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Development of parties in the United States

¨           American leaders met in Philadelphia in 1787 to draw up the Constitution. This document makes no mention of political parties. In fact, George Washington, who presided over the Constitutional Convention, and many other early political leaders opposed their development.

¨           Also, financial problems plagued the new government. The national debt piled up during the Revolutionary War threatened the financial structure of the United States . Americans split over how to deal with the financial problems.

¨           One group, led by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, wanted the federal government to take vigorous action.

¨           Another group, headed by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, opposed government participation in economic affairs.

¨           In the 1790's, the disputes over government policies led to the establishment of two political parties in the United States .

¨           Hamilton and his followers, chiefly Northerners, formed the Federalist Party. The party favored a strong federal government and generally backed Britain in international disputes.

¨           Jefferson and his followers, chiefly Southerners, established the Democratic-Republican Party. The party wanted a weak central government and generally sided with France in foreign disputes.

¨           After the 1816 presidential election, the Federalist Party broke up as a national organization, and the Democratic-Republican Party split into several groups. One of the Democratic-Republican groups came under the leadership of AndrewJackson. By about 1830, Jackson and his followers were known as Democrats.

¨           About 1832, several groups that opposed Jackson combined to form the Whig Party.

¨           During the 1850's, a group of antislavery Americans formed the Republican Party in 1854. Many Democrats and Whigs who opposed slavery left their parties and became Republicans.

¨           From 1860 to 1932, the Republican Party had gained so much strength during the Civil War that the Democrats had great difficulty winning control of the government. In addition, the Republicans repeatedly charged the Democrats with having caused the war and having been disloyal to the Union .

¨           The situation changed after 1929. Just as the Republicans had blamed the Democrats for the Civil War, so the Democrats blamed the Republicans for the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930's.

¨           In the last half of the 1900's, however, neither the Democrats nor the Republicans dominated the presidential elections to any great extent.

Third parties

¨           There have been many third parties in the United States . None of them ever won the presidency.

¨           But many of their proposals gained such widespread public support that the two major parties were forced to adopt them.

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the Boston Tea Party
•           The British reaffirmed their right to tax the colonists and gave the East India Company an unfair advantage in the tea trade.
•           On Dec. 16, 1773, a group of furious American colonists staged the Boston Tea Party to dramatize their opposition.
•           Dressed as Indians, the colonists boarded East India Company ships and threw tea the ships contained into Boston Harbor .


tea history in America
•           In 1657, the beverage was sold for the first time in coffee houses in England . Tea went on to become the national drink of the United Kingdom .
•           When tea first arrived in North America from Asia in 1690, no one seemed to know how to prepare or serve it. There was no such thing in North America as a teapot, and it was not until unglazed stoneware teapots were shipped from China with the tea that the proper vessel for making and serving it became available.

•           It was only a short time until potters in Europe copied the designs and shapes of the Chinese ware; then silversmiths, pewterers, and porcelain manufactures designed beautiful pots for serving the new beverage, which by the eighteenth century was becoming popular in both Europe and North America .
•           In 1767, the United Kingdom placed a tax on tea used by American colonists. Colonial resistance to the tax brought about the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and contributed to the American independence movement.
•           In time, three principal kinds of tea were imported. Green tea was made from the unprocessed or unfermented dried leaves of the same shrub from which black, or fermented, tea was also obtained. A third kind, called oolong, was semifermented and tasted rather like a blend of the green and black.
•           The use of iced tea and tea bags began in the United States .


The First Continental Congress
•           On Sept. 5, 1774, delegates from 12 colonies met in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia .
•           They reaffirmed American loyalty to Britain and agreed that Parliament had the power to direct colonial foreign affairs.
•           But at the same time, the delegates called for an end to all trade with Britain until Parliament repealed certain laws and taxes.
•           However, King George shattered hope for reconciliation by insisting that the colonies either submit to British rule or be crushed.





The Revolutionary War begins (1775~1783)
•           On April 19, 1775, British troops tried to seize or destroy the military supplies of the Massachusetts militia. This action led to the start of the Revolutionary War.
•           Colonial leaders met in the Second Continental Congress on May 10, 1775.
•           On June 15, the Congress named George Washington of Virginia commander in chief of the army.




