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偶 Some modern anthropologists hold
that biological evolution has shaped not
only human morphology but also human
behavior. The role those anthropologists
(5) ascribe to evolution is not of dictating
the details of human behavior but one
of imposing constraints—ways of
feeling, thinking, and acting that
"come naturally" in archetypal situations
(10) in any culture. Our "frailties" –emotions
and motives such as rage, fear, greed,
gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a
very mixed assortment, but they share at
least one immediate quality: we are, as
(15) we say, "in the grip" of them. And thus
they give us our sense of constraints.
Unhappily, some of those frailties—
our need for ever-increasing security
among them—are presently maladaptive.
(20) Yet beneath the overlay of cultural
detail, they, too, are said to be
biological in direction, and therefore as
natural to us as are our appendixes. We
would need to comprehend thoroughly
(25) their adaptive origins in order to
understand how badly they guide us now.
And we might then begin to resist their
pressure. The primary purpose of the passage
is to present
A a position on the foundations of
human behavior and on what those
foundations imply
B a theory outlining the parallel
development of human morphology and
of human behavior
C a diagnostic test for separating
biologically determined behavior patterns
from culture-specific detail
D a practical method for resisting the
pressures of biologically determined drives
an overview of those human emotions and
motives that impose constraints on human
behavior ————————————————————————
The author implies that control to any
extent over the "frailties" that constrain
our behavior is thought to presuppose
A that those frailties are recognized as
currently beneficial and adaptive
B that there is little or no overlay of
cultural detail that masks their true nature
C that there are cultures in which those
frailties do not "come naturally" and from
which such control can be learned
D a full understanding of why those
frailties evolved and of how they function
now
E a thorough grasp of the principle that
cultural detail in human behavior can differ
arbitrarily from society to society ————————————————————————
Which of the following most probably
provides an appropriate analogy from human
morphology for the "details" versus
"constraints" distinction made in the passage
in relation to human behavior?
A The ability of most people to see all
the colors of the visible spectrum as against
most people's inability to name any but the
primary colors
B The ability of even the least fortunate
people to show compassion as against
people's inability to mask their feelings
completely
C The ability of some people to dive to
great depths as against most people's
inability to swim long distances
D The psychological profile of those
people who are able to delay gratification
as against people's inability to control
their lives completely
E The greater lung capacity of mountain
peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor
air as against people's inability to fly
without special apparatus ————————————————————————
It can be inferred that in his discussion
of maladaptive frailties the author assumes
that
A evolution does not favor the emergence
of adaptive characteristics over the
emergence of maladaptive ones
B any structure or behavior not positively
adaptive is regarded as transitory in
evolutionary theory
C maladaptive characteristics, once fixed,
make the emergence of other maladaptive
characteristics more likely
D the designation of a characteristic as
being maladaptive must always remain
highly tentative
E changes in the total human environment
can outpace evolutionary change ********************************** ********************************** Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come naturally” in archetypal situations in any culture. Our “frailties”—emotions and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are, as we say, “in the grip” of them. And thus they give us our sense of constraints.
Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need for ever-increasing security among them—are presently maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.
