新托福阅读满分解题密码系列——summary题型（二）

祁大山UID: 2347929

第一讲  题型一（SUMMARY）

第二节  掌握主旨的的第一种方法

常用法——分析段落结构找主题句

      小学语文老师让我们概括主旨之前，都要分析一下段落结构。如果是“总分”结构，那么首句就是段落主题句（Topic Sentence）。反之，如果是“分总”结构，则末句是主题句。
      我们在学英语的时候，一直缺少这种正确的学习方法，所以我们已经习惯于把每一个单词和每一句话都翻译出来，但是却很少有意识的把握段落主题句。
常见的段落结构有如下六大类：（1）总分；（2）总分总（由总分演变而成）；（3）分总；（4）分总分（由分总演变而成）；（5）对比；（6）并列。其中，前四种段落结构都存在主题句和支持句之分。而后两种结构中可能不存在主题句，其段落内部会分成若干个势均力敌的部分，只不过对比结构段落的两部分之间方向相反，而并列结构段落的各部分之间方向相同。
之所以叫“常用法”是因为大多数段落的结构都符合上述六种结构中的某一种，所以可以供我们概括出大多数段落的主旨。但是，在这六种结构中，最常见的是总分（总分总）结构段落，因为美国人还是喜欢把最重要的东西放在前面来说。其次是分总（分总分）结构。至于对比和并列结构的段落，由于很罕见，所以在这里就暂时忽略了。
一、总分结构
总分结构的主题句一般为首句（如果首句结束后，第二句话存在转折关系，那么主题句就是第二句）。最常见的总分段落的标志就是第二句话前面出现“for example/instance”等举例关系词。如果总分结构段落最后再加一个总结句，就是总分总结构。这种段落结构约占70%。

THE ART OF THEATER

SECTION A
The means by which an art form presents its message is referred to as the medium. Thus，sound produced by instruments or human voices is the medium of music. Paint on canvas or paper is the medium of painting. For literature，the medium is written language. For theater, it is a story performed by actors on a stage.

SECTION B
Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays，like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel，a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finished work；it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of the play--the scenery, lighting，and costumes--will affect the performance, and so will the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the play’s effect on the audience.

SECTION C
The basic encounter in theater is between the performers and the audience. This is a special type of encounter because the performers are playing other people，characters. Moreover, the characters are part of a human story that has been written by a dramatist. This combination of elements distinguishes theater from other art forms.

SECTION D
Theater has several other distinctive characteristics. First，the subject matter of theater is always human beings. Second, theater is universal--there is an impulse toward creating theater in all societies. Third, theater is transitory in nature——a play is an event that occurs through time. Finally, theater is set apart by its basic elements：audience，performers, director, dramatist，purpose，viewpoint，and setting.

SECTION E
Human beings and human concerns are always the subject matter of drama, even when the performers play animals，objcects，or abstract ideas. In the medieval play Everyman, some of the roles are abstract ideas such as Beauty, Knowledge, and Strength. The central character is Everyman，a human character, and the subject is death arriving before we want it to come—a theme that is universal to humans. The focus of drama is on human beings, even though different human concerns have been emphasized in difierent plays.

SECTION F
In view of the human-centered quality of theater, it is not surprising that the impulse toward theater is universal. The urge to create drama has existed wherever human society has developed：in Europe，Asia，Africa，Australia，and the Americas. In every culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists，we find rituals，ceremonies，and celebrations that include elements of theater. At various times，these ceremonies and stories  developed into a separate realm of theater. In Greece，a fully developed theater emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India，theater became well-established around 2,000 years ago. Wherever theater has become a separate art form，it has had certain essential qualities：a story—tne play—is presented by one group—the performers—to another group—the audience.

SECTION G
One special quality of a theater performance is its immediacy. In the theater we live in the perpetual present tense. Theater is a transitory art. A performance changes from moment to moment，and each moment is a direct，immediate adventure for the audience. The transitory nature of theater is a quality it shares with music and dance, and sets it apart from literature and the visual arts. A novel or a painting is a fixed object；it exists as a finished product. The performing arts，on the other hand, are not objects but events. Theater occurs through time；it is an experience created by a series of sights，sounds，and impressions.

A	Theater is a form of literature because we can read plays in books.	D	The tendency toward creating theater occurs in all human societies.
B	Theater requires a human story, performers，and an audience.	E	Theater developed as a separate art very early in Greece and India.
C	An actor must change his voice to play certain characters.	F	Each theater performance is an immediate yet transitory experience.

    这篇文章的正确答案为B/D/F。B选项对应C段，D选项的all human societies对应F段首句的universal，F选项对应G段的immediacy。A选项与文章的方向是矛盾的，因为文章强调的是theater与literature的区别。C选项是无关的。而E选项仅仅是F段的细节。
当我们把各段的主题句用下划线标出时，就可以发现大多数段落的主题句都是首句。有两个例外，B段的首句之后有转折关系词however造成第二句是主题句。另外C段末句是主题句，因为末句的this combinations of elements概括了前面的a human story, performers, and an audience。
   
二、分总结构
    分总结构就是末句是主题句。这种段落结构约占20%左右。如果分总结构的总结句之后再加上一点分述，就变成了“传说”中的分总分结构了（不过这种结构很罕见）。例如上一篇文章的C段就是典型的分总结构段落。

THE ATLANTIC COD FISHERY

SECTION A
Off the northeastern shore of North America，from the island of Newfoundland in Canada south to New England in the United States, there is a series of shallow areas called banks. Several large banks off Newfoundland are together called the Grand Banks，huge shoals on the edge of the North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf Stream meet the cold waters of the Labrador Current. As the currents brush each other, they stir up minerals from the ocean floor, providing nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp—like creatures called krill，which feed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the surface to eat the krill. Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has produced cod by the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on Earth.

