阅读日记总结 4.文章结构

花儿UID: 103396

关于文章结构的分类和判别我想先做一下初步的小节，作为一个引子，今后阅读日记结束以后，再来个完整的，这个小节诣在给大家一个关于文章结构的初步概念，有些没有适当的例子，我举了国内题的文章，如有不周，见谅！

    GRE阅读文章可以分类为
' d/ u  {9 p3 H  F2 w3 Y1．        全文论证一个观点
这类文章一般是先阐述作者要论述的某一个观点，而下文都是顺承关系，要么用大量篇幅直接从其用途、功能、原理、结构、特征、起源等方面来进一步阐述；要么举出具体的例子来说明；要么引出其它事物作为比较来论述……这种文章的上下文内容可以总结为一句话：观点一致，深入探讨。但是结尾有可能为了公正客观给出一个小小的让步.
' e; }1 P' d3 ^8 n7 i  u2 F
/ S" U- m, \# v: E, q判断方法:首段首句为一个判断句,首段后半部分和二段首句均没有转折
判断句: P102短L1-5
5 d1 M, N' K% r- {- CThe belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the originator of a new aesthetic.
- c6 W; A! Y: p7 i+ E& \9 i. s
    P2短L1-3（国内）
$ b$ J9 P$ D5 {" n0 I% YBacause of its accuracy in outlining the Earth’s subsurface, the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves.

7 y# q) @/ \0 Y0 O; j: n3 U% |2．        新观点推翻旧观点
这类文章一般先阐述作者即将放弃的观点，下文可能不加论述直接放弃，也可能大致讲一下它的内容、缺陷然后放弃，而且必定是通过提出一个新的、作者支持的观点这种方式来摒弃先前的这个旧观点，所以读这样的文章,在判断出开始是作者要放弃的观点后,就要马上开始寻找新观点的工作。这类文章始终体现着一个明显且需要时刻铭记的特征：有让步必有转折，有旧观点必有新观点。
所有新观点推翻旧观点的文章大致可以分为两类: 头重脚轻(即大篇幅的讲旧观点及其特征,在文章最后给出它的缺陷和不可救药之处,提出新的观点,这种类型相对较少)和头轻脚重型文章(即在对旧观点进行了简要的介绍之后立刻提出其缺陷和不可救药之处,然后马上提出新的观点,文章的大量篇幅都在论证新观点,有时候也可能在结尾之处给出新观点的一些不痛不痒的缺点以求客观)
0 U: [1 ]  u1 V! ^  b3 \+ j判断方法:首段开头必然说一个作者将要摒弃的观点,则后文则一定会转折出一个新观点,以however, but为引导词.
( {) |8 q# d. O0 h. J作者要摒弃的观点的特征:
1)全文首句出现It has long been known that…It is a popular view that…Regularly，By 1950,…Initially， Once thought to be…traditionally…,many experiments…typically,
According to natural selection 等
   P44长L1-4
$ w$ p/ P* E2 V8 Z  SIt has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns.

8 U7 m2 A" e8 B  N; T- Q* pP67长L1-11
Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, ever though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals.
6 o( |9 v" ~7 Q; y亦或首句是个强调句﹑让步句,则其前半句为旧观点,即作者一贯反对的观点
P25短L7-12
1 E. A. Q/ v' Q* }$ ~2)然后会给出旧观点的缺陷(也有时候省略这一步)
3)然后提出新的观点,即作者支持的观点
P67长L1-11
Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits in misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals.

3.  解释针对一个问题
这类文章通常是首段先给出一个有待解释的现象﹑有待解决的任务﹑问题,(puzzle, task, problem, phenomenon) 然后针对前文的问题用Model, study, experiment, survey, data, research 进行解释, 并对这些解释的有效性进行评价,其中有效的解释释文章的重点.
例：P83长L54—完,
% b8 K$ {5 }3 O2 L. TStudies of such documents have already begun to show how mistaken we are when we try to derive our picture of the ancient world excluisively from literary sources especially myths.