Common Sense
•           Many people who had been unsure were convinced by reading Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense.
•           Paine-in this brilliant plea for the cause of freedom-stated the simple alternatives open to the Americans: They must either accept the tyranny of the British Crown or throw off their shackles by proclaiming a republic.


the Declaration of Independence
•           On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress officially declared independence and formed the United States of America by adopting the Declaration of Independence .

•           Written by Thomas Jefferson, the declaration was a sweeping indictment of the king, Parliament, and the British people.
•           It said that all men are created equal, and are endowed by their Creator with rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
•           Finally, on Sept. 3, 1783, the Americans and the British signed the Treaty of Paris of 1783, officially ending the Revolutionary War.

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the civil war  (1861~1865)
•           The question of whether to outlaw or allow slavery became an important political and social issue in the early 1800's.
•           Through the years, a balance between the number of free states (states where slavery was prohibited) and slave states (those where it was allowed) had been sought.


•           California applied for statehood in 1849. The application triggered debate over whether California should be admitted as a free state or a slave state.
•           In the early 1860's, 11 Southern states seceded (withdraw) from the Union and established the Confederate States of America .
•           The president election of 1860 also reflected the nation's division.
•           The Republican unity helped Abraham Lincoln, an Illinois lawyer, win the election on Nov. 6, 1860.
•           Lincoln had earned a reputation as an opponent of slavery, and his election was unacceptable to the South.
•           The Northerners, or Yankees (a name applied to the Northerners by U.S. Southerners) had superior financial and industrial strength, and a larger population than the Southerners.
•           But the South fought valiantly to defend its cause. The South gained the upper hand at first, but the North gradually turned the tide.
•           Finally, Confederate resistance wore down, and Union armies swept through the South. On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee-the commander of the Confederate Army-surrendered to the Union commander General Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia .
•           The war also took an emotional toll on the nation. The terrible bloodshed left a heritage of grief and bitterness that declined only slowly and, even today, has not fully disappeared.
•           On Jan. 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. For his effort in freeing the slaves, Lincoln is known as the "Great Emancipator."


•           And assassin John Wilkes Booth shot him on April 14, 1865. Lincoln died the next day, less than a week after Lee's surrender.
•           In a fundamental sense, the Civil War may have been the greatest failure of American democracy. The war, in Lincoln 's words, was an "appeal from the ballot to the bullet."



Results of the civial war
•           Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States . About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.
•           Financial problems loomed large in both the North and the South. Physical devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in the South and border states, had to be repaired. This herculean task was ultimately completed, but with discouraging slowness.
•           Moreover, the Civil War changed the ways of waging war. It has been called the first modern war.
•           The Civil War introduced observation balloons, ironclad ships, mines, and submarines. Railroads and telegraphy were used for the first time in warfare.
•           About 620,000 soldiers died during the Civil War, almost as many as the combined American dead of all other wars from the Revolutionary War (1775-1783) through the Vietnam War (1957-1975).

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亞歷山大帝國覆滅後的發展：（05.12.17、06.05）
亞歷山大大帝之後，他的王國分裂為三個，然後又被羅馬人統治了（有道題問，在亞歷山大帝國覆滅後，由哪個勢力統治）下面，又講尼羅河埃及的發展~~~其中的Greece創造了一種文明，不好意思單詞忘了，有點複雜。文章講述了文明的發生，影響。由於涉及到一些歷史人物和位址，單詞怪怪的，不過題目不是很困難。

ALEXANDER THE GREAT’S EMPIRE
(取自：字神帝國2007新橘寶書&新托福真經考前點題名師大講堂講義：以下機經皆同學們在網上分享，感謝這些好心的同學，編者只是將其整理，與大家分享，祝福大家有好成績的哦 ^ ^。)
•           In 338 B.C., Philip II of Macedonia conquered the Greek city-states. His son, Alexander the Great, succeeded him in 336 B.C.
•           Until his death in 323 B.C., Alexander expanded his empire through conquests of much of the civilized world from Egypt to the Indus River . Alexander helped spread Greek ideas and the Greek way of life into all the lands he conquered.
•           After Alexander died, his empire was divided among his generals. They continued to preserve Greek culture.
•           No one succeeded Alexander the Great in the rule of his vast empire. His leading generals became governors of various areas and fought among themselves for control of the empire.
•           By 300 B.C., Alexander's empire had split into a number of independent states. The three most powerful states were led by Alexander's generals Antigonus, Ptolemy托勒密, and Seleucus.
•           Alexandria became Egypt 's capital, and its magnificent library and museum helped make the city one of the greatest cultural centers of ancient times.

