals when they speak on the behalf of groups.

103."The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives."
Disagree  跟日常生活相关的好处有些什么呢？
History is a treasure for many aspects of our society.
1.admittedly, to study history on the behalf of our daily lives can give us useful suggestions on work. for example...
2. however, the more important meaning of studying history is to assemble acknowledge and then make discoveries and conclude rules.
For example, commanders can learn from past wars to avoid mistakes happened before. for another example, scientists engaged in anthropology always resort to history. For example, researches on medicine history can help doctors to make medical advance to make people healthier and live longer.
studying ups and downs of the world economy, investor can forecast which industry is worthy to support.

74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
Disagree. Oversimplify the communication. It depends.
1. Language is an effective way to communicate. Since 5000 years ago, human beings have formed languages to express their opinions.
2. Admittedly , with the growth of technology of photography, images now can present clearer meaning. However, as different people have different understanding to a certain image, language seems necessary and important. For example, a picture that …, some people think, other people think,
3. In case that audiences can not understand your speech, because of language obstacle such as the speaker’s main language is their foreign language, images can conduce comprehension greatly. Under such circumstances, Images accompanied with interpreter, is the most effective way to express speaker’s views.

109."The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves. "
Disagree.
1. Usually, the person in the ad is so perfect that almost every people hope to look like that person. Especially for those ladies who want to be thin and beautiful, they are likely to buy what the ads recommend. Xxxx 代言了什么什么。。被众多人追捧，提高了很大的销售量。
2. Admittedly, people would be encouraged by this sort of advertises, which could give consumers a hint that once you use this product, you have a chance to become better and better even possible to be the same as person appeared in TV. Then consumers hold a belief that they could be the person they like to be. I concede that the power of encouragement can exaggerate to a large scale and conduce to accomplish goals. To this point, when the company can afford very high payment to celebrities, hiring those beautiful and handsome persons to promote products can not only sells products but also helps people feel better.
3. However, the most essential part of a product lies in its quality. When consumers find out that the product is useless to them, they will feel being beguiled and no longer trust the product and the company. what’s worse, they will tell their friends not to buy that product because of low quality. If the target of executives in a company is high profits of products with a long life span, the reputation of its products is of great importance.
不仅如此还会harm society 迪豆的例子。
4. in conclusion, using celebrities who are healthy, beautiful or handsome, is effective way to improve products sale and give consumers hope. Yet this method should be adopted with cautious for the cost would be quite high and the quality of products should match the ads.

161."'In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."
Disagree.
1.  the speaker failed to define hero.
A hero is the person who commits an act of remarkably bravery or who is admired for outstanding qualities or achievements.  Different people have different views of hero. Some people would think those people who are willing to help others without any repayment are heroes, while others would believe that only those big figures who have established a famous and prosperous company or who have led army to win a severe battle as a commander can be called as heroes. Since there are diverse opinions on the definition of hero….接不下去了。。汗死。。。。
2． As we known, no one could be 100 percent perfect. Heroes also can not avoid making mistake. It is true that intensive media coverage can reveal both positive and negative aspects of hero. Moreover, when a person was considered as a hero, his flaws would be magnified as much as possible. However, it is unfair to deny a hero by some scandal news. For example， Michael Jordan , who has been considered as a hero in basketball field for more than 10 years, although recently he was under many critics by gambling, is still admired by numerous boys for his excellent performance during his NBA life.
3． Media scrutiny not only can destroy fames of some public figures but also can enhance people’s reputation. For example, Bill Clinton confronted with the pressure of impeachment, for his sexy scandal disclosed and spread by newspapers and magazines, Whereas 谁谁的事迹被媒体报道了之后，reputation enhanced 。。。例子，呼唤例子。。
4． Exaggerate the influence of media. 把媒体妖魔化了？

