【Persistence 小组】第四次提纲作业

欣馨之火UID: 2183210

A提纲：
216. The following appeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement.
"Because of its spectacular natural beauty and consistent climate, Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a
place to retire. As a bonus, housing costs in Clearview have fallen significantly during the past year, and real estate taxes
remain lower than those in neighboring towns. Nevertheless, Clearview's mayor promises many new programs to improve schools,
streets, and public services. Retirees in Clearview can also expect excellent health care as they grow older, since the
number of physicians in the area is far greater than the national average."

论断：
Clearview是选择退休地点时的首选。
前提：
作者似乎直接用证据证明Clearview是个选择退休的好地方，没有拐弯的前提。
驳论：
1. C风景秀丽，气候稳定。这条件，吸引观光游客还凑合，快退休的老人嘛，可不一定都在乎这个。这时候的人，估计心理上的需求会更多一
点。比如，有一大帮子朋友陪着玩啊，最好亲人也在身边什么的。
2. 房价在过去的一年里明显降低。这不明显诱惑人嘛，慢点儿！如果基数，也就是本身房价就很高，谁还受得了？（真看不出如果从每平米2
万降到每平米1万5对俺们这些穷人来说有什么区别？）
3. 房产税比周边几个城镇都低。嘿嘿，很危险哦，一般房产税低的，都是什么鸟不生蛋的地方，经济落后，社会问题也许会多，这咋个让都要
退休的老年人放心哦？
4. 市长承诺了很多类似于促进学校、街道和公众服务的新计划。这玩意儿有没有谱还两说呢，即便有谱，这似乎不是快退休的和已经退休的老
年人最关心的事情吧？
5. 医生很多，比全国平均数多老大了。（天啦，中国人口还最多呢，有用吗？）拜托，医生再多，也得看水平啊，如果一大堆庸医的话，我看
不如自己找自己治疗。实在不能让人放心啊。
结论：
还用说嘛？C不是个天堂，选择去那儿退休可千万慎重啊！
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174. The following recommendation was made by the president and administrative staff of Grove College, a private institution,
to the college's governing committee.
"We recommend that Grove College preserve its century-old tradition of all-female education rather than admit men into its
programs. It is true that a majority of faculty members voted in favor of coeducation, arguing that it would encourage more
students to apply to Grove. But eighty percent of the students responding to a survey conducted by the student government
wanted the school to remain all female, and over half of the alumni who answered a separate survey also opposed coeducation.
Keeping the college all-female, therefore, will improve morale among students and convince alumni to keep supporting the
college financially."

论断：
保持G校的全女生风格，这样能提高学生的士气，也能确保校友们继续提供资金赞助。
前提：
联合教育学生士气就会降低，校友就不会继续捐款。
驳论：
对于前提的前半部分：
1. 学生会的survey只是说反对，又没说真正联合教育了，自己就没心思学习了。再者说了，这个survey的可信度有多高还不确定，让女孩子明
目张胆的说想让男孩子来学校，害羞啦！那些更害羞的，估计连respond都不敢，这survey能信吗？
2. 对于校友的那个survey，还是代表度的问题。这个好说。即便承认其有代表性，这些反对的人不见得都是有能力捐款的人啊，要是那些有钱
的校友们正好支持联合呢？嘿嘿，这不麻烦啦？
另外，对于其他论据：
3. 教职工都支持联合，这要保持全女生，学生的士气怎么样咱不知道，教员的士气倒是很大可能降低呢，这学校还有法搞吗？
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220. The following appeared in an article in a magazine for writers.
"A recent study showed that in describing a typical day's conversation, people make an average of 23 references to watching
television and only 1 reference to reading fiction. This result suggests that, compared with the television industry, the
publishing and bookselling industries are likely to decline in profitability. Therefore, people who wish to have careers as
writers should acquire training and experience in writing for television rather than for print media."

论断：
想成为作家的人最好都接受和电视写作相关的训练和拥有相关经历，这比为印刷媒体要好。
前提：
为印刷媒体写赚不了什么钱，为电视写能赚很多钱。
驳论：
1. 有证据表明印刷出版业利润在下降吗？没有啊！
2. 作者的证据：调查显示，日常交流中，人们引用电视和小说的比例23：1。这数字看起来蛮有说服力，实际上呢？
（1）首先这个调查只说了小说，印刷出版业可不只有小说啊
（2）其次，电视节目比较大众化，内容覆盖面广，大家当然谈得多啊。读书等则是关起门来，个人行为居多，不容易在交流中跟人谈到。所以
，23：1的数字对于两个行业利润来说，什么业说明不了
3. 即便电视比印刷业流行，也不表明电视比印刷更赚钱啊。我写本书收个版权费没准比为n个电视节目写东东还多呢？再说了，俺的东西要真
写得好，没准儿还能被改编成电视剧，还能从电视那儿赚一笔。谁说俺利润低啦？hiahia
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167. A folk remedy* for insomnia, the scent in lavender flowers, has now been proved effective. In a recent study, 30
volunteers with chronic insomnia slept each night for three weeks on lavender-scented pillows in a controlled room where
their sleep was monitored. During the first week, volunteers continued to take their usual sleeping medication. They slept
soundly but wakened feeling tired. During the second week, the volunteers discontinued their medication. As a result, they
slept less soundly than the previous week and felt even more tired. During the third week, the volunteers slept longer and
more soundly than in the previous two weeks. This shows that over a short period of time lavender cures insomnia.
*A folk remedy is usually a plant-based form of treatment common to traditional forms of medicine, ones that developed before
the advent of modern medical services and technology.