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一、问题形式被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下：
　　二、解题步骤
　　 1．根据解题技巧确定答案
　　 2．代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺
　　三、基本原则
　　 1．就近指代所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如，
　　 Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate
　　本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则，前一句中的主语the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文，符合语义和逻辑，因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和this problem相距较远，而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通，因此为干扰选项。
　　 2．数格一致被指代对象通常与指代词在数（如单数或复数）和格（主格或宾格）两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。
　　四、主要思路
　　 1．主从复合句中的指代在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如，
　　 When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.
　　在这一例子中，从句so that they…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins，因此第二个选项为正确答案。如果主从复合句中一个句子（可以是主句，也可以是从句）使用被动语态，包含被动语态的句子中的主语常指代另一句中的宾语。例如，
　　 Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.
　　在本例中，if引导的从句使用了被动语态，代词主语none指代前面主句中的宾语energy。因此，第三个选项为正确答案。
　　 2．并列动词中的指代如果一个句中有两个并列的动词，第二个动词的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后的名词宾语。例如，
　　 LArtists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.
　　句中有两个并列的动词recognizing和 taking (into account)，其中recognizing的宾语是distinction，而taking 的宾语是that。根据上述技巧，that指代distinction。因此，（D）为正确答案。
　　平行结构中的指代平行结构主要包括some/most/many/such/each…, others…; not only…but also…; the former…the latter等。在这种结构中，平行结构两个部分的两个代词经常指代同一对象：前一句中的名词主语。例如，
　　 Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.
　　原文包含平行结构some…others，它们都指代前一句中的名词主语beasts，因此第三个选项为正确答案。
　　 4．所有格的指代所有格代词经常指代其前面与其最接近的名词。例如，
　　 Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.
　　根据所有格指代的解题技巧，their指代前面位置最近的名词objects，因此（D）为正确答案。
　　 5．指代的接力棒现象这一现象是指被考的代词对应前面一个相同的代词，而前面的代词指代更前一句中的名词。
　　在这一例子中，第二句中的代词they(reflect the opinions…)对应第一句中的they(are not…)，而第一个they指代前面从句中的名词主语interviews，那么第二个they也指代interviews，因此（C）为正确答案。除了上述情况之外，其他指代，如定语从句中(of which…, in which…, from which…)的关系代词指代先行词，from there结构中的there指代前面最接近的地点名词等，限于篇幅，不再详述。

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TOEFL/GRE阅读中有一些关键但又容易被忽略的词汇，之所以被忽略，是因为它们貌似简单，之所以重要，是因为它们往往在文中担负重要的使命，今我总结出来，陈列于下。有三类词汇入选：
　　 1、似曾相识，却不知其确切含义
　　 2、一词多义，只知其一不知其二
　　 3、熟词僻义，熟者过熟僻者极僻
　　 perspective 透视画法；观点，方法；前景，远景
　　 prospect 前景，景色；前途；勘探，寻找
　　 appreciate 理解，认识，意识到；欣赏；感激
　　 elaborate v.&adj. 精心制作，详细描述；精心制作的
　　 address v.从事，忙于；n. 演讲
　　 appropriate v. 拨给（资金）， 盗用/ adj.合适的
　　 strain n. 血统，品系，菌株；紧张，张力；v.扭伤，拉紧
　　 article n. 物品，商品
　　 intrigue v.&n 激发兴趣；密谋；阴谋
　　 intriguing adj. 激发兴趣的
　　 assume v. 承担，担任；假装；假设
　　 bark n. 树皮; 犬吠
　　 bill n.议案，法案; .鸟嘴；账单
　　 champion vt. 支持，拥护；n.冠军
　　 aging n.老化，陈酿
　　 complex n. 综合体 adj.复杂的
　　 concern n. 公司（垄断组织“康采恩”就是它的音译）
　　 attribute v.&n 归因于；特征，属性
　　 default n.&v. 不履行；违约；拖欠；默认（值）
　　 drill vt. 钻（孔）；训练，操练
　　 exploit v. 开发，利用n. 功绩
　　 fair n. 集市，交易会；adj.公平的，美丽的 adv.公平地，直接地
　　 fairly adv. 相当地，公平地
　　 game n. 猎物，野味；
　　 fashion vt. 形成，塑造 n.时尚，方式
　　 inviting adj. 引人注目的，吸引人的
　　 alternate v.&adj. 交替，轮流； 交替的
　　 alternating adj.交互的，交替的
　　 alternative n.&adj. 可供选择的方案（option）;