215"The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time."
Disagree
1. With the rapid advancement of photography, people tend to be drowned in the ocean of visual images. Walking in the street, people can see numerous colorful posters almost everywhere. Especially in TV,…. Those images convey so affluent information to us that it is hard to digest each one.
2. admittedly，too many images could detract people‘s attention on a single issue. For example..
3. However, the speaker ignored the instinct curiosity of human beings and underestimated people’s capability to select information. People usually show extreme enthusiasm on what they are interested in. To find out the truth, people will collect useful information at their best, with the help of visual images, which can make issue clearer and provide extensive evidence. Eg: 某个退休老师，搜集永定河边一个庙的资料，花了10多年，搜集了很多旧报纸啊，照片啊等等，最终重现了当年的历史，政府还出钱建立了一个永定河的博物馆。。
4. 我还能说啥……

26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."
Disagree, balance
1. The speaker pointed out that although buildings are valuable for recording any society’s past, historic buildings should be replaced by modern purposes. （中间怎么接啊）It would be a disaster to destroy historic buildings without caution. (这个开头好奇怪。。)
With the population increased sharply, the demand of ground for erecting new buildings corresponding increased. To solve the controversy on preserving or dismantling old buildings should to assess the value of historic buildings at first.
2. The designs and structures of historic building usually are culturally significant.
For example: the old temples in china. For another example, Angkor Wat,  Those buildings, reflecting the spirit states of ancestors, and being an important part of the culture of one country, can give us vivid and straight impression on the past of a nation. They have become useful tools to study culture.
2. Moreover, many famous building are so often well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, and as documents of the history of the cultures, but also as achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produce them. For example, the pyramids in Egypt are among most famous pieces of architecture in the world. These pyramids, some of them are almost more than 100 meters high, was built without the use of cranes, pulleys, or lifting tackle, and archaeologists are still not certain how this was accomplished.
3. From what I analysis above, I can draw a conclusion that historic buildings are treasures of humanity, and deserved to preserve carefully, even though they are stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, for the feeling of modern planners, who might be irresponsible to the culture and to the future generation, could not represent that of all people, nor help to make correct decisions.


27"No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking."
Disagree. The speaker simplified the methods to success.
1. In contemporary society, innovation has become essential to success. For example…创新获得成功的例子？
2. However, conventional practices might be proved to be practical and effective under certain circumstances. In that case, people are possible to attain their goals by conventional methods. For example …
3. In the procedure of a project, sometimes we should combine innovative thoughts and conventional ways of thinking to accomplish our objects. For example..
呼唤例子……

84"In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field."
Disagree.
1. In most time, significant contributions are strongly influenced by past achievements within that field. For example… Mathematics is developed step by step.
2. But it is not always the case, sometime people can make great achievement without being influence by previous thoughts, especially those who bring out a new theory.
(example: Einstein’s relative theory, which exploit the new epoch of physics, is not influenced by the previous theories.)
3. Additionally, take zhang wuchang，one of the famous economists of china, for example, he didn’t attend any university for deep and systematic education. Although he is not quite good on academic economy, he wrote a report with far-reaching impact on Chinese economy by economical phenomenon in towns and countries for more than 10 years.

147."Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them."
1. Modernization means the state relating or belonging to the present period in history, whereas tradition is a long-established action or pattern of behavior in a group of people handed down from generation to generation. Under many circumstance, tradition and modernization are incompatible. For example….
2. However, modern trends are often derived from tradition. For example….
3. Additionally, in democracy country, people are open enough to accept latest fashionable behaviors, and it is free for most adults to choose traditional lifestyle or modern lifestyle, in contrast to some uncivilized countries where people must obey to tradition. For example, now many families have no intension to raise a child. Such phenomena would be seriously criticized before, while the contemporary society takes it for granted.

173."Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."
DISAGREE
The term of originality prefer to demonstrate the final states or results which depart from traditional or previous forms.  Thinking something never thought before and putting old ideas together in new ways both are the methods to create original things.
1. Thinking something that was never thought before is originality. For example, Einstein brought out a new theory of relativity, which was never thought by any other before.
2. Managing old ideas together in new ways is originality. For example …
3. Sometimes, original ideas accompany with old ideas can achieve significant contributions. For example…
4. in conclusion, both … and … can result in originality.

188."Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and—, eventually, —to change it."
Agree with conservation. 不知道怎么写。。。没想法。。。
1. The ability to survive and change a new environment is quite essential to success. For example …
2. However, excelling in old environment also could lead to success. For example..
3.










