〓DIES IN FLAMES〓组 NO题 分析研讨——NO.2-1-B-L

米饭袜子UID: 2532172

NO 2-1 SECTION B--L


Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.


Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.


Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.
17.
The passage is primarily concerned with describing
(A) objectives and legal method for directing technological development
(B) technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity
(C) economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers
(D) reasons for slowing the technological development in light of environmentalist objections
(E) technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum allocation of resources
18.
The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in lines 54-56 in order to
(A) revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources
(B) evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments
(C) give examples of costs not included in buyer-seller bargains
(D) refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values
(E) commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare
19.
According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally
(A) are harmful when all factors are considered
(B) give rise to ever-increasing resource costs
(C) reflect an optimal allocation of natural resources
(D) encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone
(E) are guided by legal controls on the development of technology
20.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author does NOT favor which of the following?
(A) Protecting the environment for future use
(B) Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business
(C) Intervening in the activity of the free market
(D) Making prices reflect costs to everyone in society
(E) Causing technological development to cease
21.
A gasoline-conservation tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of
(A) a specific directive
(B) a market incentive modification
(C) an optimal resource allocation
(D) an alteration of a decision-making structure
(E) an external cost
22.
If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the following would be true?
(A) All technology-control methods would be effective.
(B) Some resource allocations would be illegal.
(C) Prices would include all costs to members of society.
(D) Some decision-making structures would be altered.
(E) The availability of common goods would increase.
23.
The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to
(A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology
(B) combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum
(C) convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments
(D) predict the costs of new technological developments
(E) derive an equation making costs depend on prices
24.
On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements concerning technological development?
(A) The government should own technological operations.
(B) The effect of technological development cannot be controlled.
(C) Some technological developments are beneficial.
(D) The current state of technological development results in a good allocation of resources.
(E) Applications of technological developments are criminally destructive.
汇总统计
第一组：A B C D E F . p& t. i! F: o' g1 T8 o! Z+ Y# Q
第二组：A B C D E F
第三组：A B C D E F

刚刚好UID: 2599482

星期二

seiranzcc1UID: 2514067

2-1-B
Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.
Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.
Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.
17.        The passage is primarily concerned with describing（主旨大议题，第一句话）
(A) objectives and legal method for directing technological development
(B) technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity
(C) economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers
(D) reasons for slowing the technological development in light of environmentalist objections
(E) technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum allocation of resources

18.The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in lines 54-56 in order to（定位倒数两段，实际上主要讲如何获得optimum allocation of resources,核心就是就是external cost—来自买卖双方fail to set a price including some cost--能否消除的问题，而最后一段正是证明这个问题）
(A) revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources
(B) evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments
(C) give examples of costs not included in buyer-seller bargains
(D) refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values
(E) commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare

19. According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally（推理题，题干问买卖双方的交易对社会产生的影响，定位在倒数第二段。这一段说的是什么呢？external cost 影响了社会资源的最优配置，而ec来自市场活动，作者又把市场活动特化到了“交易”上，如果交易中价格合理，就可以避免ec。所以，买卖双方交易对社会的影响是通过ec实现的，ec又是买卖双方共同参与的。）
(A) are harmful when all factors are considered
(B) give rise to ever-increasing resource costs
(C) reflect an optimal allocation of natural resources
(D) encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone
(E) are guided by legal controls on the development of technology

20.It can be inferred from the passage that the author does NOT favor which of the following?（细节题）
(A) Protecting the environment for future use（最后一段的例子，作者表明 air pollusion 使得资源配置无法最优化）
(B) Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business（实际是alteration of decision-making structure的内容）
(C) Intervening in the activity of the free market（market incentive modification 的内容）
(D) Making prices reflect costs to everyone in society
(E) Causing technological development to cease（明显与作者意图相悖，作者探讨的是channel technological development）

21. A gasoline-conservation tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of(细节题)
(A) a specific directive
(B) a market incentive modification
(C) an optimal resource allocation
(D) an alteration of a decision-making structure
(E) an external cost

22. If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the following would be true?（推理题，ec导致了资源无法最优配置，而prices failing to include all cost 导致了ec,反过来想，达到ec时prices must include all cost）
(A) All technology-control methods would be effective.
(B) Some resource allocations would be illegal.(题干意义其实是“已达到资源最有配置”条件，自然不可能有这种情况)
(C) Prices would include all costs to members of society.
(D) Some decision-making structures would be altered.
(E) The availability of common goods would increase.

