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[英语] 上下文逻辑关系分析在完型填空中的作用zt [复制链接]

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发表于 2007-5-16 02:16:42 |显示全部楼层
考研英语中的完型填空(2001年起更名为英语知识运用,为方便起见,以下仍沿用旧称)实际上并没有很多考生想象的那样难——2001年的完型填空是自1994年以来题型发生较大变化的第一年,难免剑走偏锋,难度偏大不足为奇,该套完型考题对于法律常识和相关背景知识的过高要求使得很多考生萌生了在备考中乃至考场上放弃完型填空的想法,其实大可不必。在02、03连续两年的调整后,考研完型填空的命题路数已逐渐步上正轨,04年和05年的两套最新题就很好地体现了这一趋势,本文的目的就是通过对这两套题的点评和分析,帮助同学们掌握短期内提高完型填空正确率的不二法门——上下文逻辑关系分析法。

  完型填空中的20个空格并非孤立存在,作为标准化考试,命题者必须通过上下文体现出的某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性,而这种线索又可大致分为三类:一、文章的中心思想;二、上下句间的逻辑关系;三、空格所在句对正确答案词义和用法搭配的要求。如在解题时只利用第三类线索,无异只见树木,不见森林,当然难以斩获高分。事实上前两类线索也可以帮助我们解出为数不少的题目,视而不见,如同暴殄天物,怎不令人扼腕痛惜!

先分析04年完型填空真题:
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 24 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, 25 as a rejection of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 28 to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 30 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 31 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 32 lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also33 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 34, children are likely to have less supervision at home 35 was common in the traditional family 36. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 37 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 39 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
The god said you will get everything you want, but you should pay for it.

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发表于 2007-5-16 02:17:58 |显示全部楼层
21. A)acting B)relying C)centering D)cementing
22. A)before B)unless C)until D)because
23. A)interactions B)assimilation C)cooperation D)consultation
24. A)return B)reply C)reference D)response
25. A)or B)but rather C)but D)or else
26. A)considering B)ignoring C)highlighting D)discarding
27. A)on B)in C)for D)with
28. A)immune B)resistant C)sensitive D)subject
29. A)affect B)reduce C)chock D)reflect
30. A)point B)lead C)come D)amount
31. A)in general B)on average C)by contrast D)at length
32. A)case B)short C)turn D)essence
33. A)survived B)noticed C)undertaken D)experienced
34. A)contrarily B)consequently C)similarly D)simultaneously
35. A)than B)that C)which D)as
36. A)system B)structure C)concept D)heritage
37. A)assessable B)identifiable C)negligible D)incredible
38. A)expense B)restriction C)allocation D)availability
39. A)incidence B)awareness C)exposure D)popularity
40. A)provided B)since C)although D)supposing

  作为一篇社会科学议论文,文章首句开宗明义,以“focus either on…or on…”的结构指出关于青少年犯罪原因的理论不外乎两种:侧重于分析个人因素和侧重于分析社会因素。接下来的两句话进行分述,结构对应十分工整,逻辑关系也非常清晰——由于本段末句说“Theories focusing on…”,所以空格21当中应当填入与focus构成正关系的词。选项中显然只有centering能够胜任,center本义为“中心”(名词),引申为动词“集中或聚焦”,是focus的同义词。

 空格22前面说孩子们参与犯罪行为,空格后面说他们没有由于之前的恶劣行为受到足够的惩罚,空格前后显然构成因果的逻辑关系,故选because。

  空格24前面说孩子们犯罪,空格后面说他们没能达到更高的社会经济地位,空格前后仍然构成因果的逻辑关系。实际上in 24 to与上句中because位置对应,含义对等,属于同义复现。四个选项中只有response可以指“反应”,英文释义如下:act or feeling produced in answer to a stimulus; reaction,in response to即表示因果关系,正确。

  空格25前面说青少年没能达到更高的社会经济地位,空格后面说他们摒弃中产阶级价值观,两者意义相近,构成正关系,而其他选项but rather、but、or else都表示转折关系,只有选项or(或者)可以满足该关系,事实上or亦常作“或者说”解,引导同位语或者连接一对同义词。