[ 本帖最后由 lindor 于 2007-1-23 11:36 编辑 ]

lindorUID: 2290025

217"In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions remain to be made."

Original: unique, unprecedented, special
Disagree. Must―― > is not necessary.
1. Admittedly, studying the successful work of others can benefit scholars and scientists to produce successful original work, by finding out those contributions remain to be made. For example, in the realm of computer programming, many excellent operating systems such like Linux derive from but better than previous ones.
2. However, the fact is that many contributions are made mainly by individual efforts while others experience helped little. For example, Farady,  Such innovative progress ，例子。。
3. What’s worse, the person who study others achievements too much might be restricted with others’ ways of thinking, therefore inhibit to create unique works. 例子。。。
4.  learning from others moderately can help people to accumulate acknowledge and find out remained values in that field. But it is not necessary to require every scholar and scientist to study from others accomplishments and find out what is remained to research, as the innovation to create original work doesn’t have a stable methods and learning from others excessively could even do harm to originality.


227"To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions."

这个提纲快写成全文了。等下再写完发出来。

238. "Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy."
Disagree
1. Conformity could damp individual creativity and energy. In ancient china, monarch forced populace to follow rules. In the field of science, conformity also does harm to individual innovation and passion.

2. However, in most cases, it is necessary for individuals to conform to principles of a group. For example, soldiers are always trained to be absolute conform. Citizens should conform to laws.

结论： Conformity is likely to cause a deadening of personal creativity and energy, while under some circumstances conformity is a necessary and effective choice.



25"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible."
Agree
1.Main people tend to complicate things or matters, so that the outsiders may not be able to understand what they are doing.  

2.to make things simple requires profound comprehension of the whole matter，the ability to discriminate essence from peripherals and ultimately refine the big and complex body of knowledge into principles.

3.It is relatively easier to pick out the facial differences between things than to dig out the underlying similarities.

4. It needs courage to make things as simple as possible because one would face the dazzling amount of ideas, phenomenon, information, data and presumptions and should prepare for struggling for quite a long period. Additionally, one would always in risk of total lose since any new discovery that contrasts to the theory might nullify most of his/her efforts.



35"No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them”
Disagree. It depends.
1. Under some situations, compromise is more harmful than persevere. For example…  

2. In most cases, adhering to one’s beliefs can help people to attain their goals. For example…

3. However, compromise moderately according to requirements could benefit people. For example…

4. Those who are not willing to adapt to the changes outside and insist their beliefs would be considered out-dated and even be inhibited to make much more advancements.

5. whether compromising or persisting to one’s belief depends on particular situations.


62.”The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient."
Disagree
1. To accept that people are intrinsically deficient is a positive attitude. For example..

Realizing that we are not born to be perfect can help us have an objective and rational evaluation to ourselves and then instruct us to reshape our personality. For example..

2. On the contrary, blindly refusing self-improvement can result in ignorance and arrogance. For example…

3. Admittedly, making self-improvement a primary goal would cause stress, anxiety, and pressure.

However, even though we have a little bit aware of pressure in front of us, people can not help but make themselves better.



64"Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it."
1. Many people know the effective methods to attain success. However, few know how to make use of these methods effectively. For example, students learning.
2. the required abilities for success is listed below: first, knowledge, especially in the specific field; second, emotion and social ability, how to make the best use of all factors.


92. "In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information."
Agree
1. Recognizing the limits of our knowledge and understanding can help us have a rational and objective evaluation to a specific academic area of professional field and then instruct us to acquire new facts and information and make more progress.

2. Overlooking the limits of our knowledge and understanding would result in ignorance and arrogance, which do severe harm to academic developments.

3. Acquiring new facts and information can accumulate our knowledge and then apply them to solve old and new problems.

4. If we underestimate new facts and information, we can not make contributions to innovations and discoveries.

5. both .. and .. are of the same important in any .. or ..


115."It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."
disagree
1. The speaker converted the cause and effect. Because we become aware of our progress, those logic , precise and careful measurement were brought out. For example…

2. By using such tools, we have reference points to indicate our progress and retreat. For example…social-political progress is less susceptible to objective measurement. For instance, progress in social welfare might be measured by the number of homeless people, incidence of domestic violence, or juvenile crime rate.  

