<aspire互改小组>NO.3提纲贴

kooyiiUID: 2177986

第一次作业(07.01.29)提纲:ISSUE31,43&56
ARG26&42
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------issue31-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."
花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。（现实和理想）
1.我们在研究中可以得到很多新的东西，to understand ourselves and the world around us,bring investor a huge profit（大把例子)
2.即使有时候研究失败了，after all ,they are of greater benefit in the short or long term（失败让我们知道了更多的不可行的路）
3.有些研究是meaningless的，在投资前必须要谨慎认真的对待
Position：基本支持部分反对。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------issue43-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."
一个政府官员要想成为一位有成效的领导者，必须有极高的伦理和道德修养。（政治类）
1.正直的品格跟道德修养是很重要的。（林肯）
2.事实上，道德高尚有时候会跟领导者的位置相冲突。
3.为了国家或社会利益，即使disobey了道德伦理，也是reasonable的（为了国家发动战争）。
3.过分的违反，只能是自取灭亡（必将背钉在历史的耻辱柱上，被后人所唾骂--希特勒）

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------issue56---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."（当务之急与百年大计）
政府应该把更多的精力放到解决眼前实际的问题中，而不要放到未来可能会产生的问题中
1.immediate problem肯定是很urgen的problem，要给与足够的focus。
2.however,一个不关心未来的政府，是一个没有目标没有生命力的政府，很容易失去人心。
3.emergencies 需要attention跟immediate activity,要prevent，就要有足够的关注跟相应的策略。
position:Both are important!

---------------------------------------------------------------------------argument26-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following appeared in a memo from the chairperson of the school board in the town of Saluda.
"For the past five years, Mr. Charles Schade has been the music director at Steel City High School, and during that time the school band from Steel City High has won three regional band competitions. In addition, the quality of the music rehearsal facilities and musical instruments at Steel City High has improved markedly over the past five years. Because of such successes at Steel City High, the Saluda school board should hire Mr. Schade to plan and direct the general music education programs for the entire Saluda school system."

1.设备得到改善，难道跟这家伙有关？那应该是学校的事~
2.过去5年他领导的乐队得了3次奖，谁知道这个学校以前怎么样？可能以前天天拿奖他来了后5年才拿3次。
3.这个学校以前有没有这个职位？是谁在做？有没有什么东西可以证明cs这个人可以做得更好的？
（从这个arg可以学到，如果你是领导者，想推荐一个自己人，应该怎么措辞才能骗到那帮委员会的人~）

----------------------------------------------------------------------------argument42-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.
"In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign."

1.两个地区的情况不同，paraterra这个地方是否适合开展生态旅游呢？有什么好的生态环境么？
2.BE的旅游局顾问，可能对广告完全没有感觉，为什么请他？他来了也未必了解我们的国情~
3.我们的经济发展迅速，没必要靠旅游来增加收入。想保护自己的天然资源，那就更不能增加旅游阿，人多了会破坏生态滴~
4.人家BE本来落后的经济，人均收入增加10%，可能只是在10的基础上加上1~如果是货币贬值通货膨胀之类的，可能反而少了~