" l/ @: E9 N4 f有时候是一个解释针对一个问题  
. v$ s& |( p* }例：P83短全文,
' d- O. a( j; J8 c+ y' ~3 ^3 XVisual recognition involves storing and retrieving mem-
ories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an
image in the brain's memory system that constitutes an
internal representation of the viewed object. When an
(5)object is encountered again, it is matched with its inter-
2 A0 Z6 T, Y  e. [8 I$ cnal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy
surrounds the question of whether recognition is a paral-
lel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psy-
" O7 w! y( Y. I; _$ Tchologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are
4 ]- z; H5 L$ f3 D5 r(10) recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the inter-
6 n# [- D% ?7 A9 ^/ L. Cnal representation is matched with the retinal image in a
single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that
internal representation features are matched serially with
- [" i+ l- n4 z; aan object's features. Although some experiments show
2 l( A8 p+ e& }( j(15) that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal represen-
6 M3 X; R* w# _7 ftation becomes more holistic and the recognition process
correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence
seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for
objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
$ F; P% U, C# M3 c
有时候是多个解释针对一个问题，其中只有最后一个解释是有效的; 也有多个解释针对多个问题的
% i) z2 S( J5 K; c2 }   P112短全文(国内)
In a recent study,David Cressy examines two central
( {: O  t$ ^4 ~: [questions concerning English immigration to New
England in the 1630's: what kinds of people immigrated
and why? Using contemporary literary evidence, ship-
# K( C# h2 C* `4 N( |(5)ping lists, and customs records, Cressy finds that most
adult immigrants were skilled in farming or crafts, were
  v9 q% W. M: o1 R4 T3 rliterate, and were organized in families. Each of these
& U/ J+ V6 E3 ]" \5 j' Kcharacteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 people
who left for New England in the 1630's from most of the
(10) approximately 377,000 English people who had immi-
grated to America by 1700.
With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy
does not deny the frequently noted fact that some of the
# ]+ G3 W: J) b, Q, j, Aimmigrants of the 1630's, most notably the organizers
(15) and clergy, advanced religious explanations for depar-
' s9 ]2 u. [2 c. K8 Tture, but he finds that such explanations usually
2 Q, t. e6 p/ k- x5 Qassumed primacy only in retrospect When he moves
beyond the principal actors, he finds that religious expla-
nations were less frequently offered and he concludes
(20) that most people immigrated because they were recruited
( {' N" Y0 C4 d& Vby promises of material improvement.

判断方法:首句一般为描述性的话,对某一事物﹑现象进行描述,后面给出若干个解释并且给出评价:One possible explanation is that…
" @2 V- S5 v& b4 Y0 y8 O* {to test this hypothesis, researchers…
4 ~- `0 w9 X3 d5 K4 S; v& s% cresearchers, testing the hypothesis that…
   
7 v6 h- P) Y# U& k( S1 n& cP112短L1-4,L4-7,L12(国内)
  C  {# ]0 s/ ~& V7 O" R* }5 }例文: In a recent study,David Cressy examines two central questions concerning English immigration to New England in the 1630's: what kinds of people immigrated and why?
" ]8 y; M4 U; e& W1 ]Using contemporary literary evidence, shipping lists, and customs records, Cressy finds that most adult immigrants were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were organized in families.
With respect to their reasons for immigrating