3. Although now we possess precise measurement, we can not indicate how far we have advanced or retreated in any fields. For example, on a social level, our average well-being become better than ever before, while we are suffering some social problems which never existed before.

As for monitoring individual progress, the extent to which careful measurement and logical analysis of data are required depends on the specific fields.

[ 本帖最后由 lindor 于 2007-1-23 11:38 编辑 ]

kitty_yyUID: 2292666

这么快就发上来了……呵呵，赞啊~
我就是缺例子，没有例子就连思路都把握不准，到现在还有好多没写呢……
同呼唤例子……

lindorUID: 2290025

我除了例子。。还缺指导思想。。呜呜。挣扎着写作文去了。

askmeUID: 2264776

天下无G第二次作业 issue提纲


116 "With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society -- including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences -- will benefit greatly from international influences."
随着经济和通讯等领域的全球化，毫无疑问，社会的方方面面，包括教育、政治、艺术和科学，都将从这种国际化影响中获益非浅。
P: some aspects of society would benefit from international  influences,while others won't.  观点没问题
1. In the realm of education and the sciences, internaional influences have brought up unprecedented prosperity. 举几个例子比较好
2. As to politics, globalization impulse countries to learn from each other.
Undeveloped and developing countries are seeking for ways to enhance their strength through successful cases of other developed countries.
3. However, rapid growth of global networks leads to problems in the arts. diversity and originality of arts are threatened by mass international communications.
eg: the trend of assimilation in music and painting might impede the promotion of cultural characteristics.

170."The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people."
170． 一个富强的国家最有力的证明不是它的统治者、艺术家或者科学家，而是全体人民的福利
disagree.
oversimplify the criteria of a greate nation.
1.First, it fails to define "general welfare."
If the general welfare means money owned each person.
switzerland is the richest country in the world, with 648241 dollars per person. Yet it is hard to say switzerland is the greatest country in the world.  
If the general welfare means social well-being.
The government in Norway assure great social well-being, even a person never work, he can survive and get rid of hunger.
However, norway is not the greatest nation in the world.  分开定义很漂亮，不过好像离题了这一部分
2. the strength of a country should be considered comprehensively,including many aspects such as economy, military, diplomatism and so on. rules,artists,and scientists can make efforts to the greatness of their country,whoes achievememnts
can contribute to the development of the country.

197. "The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries."
197． 一个国家的生活质量提高和社会的安定是和其他所有国家的生活质量提高和社会安定密不可分的。
Agree. 分成科技的 经济的 社会问题的方面来说，都有世界性的问题。
1.The material progress of a country is influenced by material progresses of other countries.
2. Well-being of one country depends on the well-being of other countries in the world.
For example,911. 恐怖分子。Nuclear weapon.
3. even material progress and well-being can influence each other. A country of better well-being can ensure the material progress. Meanwhile, the material achievement can lift all people’s well-being. (走题了么。。) 这样写可以，不过要落脚到material & well-being 共同对一个国家的影响上。比方说，well-being影响material，material再影响一个国家。

11 "All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."
Agree
1. With the rapid spread of network and dramatic development of transportation, education has become more and more global.   It is necessary for the development of a global university, where people from different countries could collaborate with each other.
2. However, the speaker fails to define the world’s most persistent social problems.  each social problem appears to be different in different countries
3. on the other hand, though nearly all the social problems are persisting in every nation, some may be disasters in one nation while slight flaw in another. 漂亮

174."Laws should not be stationary and fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."
Disagree.
1. Admittedly, laws have flaws, and that is why almost every country has a large group to find flaws and then modify laws.
2. However, a certain measure of consistency, stability and predictability in our laws is required in order for us to understand our legal obligations and rights as we go about day-to-day business as a society. 这个放到第一段吧
3. Frequently modifying laws might not only make civilians confused but also frustrate executives, such as polices and lawyers.