  空格26前面说大多数关于青少年犯罪的理论侧重于分析来自贫困家庭的孩子,空格后面说来自富裕家庭的孩子同样也会犯罪,前后显然构成转折的逻辑关系,于是空格中应该填入上句中focus on的反义词,ignore(忽视)正确。discard(丢弃)不可以和宾语fact搭配。consider(考虑)和highlight(强调,突出)的意思与句意要求恰好相反。

  空格27前面说富裕家庭的孩子犯罪,空格后面说缺乏足够的父母管教,前后构成因果的逻辑关系。for可以表示因果关系,实际上for lack of(由于缺乏……)也是习惯的搭配。故for正确。

 空格28所在句中出现了典型的and结构,两端连接的成分应该构成正关系。and前面的tentative表“试验性的,尝试的”,而试验性的理论当然不完善,容易受到批评,表示“容易受到……的”的词组是be subject to,故subject正确。本题较具迷惑性的是sensitive,be sensitive to义为敏感的,也有“容易受到……伤害的”义,但本题并不强调“受到伤害”,故sensitive错。be immune to义为“not affected by, not susceptible to”,即“不受……影响”,与句意恰好相反。be resistant to表“对……有抵抗力的”,亦与句意相反。
空格30前面说经济的变化,空格后面说青少年更少的工作机会,前后应构成因果的逻辑关系。选项中只有lead to“导致”可以表示因果关系。

  空格34前面说越来越多的家庭由(小孩和)单亲或双职工构成,空格后面说孩子们可能受到较少的父母管教,前后构成因果的逻辑关系,consequently“结果,因此”正确。

  空格36的解出实际上也体现了逻辑关系的分析,前文提到现代家庭的构成,这实际上就是一种家庭“结构”。实际上第三段首句就指出社会“结构”的变化影响青少年犯罪,所以本题属于同义复现,structure正确。

  空格38应表达毒品和酒精对于青少年犯罪的正面影响,而restriction(限制、约束)只能减少犯罪,allocation(分配)不合乎实际情况,只能是availability(可获得性)正确:容易得到更多的毒品和酒精当然会造成犯罪的增长。

  空格39应表达虐待孩子和忽视孩子对于青少年犯罪的正面影响,而对于虐待孩子和忽视孩子的增长的awareness(意识)和exposure(曝光)只能减少犯罪,正确答案为incidence(发生率),这些事情增长的发生率当然会造成更多犯罪。

  空格40前面说所有这些上述状况都倾向于增加孩子犯罪的可能性,空格后面说直接的因果关系尚未被确立,前后显然构成转折让步的逻辑关系,所以although正确。
04年完型填空的20道题目中竟有13题与逻辑关系的分析有关,这种解题思路的重要性可见一斑。
The god said you will get everything you want, but you should pay for it.

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发表于 2007-5-16 02:18:37 |显示全部楼层
我们再来分析05年完型填空真题:
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact 5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million.

Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough.

The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

1. A) although B) as C) but D) while
2. A) above B) unlike C) excluding D) besides
3. A) limited B) committed C) dedicated D) confined
4. A) catching B) ignoring C) missing D) tracking
5. A) anyway B) though C) instead D) therefore
6. A) even if B) if only C) only if D) as if
7. A) distinguishing B) discovering C) determining D) detecting
8. A) diluted B) dissolved C) dispersed D) diffused
9. A) when B) since C) for D) whereas
10. A) unusual B) particular C) unique D) typical
11. A) signs B) stimuli C) messages D) impulses
12. A) at first B) at all C) at large D) at times
13. A) subjected B) left C) drawn D) exposed
14. A) ineffective B) incompetent C) inefficient D) insufficient
15. A) introduce B) summon C) trigger D) create
16. A) still B) also C) otherwise D) nevertheless
17. A) sure B) sick C) aware D) tired
18. A) tolerate B) repel C) neglect D) notice
19. A) available B) reliable C) identifiable D) suitable
20. A) similar to B) such as C) along with D)aside from

  作为一篇科普说明文,文章首句开门见山地提出了全文主旨:人类的鼻子被低估了。可以先解空格2,该空格后面说人类是直立的,而这显然是不同于动物的,要选带有否定意义的词,故选unlike。
空格1前面说人们通常认为人类的嗅觉比动物不敏感,空格后面说这很大程度上是由于人类直立(不同于动物),前后显然构成“但是”的强转折逻辑关系,故选but。although和while(尽管,虽然)表让步的逻辑关系,故排除。