kooyiiUID: 2177986

第二次提纲(07.01.30):ARG:48 141
                ISSUE:59 70 74
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ISSUE59---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."
人们用太多的精力来模仿他人。人们应该学会独立思考和行动，而不要照搬别人的东西，这样才能做出最适合他们的选择。
POSITION:strongly agree!although emphasizing role model have its advantage,people should have their own idea.
Outline：
1.每个都都有自己的情况，只有自己才最了解自己，西施效东施是不行的~自己的choices才是best choices！
2.过多模仿，只会让你失去originality，独立思考和行动，才能让你在人群中显得与众不同，independently的人可以soundly的build up自己的characters.
3.大家都模仿来模仿去，社会就不colorful啦~
4.让别人模仿你，才是最高境界！
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Issue74--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
和一大群人交流想法或者价值观的最有效方式是图像而非语言。
Position:因为题目说的是最有效方式，所以选择语言，否定原观点。
outline:
1.语言的交流是最convenient的，look through我们的日常生活，如果图像比语言更有效，为什么大家都不用图像来交流？(反证)
2.语言更agitative，更能引起resonance to the观众。Words are capable of arousing the strongest emotions and prompting all man's actions。（很难想象卡耐基的演讲用图像来表达吧？）
2.图像虽然可以更straight的变成我们的thinking(intuitionistic)，但是语言无疑more effective。image会inevitably cause more time and energy in communication（）
3.很多东西我们无法用图像来表达，比如character,比如future。语言则可以描述世间万物（like the word-"everything"，你用image表达试试看？)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ISSUE70---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"In any profession -- business, politics, education, government -- those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership." [05/18; 06/4]
在任何领域，商业、政治、教育、政府，掌权者都应该在5年任期后下台。对任何事业而言，取得成功最保险的途径就是聘用新生力量担当领导
position:whether the leader should step down is lie on how well he do in managing.
1.一个好的领导人需要maintain,而一个差劲的领导人则应该sespend and call off.
2.聘用一个new leader,就需要花一定的时间去适应他，容易引起confusion。
3.好的领导人对手下有更好的凝聚力，他more clarity about the process of enterprise's development.
4.老领导人有他的经验，这点是newleader不具备的。而且老领导人可以通过学习mordenest knowledge来improve the enterprise.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ARG48-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following appeared in a newspaper article published in the country of Corpora.
"Twenty years ago, one half of all citizens in Corpora met the standards for adequate physical fitness as then defined by the national advisory board on physical fitness. Today, the board says that only one quarter of all citizens are adequately fit and suggests that spending too much time using computers may be the reason. But since overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does."
1.20年前defined的标准，跟今天的标准很可能不一样。也许20年前的标准放在今天，每个人都很健康？
2.电脑的拥有量跟健康水平没有什么联系，电脑的使用时间才是关键，这点题目并没有给出。
3.用于健身和服务的花费低，可能还有其他原因导致，比如新出了个好玩的网游，大家都玩电脑去了~
4.经济复苏了，也不一定去健身；健身了，也不一定会更健康；

----------------------------------------------------------------------------ARG141------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally.
"Over the past year, the Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over one million square miles of land in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster, since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. But such disaster can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper until the company abandons its mining plans."
1.人家还是要做生意的，你不买他单，他肯定还会在这块地上下狠招，还是省省吧~
2.人家卖的是铜，你以为卖牛奶阿？普通消费者怎么知道手里的铜是哪个采矿公司的？（一般消费者也不会傻到去买块铜吧）
3.大家都说要抵制，大家都辨别得了就是3c公司的。但是人家就是卖得便宜，你觉得你的阶级兄弟有多少在利益面前坐怀不乱的？
4.就算抵制得了了，那个大个铜矿摆在那里，其他公司也肯定会过去抢的啦。

[ 本帖最后由 kooyii 于 2007-1-30 20:06 编辑 ]