178"It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds."
178． 控制、限制人们行为的法律很可能通过，但是立法不能改变人们的本性。法律也无法改变人们所思所想。
这一题没有好想法。。
1.  It is true that people are instinctive to free themselves from limitations of stark laws.
2. The objective of laws is to control people’s behavior, and then to avoid harmful actions to individuals and the whole society. For example, governments laid down several economy laws in order to remain an organized economical environment.
从人们的思想决定人们的行为，人民的行为很有可能是有害的，而人民的思想难以控制，所以只有通过法律通过限制人民的行为达到防止人们邪恶的思想导致的行为危害社会。然而法律无法阻止别人想什么，想法不构成犯罪。这样分析感觉顺一点。 但是走题了木有？
补充上法律和想法之类的关系

180."Many problems of modem society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."
Disagree.
1. The speaker failed to define “moral behavior”.
What problems caused by moral behavior? 例子。 。什么例子。。？ 比如：不孝顺、不礼貌是道德问题
2.The speaker assumes that laws have nothing to do with solving many problems of modern society.
Admittedly, laws cannot diminish criminal intention.
3.However, Laws and legal system, although cannot change people’s hearts and minds, can help to place limits on people’s behavior, therefore help to sharply reduce the rate of some society problems. Taking computer crime for example …
4. Until now, laws act as effective weapons to restrain evil behaviors and maintain peaceful society.
感觉这个提纲也写得不好。。主要是没有实际的有道德问题引起的社会问题。比如说论文剽窃？还有没有？
换个方向说，跟上一题一样，说人们的思想决定了人们的行为，而人们的思想千差万别，难以控制，甚至会引起了很多社会问题，比如比如。。。 然 只有通过法律限制行为才是最有效的。（怎么比较是最有效？），举例通过法律极大的帮助解决了啥啥社会问题？最后，表明我们现在只有一边resort to laws，and enhance people's moral 。
偏题了，再考虑
17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."
Disagree. Oversimplify the laws.
1. The speaker failed to classify the types of laws. 每次都记得定义，很好
2. Just and unjust might has different meanings by different people in different country, considering influence of diverse culture.
3. The concept of just and unjust might change as time passed by. In ancient china, people think …
4. To obey just laws seems easier than to disobey unjust laws.
　Women in Iraq has no right to go to school, while their counterparts in civilized nations would think it is quite reasonless. Unfortunately, Iraq women have no power to disobey and resist such laws, otherwise they would be killed.
貌似又偏了，你主要讲的是just law 和 unjust law的区别，而题目是不遵守是不是更important。这个你想想，也可以和我讨论一下。

29 "Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."
Disagree.
1. Admittedly, people are interested in private lives of celebrity. That’s why entertainment magazines always have great market. Some actors sell out their private news to increase their popularity. For example …, xu jinglei,
2. However, other public figures are not willing to lose their privacy, especially for politicians, who clearly know that scandal can destroy them.
3. Additionally, some people become famous under accidental conditions without expectation to lose their privacy.
although many public figures can not help but accept the fact that being famous will lose at least some of their privacy, they sincerely hope people can leave them alone and give them more private space.
不错

60 "The media—and society in general—mistakenly expect an individual to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group."
没想出来这个怎么发挥才好。。不懂题设的背景，或者说没有很好的实例给我分析。。公司大股东、工会代表。。。
1.It is common that people in a group share the same opinions with little bifurcation. In this case, it is easy and effective to get the points of a representative who can stand for the group.
2.However，in most cases, the views of representatives could not accurately deduce to that of the entire group.
3.This reminds us to keep discreet and qualified attitude to the speech of individuals when they speak on the behalf of groups.

103."The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives."
Disagree  跟日常生活相关的好处有些什么呢？
History is a treasure for many aspects of our society.
1.admittedly, to study history on the behalf of our daily lives can give us useful suggestions on work. for example...
2. however, the more important meaning of studying history is to assemble acknowledge and then make discoveries and conclude rules.
For example, commanders can learn from past wars to avoid mistakes happened before. for another example, scientists engaged in anthropology always resort to history. For example, researches on medicine history can help doctors to make medical advance to make people healthier and live longer.
studying ups and downs of the world economy, investor can forecast which industry is worthy to support.
完胜
74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
Disagree. Oversimplify the communication. It depends.
1. Language is an effective way to communicate. Since 5000 years ago, human beings have formed languages to express their opinions.
2. Admittedly这个词用得不合适 , with the growth of technology of photography, images now can present clearer meaning. However, as different people have different understanding to a certain image, language seems necessary and important. For example, a picture that …, some people think, other people think,
3. In case that audiences can not understand your speech, because of language obstacle such as the speaker’s main language is their foreign language, images can conduce comprehension greatly. Under such circumstances, Images accompanied with interpreter, is the most effective way to express speaker’s views.