  空格4所在句用逗号连接两个并列的动宾结构,前后应构成正关系,逗号前面说人类的鼻子只能感知飘浮于空气中的气味(perceiving those smells which float through the air),逗号后面说____大部分贴在地表的气味(the majority of smells which stick to surfaces),两个宾语彼此对立,所以空格所填词应当和“感知”(perceive)构成反关系,故排除catch(捕获,发觉)和track(跟踪,追踪),而ignore表有意不理睬或忽视,与文意不符,故选miss(错过,遗漏)。

  空格5前面主要谈论“人类的嗅觉不敏感”的观点,空格后面却话锋一转说:我们实际上对嗅觉极其敏感,显然前后构成转折的逻辑关系,选项中只有though(然而)满足此关系,需要注意though此处的词性为副词而非连词。

  空格6前面说我们对嗅觉极其敏感,空格后说我们通常没有意识到这一点,前后再次构成转折让步的逻辑关系,故选even if(即使)。

  空格9前面说一些人发现他们可以嗅出一种花香而无法嗅出另一种,空格后说另一些人对两种花香同样敏感,前后显然构成对比转折的逻辑关系,whereas(然而,而)此处相当于but in contrast或while,可以满足该关系,故选whereas。

  空格12的解答过程应采取如下思路:首先推断出空格后的大致意思表示“如果人能经常闻到某种特定气味也会突然对其变得敏感”,然后根据空格修饰“人们对于某种特定气味不敏感”可以判断空格应与“often enough”构成反关系,选项中只有“at first”(起先,最初)能够满足要求——“起先,最初”当然与“经常”构成对立关系。

  空格15前面出现了but,表示转折。前面的分句说“使所有的接受器始终处于工作状态是低效的”,空格所填词一定要与“所有的接受器始终工作”构成反关系,即“不让所有的接受器一直工作,而是在需要的情况下,使某些接受器从不工作的状态转为工作的状态”,故选“trigger”(触发),应排除“introduce”(引入)和“create”(创造),这两个词都表示“使某些接受器从不存在到存在”,与题意不符。

  空格16前面的This指代段首的“The explanation for insensitivity to smell”,而该explanation已经解释了为什么人们对某种特定气味起初不敏感却可以在足够经常地接触该气味后突然对其敏感起来,空格16后面说该explanation解释了为什么我们通常对自己的气味不敏感——这是另一个现象,所以空格应该填入“also”(也),表并列的逻辑关系。

  空格17所在句为对前句的进一步解释说明,前句说“not usually sensitive to our own smells”,本句说“not ____ of the usual smell of our own house”,显然“own smells”(自己的气味)和“the usual smell of our own house”(自己房间的通常气味)构成正关系,所以空格应当填入“sensitive”的同义词,选项中只有aware构成“be aware of”的搭配时表“意识到,发觉”,可以和“敏感”构成正关系,“be sick of”和“be tired of”(均表厌倦的)均与句意相反。

  空格18后面的“new smells when we visit someone else’s”(别人房间的新气味)显然与“the usual smell of our own house”(自己房间的通常气味)构成负关系,且与前面分句以but构成转折关系,故空格所填词一定要与“not aware”构成负关系,即与“aware”构成正关系,选项中只有notice满足要求,tolerate和repel与句意无关,neglect与句意相反。

  空格20前面说“unfamiliar and emergency signals”(陌生和紧急情况的信号)为概括性描述,空格后面“the smell of smoke”为具体例子之一,所填词要能够表示举例的逻辑关系,只有“such as”(例如)能够满足要求。

  真题分析至此告一段落,05年完型填空的20道题目中有12题与逻辑关系的分析有关,两套最新真题中与逻辑关系分析有关的题目比例竟然高达62.5%——数据有力地证明了这种解题思路的重要性。
The god said you will get everything you want, but you should pay for it.

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Sagittarius射手座 荣誉版主

发表于 2007-5-18 13:41:59 |显示全部楼层
辛苦了~~UP:rolleyes:


那 些 允 许 被 任 性 的 年 代 ,叫 做 青 春 。

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RE: 上下文逻辑关系分析在完型填空中的作用zt [修改]
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