U.S. education study

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Please read the short article about ISD education in my attachment, and give some ideas! Thanks!

Here is what you do:

Prepare a thoughtful rebuttal to its points. In other words, present a "defense" of ISD from the criticisms leveled against it in this article. (APA Citations)

Read this first before you start:

ISD vs. Curriculum Design
l       ISD approach considers instruction from perspective of learner; traditional CD approach considers from perspective of content à “What information should I include in this course?”

l       ISD is a comprehensive approach focusing on multiple factors influencing learning outcomes
Factors Considered by ISD App.
l       Level of readiness of individual learners

l       Appropriate instructional strategies

l       Suitable media/resources

l       Support for successful learning

l       Determining achievement of objectives

l       Revisions in case of unsatisfactory tryouts
Comprehensive ISD Plan: 9 Elements
l       Identify problems à specify goals
l       Examine learner characteristics
l       Identify content à analyze task components
l       Specify instructional objectives
l       Sequence content
l       Design instructional strategies
l       Plan instructional message, develop instruction
l       Develop evaluation instruments
l       Select supporting resources
Ross, Morrison & Kemp Schema
l       Open, oval pattern of ISD plan elements
l       Logical, clockwise sequence of elements with starting place at 12 o’clock position
l       But order of elements not predetermined
l       Elements not connected with lines/arrows
l       Intent: Convey flexibility yet some order
l       Instances may not require all elements
l       Flexible interdependence among elements
l       Flexibility of element selection/order allows for additions/changes as plan evolves
l       Heuristic, problem-solving approach à Two outer ovals: Revision around elements
Underlying Premises of ISD
l       ISD process requires attention to both systematic procedure and specificity for treating details within the plan
l       ISD process usually starts at course development level
l       ISD plan is developed primarily for use by instructional designer and planning team
l       Every effort should be made to provide level of satisfactory achievement for all learners
l       Success of instructional product depends on accuracy of info flowing into ISD process
l       ISD process focuses on individual learner rather than subject content
l       There is no single best way to design instruction
Benefits of Using ISD Process
l       Hard evidence of successful learning within acceptable costs à Learners’ accomplishment of program objectives (achievement of required competencies) within appropriate timeframe

l       Developing a positive relationship with learners à when they find the learning experience to be pleasant & satisfying
l       Business: Lowering costs (reducing training time), increasing employee productivity (solving performance problems by designing effective instruction)

l       P-12 Education: Improving quality of “teacher-developed” instructional materials and helping evaluate commercial educational products
Criticisms of ISD Process
l       A mechanistic rather than humanistic method of instructional planning
l       Discourages creativity in teaching
l       Low-level, immediate-learning outcomes stressed at expense of higher-order, long-term outcomes
l       “…too slow and clumsy, …claiming to be a technology when it is not, …producing bad instruction, ...being out of touch with today’s training needs.” (Problem in implementation?)