109."The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves. "
Disagree.
1. Usually, the person in the ad is so perfect that almost every people hope to look like that person. Especially for those ladies who want to be thin and beautiful, they are likely to buy what the ads recommend. Xxxx 代言了什么什么。。被众多人追捧，提高了很大的销售量。
2. Admittedly, people would be encouraged by this sort of advertises, which could give consumers a hint that once you use this product, you have a chance to become better and better even possible to be the same as person appeared in TV. Then consumers hold a belief that they could be the person they like to be. I concede that the power of encouragement can exaggerate to a large scale and conduce to accomplish goals. To this point, when the company can afford very high payment to celebrities, hiring those beautiful and handsome persons to promote products can not only sells products but also helps people feel better.
3. However, the most essential part of a product lies in its quality. When consumers find out that the product is useless to them, they will feel being beguiled and no longer trust the product and the company. what’s worse, they will tell their friends not to buy that product because of low quality. If the target of executives in a company is high profits of products with a long life span, the reputation of its products is of great importance.
不仅如此还会harm society 迪豆的例子。
4. in conclusion, using celebrities who are healthy, beautiful or handsome, is effective way to improve products sale and give consumers hope. Yet this method should be adopted with cautious for the cost would be quite high and the quality of products should match the ads.
赞
161."'In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."
Disagree.
1.  the speaker failed to define hero.
A hero is the person who commits an act of remarkably bravery or who is admired for outstanding qualities or achievements.  Different people have different views of hero. Some people would think those people who are willing to help others without any repayment are heroes, while others would believe that only those big figures who have established a famous and prosperous company or who have led army to win a severe battle as a commander can be called as heroes. Since there are diverse opinions on the definition of hero….接不下去了。。汗死。。。。
2． As we known, no one could be 100 percent perfect. Heroes also can not avoid making mistake. It is true that intensive media coverage can reveal both positive and negative aspects of hero. Moreover, when a person was considered as a hero, his flaws would be magnified as much as possible. However, it is unfair to deny a hero by some scandal news. For example， Michael Jordan , who has been considered as a hero in basketball field for more than 10 years, although recently he was under many critics by gambling, is still admired by numerous boys for his excellent performance during his NBA life.
3． Media scrutiny not only can destroy fames of some public figures but also can enhance people’s reputation. For example, Bill Clinton confronted with the pressure of impeachment, for his sexy scandal disclosed and spread by newspapers and magazines, Whereas 谁谁的事迹被媒体报道了之后，reputation enhanced 。。。例子，呼唤例子。。
4． Exaggerate the influence of media. 把媒体妖魔化了？

215"The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time."
Disagree
1. With the rapid advancement of photography, people tend to be drowned in the ocean of visual images. Walking in the street, people can see numerous colorful posters almost everywhere. Especially in TV,…. Those images convey so affluent information to us that it is hard to digest each one.
2. admittedly，too many images could detract people‘s attention on a single issue. For example..
3. However, the speaker ignored the instinct curiosity of human beings and underestimated people’s capability to select information. People usually show extreme enthusiasm on what they are interested in. To find out the truth, people will collect useful information at their best, with the help of visual images, which can make issue clearer and provide extensive evidence. Eg: 某个退休老师，搜集永定河边一个庙的资料，花了10多年，搜集了很多旧报纸啊，照片啊等等，最终重现了当年的历史，政府还出钱建立了一个永定河的博物馆。。
4. 我还能说啥……