SECTION B
Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports of northwestern Europe arrived to fish the Grand Banks. For the next eight centuries，the entire Newfoundland economy was based on Europeans arriving, catching fish for a few months in the summer, and then taking fish back to European markets. Cod laid out to dry on wooden“flakes”was a common sight in the fishing villages dotting the coast. Settlers in the region used to think the only sea creature worth talking about was cod, and in the local speech the word “fish” became synonymous with cod. Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was cod.

SECTION C
By the nineteenth century the Newfoundland fishery was largely controlled by merchants based in the capital at St. John’s. They marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working out of more than 600 villages around the long coastline. In return, the merchants provided fishing equipment，clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in the island’s thin, rocky soil. This system kept the fishers in a continuous state of debt and dependence on the merchants.

SECTION D
Until the twentieth century, fishers believed in the cod’s ability to replenish itself and thought that overfishing was impossible. However, Newfoundland’s cod fishery began to show signs of trouble during the l930s，when cod failed to support the fishers and thousands were unemployed. The slump lasted for the next few decades. Then, when an international agreement in 1977 established the 200-mile offshore fishing limit，the  Canadian government decided to build up the modern Grand Banks fleet and make fishing a viable economic base for Newfoundland again. All of Newfoundland’s seafood companies were merged into one conglomerate. By the l980s，the conglomerate was prospering, and cod were commanding excellent prices in the market. Consequently, there was a significant increase in the number of fishers and fish-processing plant workers.

SECTION E
However, while the offshore fishery was prospering，the inshore fishermen found their catches dropping off. In 1992 the Canadian government responded by closing the Grand Banks to groundfishing. Newfoundland’s cod fishing and processing industries were shut down in a bid to let the vanishing stocks recover. The moratorium was extended in 1994，when all of the Atlantic cod fisheries in Canada were closed, except for one in Nova Scotia，and strict quotas were placed on other species of groundfish. Canada’s cod fishing industry collapsed, and around 40,000 fishers and other industry workers were put out of work..

SECTION F
Atlantic cod stocks had once been so plentiful that early explorers joked about walking on the backs of the teeming fish. Today, cod stocks are at historically low levels and show no signs of imminent recovery, even after drastic conservation measures and severely limited fishing. Fishermen often blame the diminishing stocks on seals，which prey on cod and other species，but scientists believe that decades of overfishing are to blame. Studies on fish populations have shown that cod disappeared from Newfoundland at the same time that stocks started rebuilding in Norway, raising the possibility that the cod had migrated. Still，no one can predict whether and when the cod will return to the Grand Banks.

A	Atlantic cod stocks were once plentiful in the rich environment around the Grand Banks.	D	The Canadian government tried to diversify Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s.
B	The Atlantic cod is a groundfish that preys on herring and small fish that eat krill.	E	Despite severe limits on fishing，cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery.
C	Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell.	F	Newfoundland exports millions of dollars worth of crab and other shellfish every year.

    正确答案为A/C/E。A选项的once plentiful in the rich environment 对应A段的this rich environment once had a greater density。C选项的overfishing和fish stocks fell对应D段cod failed to support the fishers and thousands were unemployed。E选项的low levels和few signs of recovery对应F段的historically low levels and show no signs of imminent recovery。B选项是A段的细节。D和F选项是无关选项。
从文中下划线部分的主题句可以看出，A段和B段都是末句是主题句的段落。A段末句的this rich environment概括了前面的内容。B段末句说“整个纽芬兰的一道菜就是由鳕鱼组成的一个布丁”总结了前面“纽芬兰的经济依赖于捕鱼”的内容。而F段的第二句话与末句形成了一个首尾呼应的总分总结构。

总结：
    常用法——分析段落结构找主题句——的最大好处是大部分段落都存在主题句，所以能够广泛应用该方法概括段落主旨。这就是“常用法”的由来。但是，该方法的缺点是，如果段落结构比较复杂，又存在大量生词，可能导致我们难以找到主题句。这时候“简易法——重复出现是主旨”就会帮上大忙了。

（未完待续）

[ 本帖最后由 祁大山 于 2007-6-27 20:16 编辑 ]

ghost_kobe1825UID: 2341381

终于等到更新了，跪求~~下一篇，lz争取在这周五之前出完

blueeye1111UID: 2152778

好东西，不过字体好大啊，看着有些不舒服。

lalahUID: 2215160

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顶下哈~

lixinjustdoitUID: 2354727

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yeren7722UID: 2297829

支持一下

kevinliu6883UID: 2338522

It is convincing!
The structure of an article is clear so readers can easily follow.

topic -->evidence (facts or examples)

cherry213UID: 187006

加油继续哦~……

fermanUID: 162184

好贴，等待中

fh23222752UID: 2298780

好铁
期待下文

shengsusansUID: 2248330

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paper127UID: 2354077

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祁大山UID: 2347929

大家抬举了。明天给大家放第三节。写一个帖子花时间太大了！希望不耽误大家考试。

祁大山UID: 2347929

SUMMARY题型的解题密码第三节已经放到http://bbs.gter.ce.cn/bbs/viewth ... e%3D5#pid1770458102。

SHELLYSYUID: 3568239

楼主给的题的选项都没有迷惑性，明显的错误或者细节，可是现在好像不是酱紫