论断：
民间偏方，也就是lavender flowers的香味，被证明治疗失眠有效。
前提：
没有前提，直接用一个最近的实验研究来说明的。
驳论：
1. 老一套，研究的代表度。谁能说这30个慢性失眠症患者能代表所有失眠症患者呢？而且，研究时间才3个星期呢！
2. 看看这个实验吧：
（1）首先，我就没看出来，睡得死不死和醒来后感觉累不累以及睡的时间长短，跟对失眠的研究有关系吗？失眠，难道不是说无法入睡？实验
提到的，不都是睡着以后的一些现象？
（2）其次，这个实验很孤立，没有对比啊。一直都是在有花香的情况下进行，还不知道没有花香的效果如何呢！
（3）再次，要证明花香对治疗的作用，那么其他影响睡眠的因素应该保持一致。实验的三个星期，有其他影响睡眠的因素吗？没说！
（4）另外，分析实验结果本身。第二星期没像第一星期那样吃平常用的安眠药，结果睡得没那么死，感觉更累。这能说明什么？lavender一直
都在的，反倒是安眠药变化了，这最多能说，第一周的安眠药不见得有效什么的。
（5）最后，第三个星期睡得更长更死。也原因很多呢！不一定跟花香有关。有可能适应了实验环境、适应了那个lavender枕头，反正没有给出
说明啦，我随便怎么说，它都足够让人怀疑。
（这个实验结果本身的分析好像还有点麻烦呢！完了，智力下降？）
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141. The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally.
"Over the past year, the Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over one million square miles of land in the
tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster,
since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. But such disaster can be prevented if consumers simply
refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper until the company abandons its mining plans."

论断：
大家拒绝用CCC公司的铜做成的相关产品，直到它放弃它的采掘计划为止，这样能避免环境灾难。
前提：
拒用产品能阻止采掘计划，且采掘计划必然引起环境灾难。
驳论：
1. 拒用产品能阻止采掘计划吗？不确定吧？CCC是制铜公司，它转移市场不就完了吗？它又不直接面对消费者。
2. 采掘必然引起环境灾难：
（1）CCC买下的那一百万平方英里的地区，正好在濒危动物保护区吗？没说！所以，值得怀疑
（2）怎么知道CCC公司没有采取什么保护措施呢？这点也没说。乱给别人扣帽子！
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I提纲（也是抄的，然后自己对比想了一下，还需要努力啊！）：
94. "Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because
acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated."

Agree (or Balance? consider the word "every students"):
(以下是抄的)
1. True education amounts to far more than gaining the knowledge and ability to excel in one's major course of study and in
one's professional life.
2. Becoming turly educated also requires sufficient mastery of one academic area to permit a student to contribute
meaningfully to society later in life.
3. Nevertheless, the call for a broad educational experience as the path to becoming truly educated comes with one important
caveat--in the pursuit of true education students must be careful not to become a dilettante.
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80. "All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science."

Agree:
(我找不到什么跟science来对应的，sociology? philosophy? (国外还phd呢)，结果参看北美范文，居然他用humanity来对应的！)
(以下是抄的)
Taking courses in the sciences benefits not only students in the sciences but also students in humanities.
1. The research methods in the sciences can be applied to the studies of humanities.
2. Students of humanities and social sciences may bring fresh and constructive perspectives and viewpoints to natural science
classes.
3. Some knowledge of the sciences is a must for everyone living in an age in which sciences and technology play a dominant
role.
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67. "Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a
balanced, well-rounded education."

Agree:
(以下是抄的)
1. College today tend to isolate students from society.
2. However, we should realize that participanting in social activities may actually contribute to their academic work.
3. To train qualified citizens for society, colleges should arrange for public-service activities to increase student's sense
of social responsibility.
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158. The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to students' education and should therefore receive as
much emphasis as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects."

Agree:
(以下是抄的)
1. Arts will ignite the sparks of human minds, and will spur us to quarry the beauty of the nature.
2. On the other hand, mainstream subjects can help students to form critical logical mind that is crucial for making a
disinterest decision.
3. It is an effictive way to improve the learning efficiency by introducing the arts to the science and engineering students.
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34. "Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines—that is, courses ranging from the arts and
the humanities to the physical and biological sciences—colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in
those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's
increasingly work-oriented society."

Disagree (or maybe Balance?):
(以下是抄的)
1. To begin with, schools should attach enough importance to courses that can help students prepare for jobs in their chosen
fields.
2. However, work-oriented courses is never incompatible with other courses such as arts, humanities and the like, which play
an important role in one career success.
3. Inter-disciplinary study is crucial for the improvement of either discipline.
4. Though courses of a wide range of disciplines should be made compulsory, sufficient freedom should be granted to students.
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