26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."
Disagree, balance
1. The speaker pointed out that although buildings are valuable for recording any society’s past, historic buildings should be replaced by modern purposes. However,（中间怎么接啊）It would be a disaster to destroy historic buildings without caution. (这个开头好奇怪。。)
With the population increased sharply, the demand of ground for erecting new buildings corresponding increased. To solve the controversy on preserving or dismantling old buildings should to assess the value of historic buildings at first.
2. The designs and structures of historic building usually are culturally significant.
For example: the old temples in china. For another example, Angkor Wat,  Those buildings, reflecting the spirit states of ancestors, and being an important part of the culture of one country, can give us vivid and straight impression on the past of a nation. They have become useful tools to study culture.
2. Moreover, many famous building are so often well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, and as documents of the history of the cultures, but also as achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produce them. For example, the pyramids in Egypt are among most famous pieces of architecture in the world. These pyramids, some of them are almost more than 100 meters high, was built without the use of cranes, pulleys, or lifting tackle, and archaeologists are still not certain how this was accomplished.
3. From what I analysis above, I can draw a conclusion that historic buildings are treasures of humanity, and deserved to preserve carefully, even though they are stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, for the feeling of modern planners, who might be irresponsible to the culture and to the future generation, could not represent that of all people, nor help to make correct decisions.


27"No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking."
Disagree. The speaker simplified the methods to success.
1. In contemporary society, innovation has become essential to success. For example…创新获得成功的例子？ IBM的PC机标准，Sony的创新销售策略。。。
2. However, conventional practices might be proved to be practical and effective under certain circumstances. In that case, people are possible to attain their goals by conventional methods. For example …
3. In the procedure of a project, sometimes we should combine innovative thoughts and conventional ways of thinking to accomplish our objects. For example..
呼唤例子……

84"In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field."
Disagree.
1. In most time, significant contributions are strongly influenced by past achievements within that field. For example… Mathematics is developed step by step.
2. But it is not always the case, sometime people can make great achievement without being influence by previous thoughts, especially those who bring out a new theory.
(example: Einstein’s relative theory, which exploit the new epoch of physics, is not influenced by the previous theories.)
3. Additionally, take zhang wuchang，one of the famous economists of china, for example, he didn’t attend any university for deep and systematic education. Although he is not quite good on academic economy, he wrote a report with far-reaching impact on Chinese economy by economical phenomenon in towns and countries for more than 10 years.

147."Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them."
1. Modernization means the state relating or belonging to the present period in history, whereas tradition is a long-established action or pattern of behavior in a group of people handed down from generation to generation. Under many circumstance, tradition and modernization are incompatible. For example….
2. However, modern trends are often derived from tradition. For example….
3. Additionally, in democracy country, people are open enough to accept latest fashionable behaviors, and it is free for most adults to choose traditional lifestyle or modern lifestyle, in contrast to some uncivilized countries where people must obey to tradition. For example, now many families have no intension to raise a child. Such phenomena would be seriously criticized before, while the contemporary society takes it for granted. 貌似咱们的逻辑顺序不一样，我觉得这一段应放在第二段

173."Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."
DISAGREE
The term of originality prefer to demonstrate the final states or results which depart from traditional or previous forms.  Thinking something never thought before and putting old ideas together in new ways both are the methods to create original things.
1. Thinking something that was never thought before is originality. For example, Einstein brought out a new theory of relativity, which was never thought by any other before.
2. Managing old ideas together in new ways is originality. For example …
3. Sometimes, original ideas accompany with old ideas can achieve significant contributions. For example…
4. in conclusion, both … and … can result in originality. both用得好，给自己很多话讲

188."Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and—, eventually, —to change it."
Agree with conservation. 不知道怎么写。。。没想法。。。
1. The ability to survive and change a new environment is quite essential to success. For example …
2. However, excelling in old environment also could lead to success. For example..
3.
比方说可以举刚到一个新地方，和适应环境之类的例子。

askmeUID: 2264776

217"In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions remain to be made."

Original: unique, unprecedented, special
Disagree. Must―― > is not necessary. 这个解释不错
1. Admittedly, studying the successful work of others can benefit scholars and scientists to produce successful original work, by finding out those contributions remain to be made. For example, in the realm of computer programming, many excellent operating systems such like Linux derive from but better than previous ones.
2. However, the fact is that many contributions are made mainly by individual efforts while others experience helped little. For example, Farady,  Such innovative progress ，例子。。
3. What’s worse, the person who study others achievements too much might be restricted with others’ ways of thinking, therefore inhibit to create unique works. 例子。。。 这些例子不好举就不应该提出这样的观点，观点无所谓，只是用来配合例子的。
4.  learning from others moderately can help people to accumulate acknowledge and find out remained values in that field. But it is not necessary to require every scholar and scientist to study from others accomplishments and find out what is remained to research, as the innovation to create original work doesn’t have a stable methods and learning from others excessively could even do harm to originality.