kooyiiUID: 2177986

第三次提纲:ARG237,57/issue88,121,136
-------------------------------------------------------------------------argument237-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.
"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here."
1.作者没有用足够的证据说明是降低税率,提供补助金,提供设备优惠这些措施跟两个公司的迁来有关（有可能他们是因为有市场所以搬来的）
  No evident shows that the economy action lead to the coming of the two companies.
2.两个地方的情况不同,有可能BE狂降了N多,还是比DI的税率高.
   the arguer fail to consider the different condition between the two city.
3.D城的就业情况不知道，300只是一个数，作者没有给出相应的比例，有可能很少。
   300people is not a a large number if the population of DI is large.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------argument57-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following appeared in a newsletter on nutrition and health.
"Although the multimineral Zorba pill was designed as a simple dietary supplement, a study of first-time ulcer patients who took Zorba suggests that Zorba actually helps prevent ulcers. The study showed that only 25 percent of those ulcer patients who took Zorba under a doctor's direction developed new ulcers, compared to a 75 percent recurrence rate among ulcer patients who did not take Zorba. Clearly, then, Zorba will be highly effective in preventing recurrent ulcers and if health experts inform the general public of this fact, many first-time ulcers can be prevented as well."
1.这个survey没有给出两个组的具体请况，他们具体的身体情况，这样就不具备有可比性
2.没有给出两个组的调查人数。（很可能一边只有4个人）
3.论述中没有给出zorba这种药确实具备治疗ulcer的功效（一种药具备某种功效必须经过严谨的药物实验）
3.即使zorba真的能防止ulcer的复发，也不代表它可以预防first-time ulcers。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------issue88----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."
科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和道德规范。
position：有保留的赞成。
1.科技让我们的生活沟通更更加方便，它改变了我们每天的习惯，也让各地的风俗互相融入（以前在家里钓鱼，现在去马尔代夫晒太阳）
2.科技在道德伦理上提出了更多值得我们思考的东西，出现了很多科技犯罪工作者（比如克隆比如黑客比如网银大盗）
3.科技仅仅是影响了我们的风俗跟道德规范，但是没有起到决定性的作用，道德规范是不允许由科技决定的。（即使克隆出现，也没有改变我们的伦理道德）
Darwin natural selection
----------------------------------------------------------------------------issue121---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."
在过去不同的地质时期，很多物种的灭绝都是自然因素造成，而并非人类行为。所以，社会没有理由花费很大的人力物力去拯救濒临灭绝的物种。
Position：disagree！
1.in the geolgical past,many species beame extinct due to unavoidable catastrophes.but human's hunting,excessive industrialization on their formal living environment,toxic garbage in water and air are also a kind of  catastrophe and are not classified as natural factors.
2.Some may argue that it is needless to protect them since they are endangered and there are manymore properous species.but if each time one specie is endangered,we are engraved with such erroneous notion,there will be more and more species which become extinct this way.and the world then will be solely comprised of us human beings.our envitonment will be greatly endangered.no plants convert carbon dioxide into oxygen.no trees to hold soil in the mountains. no animals or herb to provide us with precious raw material for medicine;and much else,what world it is!
3.Further more,some of the species are invaluable in scientific researches dedicated to discovering the lows of the past and presaging what will be in the future.deprive of them,how can we draw those lows?
(上面这个提纲是猴哥里面的，还不错，写得比我好，就摘下来了)
4.物种的多样性（multiformity）是你正常生活的保证，其他物种灭绝了，蟑螂（cockroach）老鼠这种adamant的物种还在那，你就郁闷了~
-------------------------------------------------------------------------issue136--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."
没有选择的情况少之又少。
position：严重agree~很多时候，我们总是要face很多choice，
1.大家都是出来混的，每个人都有着平等的权利去选择，这些选择是根据你自己的情况定出来的。
2.当我们面对任何情况的时候，我们总是选择最suitable的choice。
3.很多时候，很多都都是blind to see the chance hidden behind no chioce。这不代表没有choice，只是需要时间跟知识来发掘这些choice。这就是差距！
4.do，or not do~选择本身也是一种选择~

kooyiiUID: 2177986

---------------------------------------------------------------------------argument1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products.
"Previous experience has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should therefore build our next new store in Plainsville, which has many such residents. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full.We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life'program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age."
1.没有什么证据说明喜欢当地热衷于运动，运动用品卖得好，跟这里的人会关心饮食健康有什么关系，也许当地人有一天突然发现他们很肥，减肥成为了时尚。
2.即使他们关心饮食健康，也不能说明一定会赢利。首先赢利是取决于成本的，而且作者也没有提及当地的营业情况，是否有相同的产品在竞争等等。
3.对未来的预见没有道理。没有证据表明这些人长大后会持续的关注健康，更没有理由说他们会成为产品的顾客群。物极必反，有可能这些孩子反而在大了之后更加不关注健康。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------argument3-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.The following appeared in a newspaper article about law firms in the
city of Megalopolis.
"In Megalopolis, the number of law school graduates who went to work for large, corporate firms declined by 15 percent over the last three years, whereas an increasing number of graduates took jobs at small, general practice firms. Even though large firms usually offer much higher salaries, law school graduates are choosing to work for the smaller firms most likely because they experience greater job satisfaction at smaller firms. In a survey of first-year students at a leading law school, most agreed with the statement that earning a high salary was less important to them than job satisfaction. This finding suggests that the large, corporate firms of Megalopolis will need to offer graduates more benefits and incentives and reduce the number of hours they must work."
1.没有证据表明就职人数减少代表了毕业生的选择意向，有可能大型事务所招的人少了，或者法学院的人少了，导致了数量的减少。题目没有提供大公司的需求。
2.对一年级法学院的调查并不能说明毕业生也是这么认为。大一思考不成熟，没有生活压力。
3.题目也没写所谓工作满意应该包括哪些。题目所说的提供更多福利等于加工资，减少工作时间等于单位时间的工资额增加。其实都是变相的加工资啊~