( c6 M8 l( c$ [" p- q/ A8 l0 k4.2+3，即一个新观点推翻了一个旧观点，然后对新观点所提出的问题进行多种解释和证明，或者后来又对其进行了转折
: `% O& ?( Q( m) g例：P64长全文
P33长全文（国内）--多次推翻
It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of
work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people
! Q! V4 q3 O+ `4 b& K: lwho operate the new machines and on the society into
. N, h# O7 h" \$ g4 M! c- `. cwhich the machines have been introduced., for example,
(5)  it has been suggested that the employment of women in
industry took them out of the household, their tradi-
tional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in
! N8 t2 }! O* {, Lsociety. In the nineteenth century, when women began to
: M8 `0 N4 W" k: t0 \0 z( Menter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned
4 U$ F+ a* t5 `, b5 M(10) that by doing so, women would give up their femininity.
$ q9 p7 ^7 C9 @8 v' g" |4 uFriedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would
0 O7 [, ?- `9 z7 d2 N$ _5 a& nbe liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subor-
dination” of the family by technological developments
2 E8 }. k( R: F, J- m  h% othat made possible the recruitment of “the whole female
(15) sex… into public industry.” Observers thus differed
concerning the social desirability of mechanization’s
effects, but they agreed that it would transform women’s
% x7 x. G5 ~/ R* _7 wlives.
2 E0 }; f9 ?( ^; dHistorians, particularly those investigating the history
- b9 i' C0 v  C8 S; U(20) of women, now seriously question this assumption of
technological power. They conclude that such dramatic
technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the
sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner
9 v4 _$ U3 m8 p: B3 d1 |have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in
(25) women’s economic position or in the prevailing evalua-
tion of women’s work . the employment of young
women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution
was largely an extension of an older pattern of employ-
7 s2 ?. p* W+ x$ ^ment of young, single women as domestics. Ti was not
(30) the change in office technology, but rather the separa-
tion of secretarial work, previously seen as an appren-
* a+ E5 G+ w6 S( ?# aticeship for beginning managers, from administrative
work that in the 1880’s created a new class of “dead-
end” jobs, thenceforth considered “women’s work.” The
(35) increase in the numbers of married women employed
4 }1 `1 |$ F; K) ]3 Koutside the home in the twentieth century had less to do
8 I5 T( u2 R  `' ywith the mechanization of housework and an increase in
3 X0 P2 q/ k7 d) D8 Pleisure time for these women than it did with their own
9 f1 D5 Z1 f) \0 U+ y% M, ceconomic necessity and with high marriage rates that
(40) shrank the available pool of single women workers,
previously, in many cases, the only women employers
would hire.
Women’s work has changed considerably in the past
3 W* P* x, V" u4 J! t' L  `' p200 years, moving from the household to the office or
3 P7 W& C. k9 M. Z0 K* v  r(45) the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar
8 D% O8 Q4 I3 m; I8 R3 Y% Rinstead of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however,
the conditions under which women work have charged
little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segre-
' w( j; Q, L( m9 n# i+ egation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women
6 [. q; I' M: t' T(50) as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill
and offer women little opportunity for advancement
all persist, while women’s household labor remains
demanding, recent historical investigation has led to a
major revision of the notion that technology is always
(55) inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mecha-
- r! s% z$ ~4 {1 c9 U- w- |8 L) U! l( |nization may even have slowed any change in the tradi-
tional position of women both in the labor market and
in the home.

jerrykeatingUID: 42105

呵呵，这下有的看了！真是辛苦了，花儿！这么忙在成都还不忘这里，我真是惭愧，总拿期末当挡箭牌！下半期活动我一定全力以赴！

透明妮吧UID: 120551

最初由 jerrykeating 发表
) n6 g6 j- R3 _$ [[B]呵呵，这下有的看了！真是辛苦了，花儿！这么忙在成都还不忘这里，我真是惭愧，总拿期末当挡箭牌！下半期活动我一定全力以赴！ [/B]

: d! |3 q. `) r% E8 _* g3 S) |
: x' d6 Y& `! U6 \还有我，我也一定会的。
jerry加油，花儿姐姐加油，还有妮吧加油！
+ D" S- c7 n7 k% l嘻嘻。。。。

amorzUID: 1

加油加油。。。

niceorangeUID: 106911

一起加油。。
我也要加油了！