227"To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions."

这个提纲快写成全文了。等下再写完发出来。

238. "Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy."
Disagree
1. Conformity could damp individual creativity and energy. In ancient china, monarch forced populace to follow rules. In the field of science, conformity also does harm to individual innovation and passion.

2. However, in most cases, it is necessary for individuals to conform to principles of a group. For example, soldiers are always trained to be absolute conform. Citizens should conform to laws.

结论： Conformity is likely to cause a deadening of personal creativity and energy, while under some circumstances conformity is a necessary and effective choice.
这样字数不多，想想怎么把观点分解


25"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible."
Agree
1.Main people tend to complicate things or matters, so that the outsiders may not be able to understand what they are doing.  

2.to make things simple requires profound comprehension of the whole matter，the ability to discriminate essence from peripherals and ultimately refine the big and complex body of knowledge into principles.

3.It is relatively easier to pick out the facial differences between things than to dig out the underlying similarities.

4. It needs courage to make things as simple as possible because one would face the dazzling这个词精彩 amount of ideas, phenomenon, information, data and presumptions and should prepare for struggling for quite a long period. Additionally, one would always in risk of total lose since any new discovery that contrasts to the theory might nullify most of his/her efforts.



35"No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them”
Disagree. It depends.
1. Under some situations, compromise is more harmful than persevere. For example…  

2. In most cases, adhering to one’s beliefs can help people to attain their goals. For example… 正反论证，完满

3. However, compromise moderately according to requirements could benefit people. For example…

4. Those who are not willing to adapt to the changes outside and insist their beliefs would be considered out-dated and even be inhibited to make much more advancements.

5. whether compromising or persisting to one’s belief depends on particular situations.


62.”The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient."
Disagree
1. To accept that people are intrinsically deficient is a positive attitude. For example..

Realizing that we are not born to be perfect can help us have an objective and rational evaluation to ourselves and then instruct us to reshape our personality. For example..

2. On the contrary, blindly refusing self-improvement can result in ignorance and arrogance. For example…

3. Admittedly, making self-improvement a primary goal would cause stress, anxiety, and pressure.
除了例子，都很满意

However, even though we have a little bit aware of pressure in front of us, people can not help but make themselves better.



64"Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it."
1. Many people know the effective methods to attain success. However, few know how to make use of these methods effectively. For example, students learning.
2. the required abilities for success is listed below: first, knowledge, especially in the specific field; second, emotion and social ability, how to make the best use of all factors.
仔细考虑一下，我觉得没有切中主题

92. "In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information."
Agree
1. Recognizing the limits of our knowledge and understanding can help us have a rational and objective evaluation to a specific academic area of professional field and then instruct us to acquire new facts and information and make more progress.

2. Overlooking the limits of our knowledge and understanding would result in ignorance and arrogance, which do severe harm to academic developments.

3. Acquiring new facts and information can accumulate our knowledge and then apply them to solve old and new problems.

4. If we underestimate new facts and information, we can not make contributions to innovations and discoveries.

5. both .. and .. are of the same important in any .. or ..
完美

115."It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."
disagree
1. The speaker converted the cause and effect. Because we become aware of our progress, those logic , precise and careful measurement were brought out. For example…

2. By using such tools, we have reference points to indicate our progress and retreat. For example…social-political progress is less susceptible to objective measurement. For instance, progress in social welfare might be measured by the number of homeless people, incidence of domestic violence, or juvenile crime rate.  

3. Although now we possess precise measurement, we can not indicate how far we have advanced or retreated in any fields. For example, on a social level, our average well-being become better than ever before, while we are suffering some social problems which never existed before.

As for monitoring individual progress, the extent to which careful measurement and logical analysis of data are required depends on the specific fields.
嗯 可以