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选择性的（optional）
　　 figure n. 人物；体形
　　 hit n. 轰动一时的人物或作品vt. 偶然碰见
　　 find n. 发现（物）
　　 spring v. &n 跃出，触发；弹簧，弹性；泉水
　　 humor n.体液
　　 import v.&n 重要；进口
　　 preserve v.&n. 禁猎区；蜜饯；保护
　　 quality adj. &n 1.优质的；性质，品质
　　 issue v.&n. 流出; 出版，发行；问题
　　 jar v.&n 震动；坛子
　　 envision v.想象，预想
　　 literature n. 文献；文学
　　 lot n. 一块地；命运，签
　　 fine adj. 细小的，美好的；v.罚款
　　 minute adj. 微小的，细小的
　　 novel adj. 新颖的
　　 casual 偶然的，随便的
　　 causal 原因的，因果关系的
　　 pound v. 猛击；乱敲
　　 rear v. &n饲养，栽培；后面的
　　 produce n. 产品（尤指农产品）
　　 project v.&n使突出，伸出；放映，投射；方案，工程
　　 relief n. 凸起,浮雕；（痛苦）减轻，安慰
　　 provided conj. 倘若，在…条件下。
　　 save conj. 除了
　　 rent 断口，裂缝
　　 rift 裂缝, 「地质」断裂
　　 pronounced adj. 断然的，显著的
　　 scale v. &n 攀登; 天平,刻度; 鳞; 规模，范围；「音」音阶
　　 school n. （鱼）群；学派，流派
　　 genre n. 类型，流派
　　 score n. 「音乐」乐谱；刻痕；得分
　　 screen v. &n 筛，过滤（器）；掩蔽，屏风；屏幕
　　 secure v.&adj. 得到；使安全；安全的
　　 acquire 获得
　　 season v. 调味
　　 spot v. &n发现，认出，定位；斑点；场所
　　 stand v. 经受，忍受
　　 wind v. 绕缠
　　 weather 风化，侵蚀
　　 wear v.磨损，销蚀
　　 stem v. &n 滋生，起源于； 茎
　　 temper n. 增效剂；（灰泥的）稠度；脾气，性情
　　 wage v. 实行，发动（战争等） n.工资