-------------------------------------------------------------------------argument4---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site.
"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town-Adams Realty and Fitch Realty-Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue  last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams."
1.没有证据说经纪人的数目，房产的收入跟这两个房地产商是否优秀有什么关系。对优秀没有一个标准。有可能人多了，工资高，收取中介费也高~也有可能人多了，效率反而低了~
2.作者拿两个公司卖的房价做比较，来说明哪个公司可以卖得更好，这是不对的。因为可能ADAMS卖的是豪华房，而Fitch卖的是经济适用房
3.作者脑子很乱，把十年前卖的房的时间跟去年卖的房的时间作对比，说明Adams卖得快，而这两个明显是没有可比性的。首先是时间上已经过去了十年，而且也没有说卖的是什么房，在哪卖，卖多少钱~

------------------------------------------------------------------------argument5---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.The following appeared in the business section of a newspaper.
"Given that the number of people in our country with some form of arthritis is expected to rise from 40 million to 60 million over the next twenty years, pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for the treatment of arthritis should be very profitable. Many analysts believe that in ten years Becton Pharmaceuticals, which makes Xenon, the best-selling drug treatment for arthritis, will be the most profitable pharmaceutical company. But the patent on Xenon expires in three years, and other companies will then be able to produce a cheaper version of the drug. Thus, it is more likely that in ten years the most profitable pharmaceutical company will be Perkins Pharmaceuticals, maker of a new drug called Xylan, which clinical studies show is preferred over Xenon by seven out of ten patients suffering from the most extreme cases of arthritis."
1.只说了XY在最严重的关节炎患者中10个有7个倾向，这并不能代表在大多数人的选择中，人们会选择XY，而不是X。如果在一般关节炎上X更有效，那人们还是会选择X。
2.文章没有说明XY跟X的成本问题，有可能XY很贵，而X由于竞争，他的药很便宜，仍然在市场占有很大份额。
3．当BE公司意识到强有力竞争的出现时，他们完全可能推出新药来获取更大的利润.而且可能有新的公司产生来影响市场.

------------------------------------------------------------------------argument6---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe.
"A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, our
proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe, and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight. Finally, a nationwide study ndicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment. It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money."
1.作者没有提供证据表明这个地方确实是一个可以赢利的地方,而且作者应该说明这个地方之前为什么没有建俱乐部,有可能正是这个地方发展不起来,才至今没有俱乐部.
2.作者论证爵士乐在当地很流行,原因是1.去年10万人参加了当地的音乐会.2.很多知名爵士家住在当地3.爵士节目获好评。但是作者确忽略了，10万人很可能都是来自外地；爵士家住的地方不一定是流行的地方（人家躲狗仔队也不容易，或许不流行才是他们住在当地的理由）；
但是作者假设喜欢爵士乐的人都会去俱乐部，这就不对啦~
3.没有说“典型”爵士迷花了1000元都花哪里了，很可能都不是花在俱乐部上，而是用于购买CD，听音乐会等。7
-------------------------------------------------------------------------argument8--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following appeared in a memorandum issued by the strategic planning
department at Omni Inc.
"Mesa Foods, a manufacturer of snack foods that currently markets its products within a relatively small region of the country, has strong growth potential. Mesa enjoyed a 20 percent increase in profits last year, and its best-selling product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of the past three years. Since Omni Inc. is interested in reaching 14-to-25 year olds, the age group that consumes the most snack food, we should buy Mesa Foods, and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the country."
1.利润上升了20%.....有可能之前一直只赢利了10块钱，现在赢利12块。
2.有可能DI salsa销量增加，而该公司的其他产品滞销，这样收购后反而会对企业造成负担。在收购后两家公司是否能很好的融合在一起，也是一个疑问。
3.该地区的salsa销量好，可能是它刚好符合当地人的口味，很难知道这东东在其他地方是不是也会受到欢迎。
4.没有说涉足快餐业是否对OL公司赢得该客户群又什么帮助？而且也没有证据表明MESA的客户群是针对14-25的，有可能是很小的小孩，后者比较大的大人。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------argument9--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9.The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University.
"Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent. Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors."
1.没有证据表明学生的成绩上升跟学生对教授评价有什么直接关系。有可能是当年的学生招生水平提高了（或者那个学校进行恶心的教学评估什么的，让老师故意给学生一个高分）因为评价工程就是为了提高教学水平，而那以后，老师更加专心的讲课
2.没有足够的证据说明雇主确实认为分数虚高了
3.O大学的毕业生没A大学好找工作，原因有很多，比如本来的差距，或者A大学近年来教学水平大幅上升，没有证据说明是评估导致的.
4.说为了让学生找到工作而停止评估也是很荒谬的。学生能否找到工作跟自身有关，跟就业形势有关