23. The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to（推理题）
(A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology（damage resulting from~是ec,为了消除应该有相应的货币补偿，这同时也是market incentive modification的要求）
(B) combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum（题目的关键是实用性的optimum）
(C) convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments(oa的核心是no ec，damage from technological 也是ec的范畴，因此是应该消除而不是有消费者承担)
(D) predict the costs of new technological developments（没提过）
(E) derive an equation making costs depend on prices（不是理论化的，而是实践）

24. On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements concerning technological development?
(A) The government should own technological operations.（specific derectives 的内容，政府应该管理调控其中一些形象因素，而不是直接掌握technological development）
(B) The effect of technological development cannot be controlled.(specific derective的内容)
(C) Some technological developments are beneficial. （这点被否定了全文也就没有讨论意义了，channel it是可以使其beneficial，所以才探讨了文中的各种内容）
(D) The current state of technological development results in a good allocation of resources.（没有，所以文章才讨论怎么做）
(E) Applications of technological developments are criminally destructive.（绝对化）

出题点总结与猜想
Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.(红字部分是细节题的出题点，而个点后面的说明部分，作为说明内容会考推理题。本篇每一点都在题目中有涉及)
Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources（关键词）. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity.（关键句） 【There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.】（整段的说明内容，阐述ec的产生，推理题的出题点）
Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities（关键词） were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.（此例用于说明ec,是推理题出题点）

米饭袜子UID: 2532172

这篇是所有这几天分析的NO里最难的了我感觉。。。。。yyx和seiranccl童鞋的分析都看了，有些题思路有点点不同，还是都帖上来吧~

STEP ONE 题目分析（划线部分是后面题目的答案来源）

(24&17)Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. （20.C)Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. (21)Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, (20.A)creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. (20.B)Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.


Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields(23) the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. (22①&18)There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. (19①)Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.


Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. (22②)Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical.(19②) If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.
17.
The passage is primarily concerned with describing(嗯,主旨题,根据文章第一句即可选出~)
(A) objectives and legal method for directing technological development
(B) technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity
(C) economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers
(D) reasons for slowing the technological development in light of environmentalist objections
(E) technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum allocation of resources
18.
The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in lines 54-56 in order to(简单题，最后一段很显然是对上一段的举例也即答案~）
(A) revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources
(B) evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments
(C) give examples of costs not included in buyer-seller bargains
(D) refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values
(E) commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare
19.
According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally（这个题上面两位童鞋已经分析的很到位了，另外我觉得从文章中标号的句子已经很明显看出这个transaction是一种把external cost转变为internal的过程从而实现optimal resource，这显然已经超出了对seller&buyer本身的作用~）
(A) are harmful when all factors are considered
(B) give rise to ever-increasing resource costs
(C) reflect an optimal allocation of natural resources
(D) encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone
(E) are guided by legal controls on the development of technology
20.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author does NOT favor which of the following?（态度题~很容易选出答案，另外其他选项来源偶已在文中标出，筒子们有兴趣的话可以看看）
(A) Protecting the environment for future use
(B) Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business
(C) Intervening in the activity of the free market
(D) Making prices reflect costs to everyone in society
(E) Causing technological development to cease
21.
A gasoline-conservation tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of（细节题，其实我做这个题时和yyx方法是一样滴当时看到tax首先往那段找，然后又找看又没其他地方也出现过）
(A) a specific directive
(B) a market incentive modification
(C) an optimal resource allocation
(D) an alteration of a decision-making structure
(E) an external cost
22.
If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the following would be true?（呵呵，这又是推理加细节题了，根据文中划线部分反推可得~在①中需反推而②则直接表明了）
(A) All technology-control methods would be effective.
(B) Some resource allocations would be illegal.
(C) Prices would include all costs to members of society.
(D) Some decision-making structures would be altered.
(E) The availability of common goods would increase.
23.
The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to（读懂题干中的粉色部分就抓住了找这个题答案的关键，它给我们提供了一条线路-----找到文中哪里讲determine optimal allocation，于是可以找到文中对应划线部分，然后再把if后面的句子通过文中意思的转换就可得答案了）
(A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology
(B) combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum
(C) convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments
(D) predict the costs of new technological developments
(E) derive an equation making costs depend on prices
24.
On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements concerning technological development?(这个题有意思哇~自己可以推理出来其实文中有告诉我们呐！看第一句中的粉色词~ETS出题还是很严谨滴~）
(A) The government should own technological operations.
(B) The effect of technological development cannot be controlled.
(C) Some technological developments are beneficial.
(D) The current state of technological development results in a good allocation of resources.
(E) Applications of technological developments are criminally destructive.

STEP TWO 出题点猜想与AW借鉴（橙色为文章分析出题点猜想，绿色为AW值得借鉴滴~）

Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction（这个句子结构简洁明了，在AW中开始举例论证是可以用到~而且channle的动词用法学习~）: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. （这个不能说是全文的主旨句，只能说是全文都是围绕这句来写的，是个总述句，会有态度题或概括全文内容的题，下面开始分讲各个方面，思路还是很容易分清的）Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.
虽然排列叙述了几个方面的具体内容，但在叙述过程中作者用了不同的表达方式~甚好~学习~

整个一段很长，也很好理解，作者思路也很清晰，不会出太难的逻辑分析题，但各个leagal approach会涉及细节题，但只要定位好也不难~主要是从下面开始阐述其use就比较纠结了。。。逻辑本不复杂，但第一遍读下来会有点晕。。。

Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources.（学习句式~）（首句为ts） When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if（可能会出细节推理题） there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails（否定词出现，后面可能会出反推题~） to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.
                                                                                                  
以上这段其实本身讲的内容并不难，就是




把这个逻辑关系理清楚读最后一段就很容易看出是在举例说这个关系了


Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation,(对例子的总结，出题点~） because the private net product and the social net(net形容词意思有基本的，纯净的，最后的） product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.