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一、推理题的标志
　　推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
　　二、推理题的做法
　　对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。
　　对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路：
　　1.一般对比推理www.Ｅxamda.CoM
　　ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：
　　It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
　　2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
　　&<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
　　&<61;There were great numbers of them.
　　&<61;They lived in the sea only.
　　&<61;They did not leave many fossil remains.
　　根据关键词sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知sea otters和pinnipeds两种动物与whales形成对比，而且很难想象原始的whales的样子；根据“一般对比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的sea otters的样子不难想象”。第一个选项表达了此意，为正确答案。
　　2.时间对比推理
　　这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
　　例一：
　　Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
　　…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
　　…
　　It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
　　(A)families were larger.
　　(B)population statistics were unreliable.
　　(C)the population grew steadily.
　　(D)economic conditions were bad.
　　工业革命之后与工业革命之前两个时间形成对比。既然工业革命之后西方世界的家庭变小了，那么工业革命之前的家庭一定比较大。因此(A)为正确答案。
　　例二：来源：考试大
　　Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
　　What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
　　(A) They were truly “silent.”
　　(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
　　(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.
　　(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.
　　1927年前后形成对比。既然1927年以前的电影只有音乐而没有配音，那么1927年之后的电影一定有。所以(C)为正确答案。
　　例三：
　　“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”
　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
　　&<61;They did not smoke when they were burned.
　　&<61;They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
　　&<61;They were not available to all.
　　&<61;They contained sulfuric acid.
　　问题：关于19世纪以前的蜡烛，从第一段可以推出下列哪一点？
　　这道题的题干中有“19世纪以前”这一时间，由此可见它属于“时间对比推理”思路。原文首句指出：“…19世纪带来了大量新发现和发明，使蜡烛业发生了革命性的变化，所有人都能用蜡烛照明。” 根据“时间对比推理”思路，由于19世纪以前的情况与19世纪形成对比，而19世纪所有人能用蜡烛照明，那么在19世纪之前，并非所有人都能用上蜡烛。第三个选项 “They were not available to all”表达了这一意思，为正确答案。
　　3.集合概念推理
　　集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断，它指的是在一个集合中，包含两个相对的方面，共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加；反之，一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路，可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。
　　例一：来源：考试大
　　A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….
　　By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.
　　22.What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
　　(A) They value folk cultures.
　　(B) They have no social classes.
　　(C) They have popular cultures.
　　(D) They do not value individualism.
　　原文谈到folk culture 和popular culture两种文化，它们之间形成对比。既然美国和加拿大不再存在folk culture，那么它们就有popular culture。因此(C)为正确答案。
　　例二：来源：www.examda.com
　　Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
　　What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
　　(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
　　(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
　　(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
　　(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
　　文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降了。所以(B)为正确答案。

奔跑蜗牛UID：2579189

快速阅读技巧
　　快速阅读的技巧在于每一段的第一句。想想，TOEFL考试中的每篇文章都是经过千锤百炼的，而好的文章都有一个很好的思路，这种思路经常体现在文章段落的第一句。所以，从理论上来说，你只需阅读文章每个段落的第一句，而不必顾及段落的其他内容。既然，考试不以你对文章的理解计分(而是以你答案对错计分)，你没有理由去关注那些对你答题没有帮助的内容。
　　只读文章段落中的第一句，你就可以对作者的思路有一个大致的把握。这样可以帮你节约时间，而将更多的时间花在回答问题上。
　　攻克阅读的4步法
　　前面我们告诉你如何处理阅读理解文章的6个策略和阅读理解的3种题型，现在我们告诉你在做阅读题时该如何运用这些策略和技巧:1.解剖文章的第1段；
　　 2.在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图；
　　 3.停下来，总结一下文章大意.；
　　 4.开始答题.
　　 1.解剖文章的第1段
　　积极主动地解读文章的第1段，阅读时尽量记住作者提出的问题(现象或观点)，和一些与文章内容相关的概念和词汇，如这篇文章讲的是印第安人风俗，光电子显像镜还是讽刺文学。文章的论题是什么，作者想说什么？
　　 2.在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图
　　在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。各个段落的目的是什么，主题又是什么？再次提醒，TOEFL考察的是你的答题能力而非阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章，了解文章中的每一个细节。(其实，你也没有那么多时间)。相反，你应该只读文章段落的第1句，而快速浏览其余部分。当你"读"完这篇文章时，你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。
　　 3.停下来，总结一下文章大意
　　在回答问题前，花几秒钟总结一下文章的思路和主题。
　　 4.开始答题
　　根据你对文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。这里，你可以比第2个步骤更仔细。

saavedroUID：2423190

加油啊~~~~

glamorouskyUID：2459211

不错:)

阿泰UID：209473

我提醒一下

转帖是不能加入精华的

abdmenUID：2536727

这么多东西谁准备看完呢

creekpreciousUID：2389003

.

[ 本帖最后由 creekprecious 于 2009-1-16 14:07 编辑 ]

冰奶茶UID：2116372

非常好,强烈支持一下啊,辛苦了!:)