24. The primary purpose of the passage is to present（主题题）
主题题一般来说在读完全文之后 思考一下就可以抽象出文章主题 但是这个目的的达到需要训练除此之外， 常用的就是排除法了，在考场上，虽然浪费时间，但是对于一下子慌乱没有清晰思维的话，还是比较有用的， 但是切记，不要题目就排除，这样你的时间就无形的增加了起来，本题虽然原文不难，但是想要立刻抽象出 还是不容易的，所以优先用排除法，排除的方法在这里不赘述，但是快字当头，不需要精确的会原文定位， 这是需要有你强大的大脑RAM支撑的，本题目各个被排除项都是很经典的那种 (A) a position on the foundations of human behavior and on what those foundations imply (B) a theory outlining the parallel development of human morphology and of human behavior
(C) a diagnostic test for separating biologically determined behavior patterns from culture-specific detail
(D) a practical method for resisting the pressures of biologically determined drives
(E) an overview of those human emotions and motives that impose constraints on human behavior
25. The author implies that control to any extent over the “frailties” that constrain our behavior is thought to presuppose(会原文定位，绿色部分，一目了然)
定位这个东西不要用太多，虽然好，但是是建立在清晰的思维以及对文章的把握基础上的，而且有一个副作用就是耗时
这也就是大家在平时做题的时候速度上不去的一个关键，所以必要的大脑记忆是一定的，也就是RAM的锻炼（这一点我
看要是有时间的就专门写一个）。另外一个就是很多人即使用了定为，但是依旧错，“为哈呢？”一、定为点找错了，二、
冗余信息干扰，三、临场紧张
如果说这里面存在有技巧成分的话，我不否认，但是还有各个很大因素就是对文章的感觉（这个貌似很玄），但是倘若你
没有对文章有合理的清晰把握，那能做对题目才真的叫玄了呢（我晕倒。。。怎么开始废话了。。。哎。。。）
说真经的就是一个思维的清晰性
“看里面很多东西越看越乱就找不到真正信息的出处了嗯 然后做题的时候其实就是特别乱，有时候找不到信息点真正的出
处 其实主要矛盾就是这个”（直接引用一位同学的话）
恕我现在这里买一个包袱，关于这个训练 我争取尽快整理好思路 写出一篇东西来
至于这道题目 大家一看原文的绿色的字就明白了
(A) that those frailties are recognized as currently beneficial and adaptive
(B) that there is little or no overlay of cultural detail that masks their true nature
(C) that there are cultures in which those frailties do not “come naturally” and from which such control can be learned
(D) a full understanding of why those frailties evolved and of how they function now
(E) a thorough grasp of the principle that cultural detail in human behavior can differ arbitrarily from society to society
26. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?
类比题目，这类题目的精要就是找到KEY WORD和逻辑关系
针对这个题目，抽象出来的就是 “负环境”决定“形态”而非“细节”
这里有两个干扰点就是“天生的”和“行为的”都与human morphology无关，直接一脚踢飞
下面去看选项
(A) The ability of most people to see all the colors of the visible spectrum as against most people’s inability to name any but the primary colors天生的
(B) The ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against people’s inability to mask their feelings completely行为的
(C) The ability of some people to dive to great depths as against most people’s inability to swim long distances天生的
(D) The psychological profile of those people who are able to delay gratification as against people’s inability to control their lives completely天生+行为
(E) The greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor air as against people’s inability to fly without special apparatus
27. It can be inferred that in this discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that
这个题目我汗一下 到现在还没有弄清楚
哪位同学来解答一下
不胜感激！！！谢谢！！
(A) evolution does not favor the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the emergence of maladaptive ones
(B) any structure or behavior not positively adaptive is regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory 由APPENDIX排除
(C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive characteristics more likely
(D) the designation of a characteristic as being maladaptive must always remain highly tentative
(E) changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change
********************************** **********************************
某些当代人类学家坚持认为，生物进化不仅仅塑造了人类形体，而且亦塑造了人类
行为。这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将
各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、
以及行动方式。我们的“弱点”——诸如愤怒、恐惧、贪婪、暴食、快乐、淫欲、爱恋
等情感和动机——或许是一种极为含浑的范畴，但它们至少会享着一个直接的特性：如
同我们所说的那样，我们受着它们的“控制支配”。因而，它们赋予我们以某种压抑感。
不幸的是，在所有这些弱点中，某些弱点——其中对不断增加的安全感的需要——
目前处于失调状态。然则，透过文化功节的层迭覆盖，它们同样也被说成是带有生物演
化的趋向，因此对我们来说如同我们的阑尾那样与生俱有，自然正常。我们需要彻底理
解它们适应性的起源，方能弄懂它们现在何等不利地在误导我们。这样一来，我们或许
可以开始抵制它们的压力。
[ 本帖最后由 草木也知愁 于 2008-9-21 00:11 编辑 ] | 
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