最后有两个疑问，大家来看看啦~
1、 Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance.
这句话嘞意思我咋也理不顺，尤其是example后，其实是不理解这个criminal prohibition到底是啥意思。。。

2、When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity.
这是个绝对的长难句！N多that算是把我给晕死了。。。。
然后我的理解是这样的------第一个that是个主语从句，第二个that是修饰legal methods 的但因为放进去太长，滞后了，第三个显然是修饰allocation 的。。。。。
大家觉得捏？？

米饭袜子UID: 2532172

According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally（这道题我虽然对了，但还是不太清楚，请后来的同学帮忙分析下。我先说说我的想法。可以定位到最后一句话，说如果从外在转变到内在的话，这时transactions一直会存在直到形式对双方都没有进展了，我认为就是讨价还价的底线，这对于buyers 和 sellers 都有好处，sellers表面上看赚的少了，其实可以通过薄利多销增加利润。或许这样的situation并不起眼，但对于社会而言就是optimal allocation，意义大过于个人之见的那种双赢，有个比较，所以我选了D）

偶觉着你分析的很好哇，个人觉着没有那么复杂，从偶文中划的对应线就可以看出来了~

米饭袜子UID: 2532172

The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to(这题我做错了，仍在领悟中……）

我当时主要抓住in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources这点分析的~
找到文中the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs 这里，实际上A选项的意思就是reflect costs to all

vidyaUID: 2599950

SECTION B
Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.
Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.
Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.
17.
The passage is primarily concerned with describing（主旨题）
(A) objectives and legal method for directing technological development（此选项就是对文章第一段与第二段的top sentence的改写）
(B) technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity
(C) economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers
(D) reasons for slowing the technological development in light of environmentalist objections
(E) technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum allocation of resources
18.
The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in lines 54-56 in order to（推理题）
(A) revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources
(B) evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments
(C) give examples of costs not included in buyer-seller bargains
(D) refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values
(E) commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare
19.
According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally（推理题，这题应该是考察对文章最后一句话的理解）
(A) are harmful when all factors are considered
(B) give rise to ever-increasing resource costs
(C) reflect an optimal allocation of natural resources
(D) encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone（）（
(E) are guided by legal controls on the development of technology
20.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author does NOT favor which of the following?（作者态度题）
(A) Protecting the environment for future use
(B) Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business
(C) Intervening in the activity of the free market
(D) Making prices reflect costs to everyone in society
(E) Causing technological development to cease（全文中没有一处表达了该意思）
21.
A gasoline-conservation tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of（细节题，这题主要考出对四种方法的理解）
(A) a specific directive
(B) a market incentive modification
(C) an optimal resource allocation
(D) an alteration of a decision-making structure
(E) an external cost
22.
If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the following would be true? （细节题，考察的是文章第二段最后一句话）
(A) All technology-control methods would be effective.
(B) Some resource allocations would be illegal.
(C) Prices would include all costs to members of society.
(D) Some decision-making structures would be altered.
(E) The availability of common goods would increase.
23.
The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to（推理题，这道题还是考察对四种方法的理解，因为文章中第二段首句表明了Effective use of these methods 的目标就是optimal allocation of resources）
(A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology
(B) combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum
(C) convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments
(D) predict the costs of new technological developments（A）
(E) derive an equation making costs depend on prices
24.
On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements concerning technological development? （作者态度题）
(A) The government should own technological operations.
(B) The effect of technological development cannot be controlled.
(C) Some technological developments are beneficial.
(D) The current state of technological development results in a good allocation of resources.（C）
(E) Applications of technological developments are criminally destructive.



Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures（接下来对四种方法的描述会是考点）. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of （这下来几个具体的例子应该会作为细节题的考点）imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example（接下来的例子也有可能作为考点）, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.
Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources（这句话说明了四种方法的目标，而且这句表达的比较晦涩，很有可能出题）. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.（这句话说明了external costs是一种什么情况，可能会作为细节题出现）
Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.

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大家都分析很细了。我就总结下。。（主要是懒得再拖一遍拼命改颜色了。）

首段其实结构很清晰综述4个东西-1定义+解释-2-3-4，注意很多的such（=for example）都是帮助理解的，所以这里考的话就是个定义区分。
后两段那个纠结的。说白了其实也就是针对具体事例给你分析分析看，可惜基本都是长难句。。看的一个想吐就忘了啥意思。。。

Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance.

我理解就是  政府制定法规，规定tech的应用范围。就比如说政府规定减少自动污染控制设备（不理解是啥）以来保证车辆运行。  这个example太抽象。。。

When the object is optimal resource allocation, that这个是介词？副词？反正不是从句 -_,- combination of legal methods should be used that这个that是修饰methods的，为了句子平衡，顺序换了 most nearly yields the allocation that这个修饰allocation，从句一直到最后 would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity.