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148.The following appeared in the editorial section of Monroetown's local newspaper.
"Mayor Brown was recently re-elected by a clear majority of 52 percent of Monroetown's voters. Her re-election, however, does not show that most people in our town favored Mayor Brown's proposal for tax reduction over that of her opponent, Mr. Greene, who proposed raising taxes to improve education. It has been shown that voters nationwide tend to re-elect people already in office, regardless of candidates' proposals. In fact, a local survey after the election showed most people in Monroetown disagreed with Mayor Brown's proposal. Clearly most people in Monroetown favor improving education and therefore approve of Mr. Greene's proposal despite the fact that they did not vote for him."
Brown市长最近获得了Monroetown全体选民52%的票而再次当选市长。然而,她的再次当选并不表明我们城市的多数市民更喜欢Brown提出了减税提案,而不是其竞争对手Greene提出的增加税收以促进教育的提案。已有证据表明全国的选民都倾向于再次选举那些已经在位的官员,不论候选人的竞选提案是什么。实际上,这次选举后的一次地方调查显示,Monroetown的多数市民不赞同Brown市长的提案。显然Monroetown的多数市民愿意改善教育,从而支持Greene的提案,尽管他们并没有投他的票。
Mayor,re-elected by a clear majority,education,tax 论断:B被52%的人重选当市长并不证明大多数的人支持她降低税收的建议。因为大多数M镇的人支持G改善教育提高税收的建议,尽管他们没有选他。事实上在选举之后的调查中,大多数M镇的人不同意B市场的建议。而且全国都有趋势重选前任官员。
前提:M镇的人不支持降低税收。论者搞混了三件事,一是是否改善教育,二是是否降低税收,三是是否需要通过提高税收来改善教育(G的建议)。所以如果M镇的支持改善教育,并不意味着他们支持用提高税收的方式来进行,因而也不代表他们不支持B降低税收的建议。
论据:尽管调查结果显示人们不同意B的建议,但人们还是有可能同意降低税收的作法。B不只这一个建议吧。另外调查是否有代表性,没有被描述。而且不赞同B不一定就赞同G
论据,全国性的趋势不一定代表当地的情况。
149.The following is a memorandum from the director of personnel to the president of Get-Away Airlines.
"Since our mechanics are responsible for inspecting and maintaining our aircraft, Get-Away Airlines should pay to send them to the Quality-Care Seminar, a two-week seminar on proper maintenance procedures. I recommend this seminar because it is likely to be a wise investment, given that the automobile racing industry recently reported that the performance of its maintenance crews improved markedly after their crews had attended the seminar. These maintenance crews perform many of the same functions as do our mechanics, including refueling and repairing engines. The money we spend on sending our staff to the seminar will inevitably lead to improved maintenance and thus to greater customer satisfaction along with greater profits for our airline."
由于我们的机修师负责检测和维护我们的飞机,Get-Away航空公司应该花钱把他们送去参加一个为期两周的,关于合理维护流程的质量保障研讨会。我推荐这个研讨会是因为这应该是一个明智的投资,因为赛车企业最近报告说他们的维修人员的水平在他们参加完研讨会之后显著提高了。这些维修人员和我们机修师所作的工作有很多是相同的,包括加注燃油和维修引擎。我们用于把员工送去参加研讨会的花费必然会为本公司带来维护水平的提高,并带来更高的客户满意度和更大的利润。
Get-Away Airlines,maintaining our aircraft 论断:花钱送员工参加这个研习班一定会使维修技术提高,从而顾客满意度了利润都会提高。因为赛车产业最近报告说他们员工的维修技术在参加这个研习班后有很显著的提高。这些维修人员有很多和我们机师一样的作用,包括加油和维修发动机。
员工参加研习班技术一定会提高。没有直接证据。提供的没有说服力。赛车行业和飞机会有很大差别,尽管员工的作用一样,但工作的内容不一样。对他们有用,不一定对飞机有用。
就算提高也不一定顾客就会满意,(puncuality, the on-board srvice, the ticket price, the luggage handling procedure and even the discount,)(significantly increse it customers or passengers and at the same time cut down its cost,)
150.The following is a letter to the editor of an environmental magazine.
"The decline in the numbers of amphibians worldwide clearly indicates the global pollution of water and air. Two studies of amphibians in Yosemite National Park in California confirm my conclusion. In 1915 there were seven species of amphibians in the park, and there were abundant numbers of each species. However, in 1992 there were only four species of amphibians observed in the park, and the numbers of each species were drastically reduced. The decline in Yosemite has been blamed on the introduction of trout into the park's waters, which began in 1920 (trout are known to eat amphibian eggs). But the introduction of trout cannot be the real reason for the Yosemite decline because it does not explain the worldwide decline."
全球两栖动物数量的下降清楚地说明全球空气和水质的污染。在加州Yosemite国家公园对于两栖动物所进行的两次研究证实了我的结论。1915年公园中有7中两栖动物,每种的数量都很丰富。然而到了1992年在公园中只观察到4种两栖动物,并且每种动物的数量都显著下降。Yosemite公园两栖动物数量的下降曾被归因于始于1920年的在公园水域引入鲑鱼的行为(我们知道鲑鱼捕食两栖动物的卵)。但鲑鱼的引入不会是Yosemite两栖动物数量下降的真正原因应为它并不能解释全球范围的数量下降。
decline in the numbers of amphibians worldwide 论断:YNP地区两栖动物的下降不是因为鳟鱼的引入。全球范围两栖动物的数目下降,显示有全球水域和空气的污染。两次关于YNP两栖动物的研究支持我们的结论。在1915年这里有7种两栖动物,每种数目都很多。但是在1992年,这里只看得到四种,每种的数目也都显著下降。这种下降一直被归结为公园水域引入鳟鱼,而这种引入不能解释全球性的下降。 论断中有两个结论,一全球下降,显示全球有污染。二是YNP地区的原因不是因为鳟鱼。但是两个结论论者都没有提供相关的证据,我们既不知是否全球数目有下降,也不知道YNP地区是否还有其他因素。
两次研究仅能证明YNP地区的数目在下降,但没有得出结论。论者也没有提供任何资料表明该地区存在空气或水域污染。因而不能像论者所以为的那样支持他关于全球数目下降显示全球有污染的结论。(不是污染引起该地区下降)
是否有全球性的数目下降,又否是存在全球性的污染,论者都没有提供任何有关的证据。而且论者也未能在这两者之间建立因果关系,我们无法得出结论,即数目下降的原因是否是因为污染,因为也无法用以证实YNP地区的下降有可能是因为污染,也就不能排除已建立的可能,即鳟鱼引起了下降。(不是污染引起了全球的下降)
YNP地区情况完全可以不和全球相同。
结论:论者的推论中有明显的逻辑错误,他将两个仍需要证实的结论,互为彼此推理过程的基础。思维极其混乱。
151.The following is a letter to the editor of the Atticus City newspaper.
"Former Mayor Durant owes an apology to the city of Atticus. Both the damage to the River Bridge, which connects Atticus to Hartley, and the traffic problems we have long experienced on the bridge were actually caused 20 years ago by Durant. After all, he is the one who approved the construction of the bridge. If he had approved a wider and better-designed bridge, on which approximately the same amount of public money would have been spent, none of the damage or problems would have occurred. Instead, the River Bridge has deteriorated far more rapidly over the past 20 years than has the much longer Derby Bridge up the river. Even though the winters have been severe in the past several years, this is no excuse for the negligence and wastefulness of Durant."
前任市长Durant应该向Atticus市道歉。连接着Atticus和Hartley两座城市的River Bridge的损害和长期困扰着我们的桥上的交通问题实际上都是20年前因Durant而导致的。无论如何,是他批准了桥梁的建造。如果他能够批准一个差不多花同样的钱的设计更好的方案的话,桥梁的损坏和交通问题都不会出现。但现在,River Bridge在过去20年间的损坏程度比上游另外一座更长的Derby Bridge更加严重。尽管近几年的冬天气候确实比较恶劣,但这也不是为Durant的过失和浪费开脱的借口。
Former Mayor owes an apology to the city 论断:前市长应该为R桥的破坏和长期以来桥上的交通堵塞问题向市民道歉,因为如果他批准用差不多的公共钱建一个更宽设计更好的桥,就不会有破坏和问题发生。现在这个20年前建的桥比另一个时间更长的D桥损毁的速度快得多。尽管过去几年冬天比较冷,但这也不是疏忽和浪费的借口。
前提,桥是否窄了。桥在20年前建设的,后来车多了,人多了,还有这条道变重要了,但以前可能没这么多。
前提,桥是否不好。这是从与D桥对比中来,但是位置不同不说明问题,因为水流,使用情况都会不同。另外,天气的寒冷是可能造成损坏的原因
结论,即使桥不好,可能是因为当时的技术问题和资金问题。
152.The following is a letter to the head of the tourism bureau on the island of Tria.
"Erosion of beach sand along the shores of Tria Island is a serious threat to our island and our tourist industry. In order to stop the erosion, we should charge people for using the beaches. Although this solution may annoy a few tourists in the short term, it will reduce the number of people using the beaches and will raise money for replenishing the sand. Replenishing the sand, as was done to protect buildings on the nearby island of Batia, will help protect buildings along our shores, thereby reducing these buildings' risk of additional damage from severe storms. And since the areas along the shore will be more attractive as a result, the beaches will be preserved and the area's tourist industry will improve over the long term."
Tria岛海岸沙滩的侵蚀对于我们岛和我们的旅游业是个严重的威胁。为阻止侵蚀,我们应该对使用海滩的人收费。尽管这一解决方案会在短期内触怒少量游客,它将会减少使用海滩的人数并增加补充沙子的资金。象临近的Batia岛一样补充沙子将会有助于对我们沿岸建筑的保护,从而减少这些房屋在大风暴中受损的危险。并且由于这会导致沿岸地区更具吸引力,海滩将会受到保护,本地区的旅游业将会在长远得到发展。
Erosion of beach sand,tourist industry 论断:我们应该向使用沙滩的人收费,这样可以降低沙滩的使用而且可为填沙攒钱。填沙可以帮助保护沙滩边的房子,降低受严重风暴的特别破坏的危险(隔壁B岛用填沙保护建筑)。(这些都可以防止侵蚀)目前海滩沙的侵蚀是对岛和旅游业的严重危胁,而如果防止侵蚀岸边地区会因此而更吸引人,海滩也会因此保留,而且长远来看旅游业也会提高。
降低人们使用沙滩不一定能保护沙滩,。 •建筑被保护了不一定就使沙滩更吸引人,因而也不一定能促进旅游业。气候问题,服务问题。
.Charging people for using the beachers does not prevent sand erosion. There many factors exist. the tourists themself can be one . Moreover, no service in beachers will result in decrease of tourists.
The preserved sand can do little help to the buildings in severe storms.
153.The following is from an editorial in the Midvale Observer, a local newspaper.
"Ever since the 1950's, when television sets began to appear in the average home, the rate of crimes committed by teenagers in the country of Alta has steadily increased. This increase in teenage crime parallels the increase in violence shown on television. According to several national studies, even very young children who watch a great number of television shows featuring violent scenes display more violent behavior within their home environment than do children who do not watch violent shows. Furthermore, in a survey conducted by the Observer, over 90 percent of the respondents were parents who indicated that prime-time television-programs that are shown between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m.-should show less violence. Therefore, in order to lower the rate of teenage crime in Alta, television viewers should demand that television programmers reduce the amount of violence shown during prime time."
20世纪50年代电视开始出现在平常家庭以来,Alta的青少年犯罪发生率也在稳步增加。这种青少年犯罪的增加和电视中暴力节目的增加相对应。根据几次全国调查,那些看了大量含有暴力镜头的节目的很小的儿童比那些不看暴力节目的儿童在家庭环境中表现出更多的暴力行为。而且,在一次由Observer所举行的调查中,超过90%的回应者是那些指出黄金时段的电视节目(晚上7点-9点的节目)应该少播放暴力的家长。因此,为降低Alta青少年犯罪率,电视观众应该要求电视节目制作者减少黄金时段暴力镜头的播出数量。
teenage crime,television 论断:为降低A的少年犯罪率,电视观众应该要求电视节目减少黄金时段里的暴力内容。因为自从电视机进入普通家庭以来,少年犯罪率就一直在上升,电视里的暴力内容也在上升。根据几个国家的研究,甚至很小的孩子看了大量电视上的暴力特定都会在家里表现出比其它孩子更暴力的行为。而且,观察者做的一份调查,90%的被访者是表示黄金时段的电视节目应该少一些暴力内容的父母。
前提,少年犯罪率的上升是因为电视节目的暴力内容上升,是否有犯罪的少年经常看电视里的暴力。
前提,暴力并不等于犯罪。
论据,调查没有科学的描述。
154.The following appeared in the editorial section of a health and fitness magazine.
"In a study of the effects of exercise on longevity, medical researchers tracked 500 middle-aged men over a 20-year period. The subjects represented a variety of occupations in several different parts of the country and responded to an annual survey in which they were asked: How often and how strenuously do you exercise? Of those who responded, the men who reported that they engaged in vigorous outdoor exercise nearly every day lived longer than the men who reported that they exercised mildly only once or twice a week. Given the clear link that this study establishes between longevity and exercise, doctors should not recommend moderate exercise to their patients but should instead encourage vigorous outdoor exercise on a daily basis."
在一次关于锻炼对寿命的影响的调查中,医务人员在20年的期间跟踪了500名中年男子。调查对象覆盖了全国若干不同地区的多种职业,他们每年回答一次问卷,在问卷中他们被问道:你锻炼的频率和强度如何?在那些回答了问卷的人中,那些报告说自己几乎每天都参加激烈的户外运动的人比那些报告说自己每周仅仅温和地锻炼一两次的人活的长。鉴于这一调查所建立的长寿与锻炼之间的明显联系,医生不应该建议患者进行温和的运动而应该鼓励他们每天都参加激烈的户外运动。
exercise on longevity 论断:医生不应该建议病人进行适量运动,而应该鼓励每天强化的室外运动。因为一份对500个不同行业不同地区的中年男子长达20年的研究显示,说自己几乎每天都有巨烈室外运动的人比说自己每周一次或两次中等运动的人活得长。
前提,频繁的巨烈室外运动比中等运动更使人长寿。没有直接证据。而且同时把巨烈和频率放在一起,这是两个概念,而且不一定同时,也许分开会有效。
论据研究有问题。首先,不同地区,不同职业,人的状况不一样。其次,身体好的人,可能会比其它人更喜欢运动,尤其是一些强度大的运动。第三,只有中年男人,女人怎么办?
结论:医生的病人有病呢!!
155.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.
"Too much emphasis is placed on the development of reading skills in elementary school. Many students who are discouraged by the lonely activity of reading turn away from schoolwork merely because they are poor readers. But books recorded on audiocassette tape provide an important alternative for students at this crucial stage in their education, one the school board should not reject merely because of the expense involved. After all, many studies attest to the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; there is even evidence that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become able readers. Thus, hearing books on tape can only make students more eager to read and to learn. Therefore, the school board should encourage schools to buy books on tape and to use them in elementary education."
小学对于阅读能力的培养的强调过分了。很多对于单调的阅读活动不感兴趣的学生仅仅因为他们阅读能力欠佳而放弃学习。但录制在磁带上的教材为学生在教育的关键阶段提供了重要的补充,教委不应该仅仅因为其所需的花费而拒绝它。无论如何,很多研究证实了让学生听大声朗读的教材的作用;甚至还有证据表明那些由家长为他们朗读的学生阅读能力更容易提高。因此,听录制教材只会让学生更乐意阅读和学习。所以,教委应该鼓励学校购买录制的教材并把它们用于基础教育。
Too much emphasis,reading skills in elementary school 论断:学校董事会应该鼓励学校为基础教育买音像书。因为很多被孤单的阅读打击的学生不愿上课仅仅是因为他们阅读不好。但是录在磁带上的书给这个关键年龄段的孩子提供了很重要的后选。学校不能仅因为它贵而拒绝。毕竟很多研究都证实让学生听书的价值。甚至有证据表明父母给他们念书的孩子更愿意成为好的阅读者。所以听磁带上的书不仅使学生更愿阅读且会更愿学。
前提,音像书会使学生更愿阅读。
论据有问题,没有提供直接关于磁带的研究,而父母念书的和这是不一样的。
结论:是否应该鼓励。首先,有多少学生不愿上课是因为阅读?不多就没必要了。其次,花费到底是多少?学校没钱也不应鼓励。
156.The following is taken from an advertisement placed in a weekly business magazine by the Dickens Academy.
"We distributed a survey to senior management at International Mega-Publishing, Inc. The result of the survey clearly indicates that many employees were well prepared in business knowledge and computer skills, but lacked interpersonal skills to interact gracefully with customers. International Mega-Publishing decided to improve customer satisfaction by sending their newly hired employees to our one-day seminars. Since taking advantage of our program, International Mega-Publishing has seen a sharp increase in sales, an indication that the number of their disgruntled customers has declined significantly. Your company should hire Dickens and let us turn every employee into an ambassador for your company."
我们对International Mega-Publishing, Inc的高层管理人员进行了一次调查。调查结果清楚地显示很多员工在商业知识和计算机技能方面准备充足,但是缺乏与客户得体沟通的人际交往能力。International
Mega-Publishing决定通过让他们的新员工参加我们为期一天的研讨会来提高客户满意度。在参加了我们的课程之后,International Mega-Publishing的销量急剧上升,这表明不满意的顾客数量显著下降。你们公司应该聘用Dickens来让我们把每名员工变成你们公司的大使.
International Mega-Publishing,interpersonal skills 论断:你们应该雇用我们来使你们的员工成为公司的外交大使。因为自从IM公司送新员工来参加我们一天的培训后,他们的销售争取上升,关于顾客抱怨的数字也明显下降。
前提,D公司的一天培训能提高员工的交际能力,广告中没有相关的资料证明IM公司的新员工因为这项研究班而有提升。
前提,IM公司的业绩上升可能不是因为研究班。首先不是因为新员工,其次不是因为人际能力的上升。
结论,其他工司是否也需要员工有很好的人际交往能力,或者外交大使。
157.The following is a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.
"As a local merchant, I wish to support the development of a ski resort in the state park north of our township. Along with many other merchants who favor the proposal by Ski the Slopes, Incorporated, I would, of course, experience a growth in my business. But I also know how much more prosperous, not to mention lively and interesting, our community would be if tourism increased. Since the main opposition comes from a few environmentalists* who do not even live in this community, I see no reason to give in to their views. The First National Bank has finally researched the project and agreed to fund it. As a result, I see no reason to delay development of the resort." Environmentalists are people who advocate the preservation of the natural environment.
作为一个本地商人,我支持在我们城市北部的州立公园建造一个滑雪场。和其他很多支持Ski the Slopes, Incorporated的商人一样,我的生意显然也将会增长。但是我还知道如果旅游业增长了,我们社区将会多么繁荣,还不用说它带来的生机和乐趣。由于主要的反对意见来自一些甚至并不住在本社区的环境主义者*,我认为没有理由向他们的观点屈服。First National Bank最终研究了这个方案并同意资助它。因此,我认为没有理由推迟滑雪场的建造。 *环境主义者是倡导保护自然环境的人。
ski resort 论断:没有理由推迟建设度假村。旅游业上升的话我们的社区会非常繁荣,而且它很有趣。第一国家银行也最后调查了这个计划并同意给资金。由于主要的反对意见还自几个甚至不住在这个社区的环境保护者,我觉得没有理由采纳他们的意见。
前提,没有证据表明滑雪度假村一定会使旅游业上升。
度假村可能会带来的负面作用。环保主义者的反对意见,说明建度假村对环境有影响。
是否有能力建设,有银行提供资金不能保证就能建了。
158.The Trash-Site Safety Council has recently conducted a statewide study of possible harmful effects of garbage sites on the health of people living near the sites. A total of five sites and 300 people were examined. The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between the proximity of homes to garbage sites and the incidence of unexplained rashes among people living in these homes. Furthermore, although it is true that people living near the largest trash sites had a slightly higher incidence of the rashes, there was otherwise no correlation between the size of the garbage sites and people's health. Therefore, the council is pleased to announce that the current system of garbage sites does not pose a significant health hazard. We see no need to restrict the size of such sites in our state or to place any restrictions on the number of homes built near the sites.
垃圾场安全委员会最近对于垃圾场对住在附近的居民健康的可能危害进行了一次调查。调查一共检测了5个垃圾场和300位居民。研究发现平均而言,在垃圾场附近居住和这些居民中一种未查明原因的皮炎之间只有很小的相关性。而且,尽管住在最大的垃圾场附近的居民患皮炎的比例确实要高一些,但是垃圾场的规模和人们的健康之间是没有关联的。因此,委员会很高兴宣布现有的垃圾场系统不会对健康产生严重的健康危害。我们认为没有必要限制本州这类垃圾场的规模,或对于在垃圾场周围建造的住宅的数量加以任何限制。
harmful effects on the health of people living near garbage sites 论断:没有必要对垃圾场的面积作限制,也没有必要对垃圾场旁的房屋建筑数目做限制。因为目前的垃圾系统没有造成大的健康危害。最近对州上五个垃圾场和300个住在附近的人的研究显示,住户住在垃圾场边和解释不清的疹一般只有很小的数据关系。而且虽然住在最大的垃圾场旁的人会有较高的轻度疹发生次数,但垃圾场大小和人们的健康也没有关系。 所有基础就是这个调查,但调查有漏洞。
有无皮疹不能说明是否对健康有害,论者也没有提供为什么用皮疹作唯一参照标准。
既然最大的垃圾场旁边有较高的发生次数,就说明有可能它对健康的影响比其他的更大。The argue treats the evidence for the occurence of a condition under which a circumstance will occur as the conclusive evidence that a circumstance will not occur.
目前没有危害,如果不限制危害有可能发生。
159.The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricity than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity.
Claria这个国家覆盖了广泛的地理区域。但尽管存在很大地理差异,很多居民都遇到了电费上涨的经历。最近一项对于Claria家庭用电花费的研究发现,那些单独使用风扇来降温的家庭电费花费比那些单独使用空调降温的家庭要多。然而,那些报告说同时使用风扇和空调的家庭电费花费比单独使用风扇或空调的家庭少。因此,Claria的居民应该遵从这个研究的建议,同时使用空调和风扇来节省电费花费。
rising costs of electricity 论断:C的居民应该同时使用空调和电扇来省电费。因为最近对该国家庭电费的调查发现,仅用电扇降温的家庭比仅用空调降温的家庭电费更高,但是两个都用的家庭花得比它们都少。调查存在的问题:
前提,家庭用电不只在降温上,还有其他电器。the argue explain the event contributed by many facots with only one reason which is not sufficient to garantee the result.
前提,两个都用能降低家庭用于降温的电费。各地温度不同,用于此的电费自然不同,该国有vast physical area,这点被忽略了。The argue neglects a very important reason that contribute to the result. •电价问题。
160.As people grow older, an enzyme known as PEP increasingly breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory. But now, researchers have found compounds that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart. In tests, these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats. The use of these compounds should be extended to students who have poor memory and difficulty in concentrating-and therefore serious problems in school performance. Science finally has a solution for problems neither parents nor teachers could solve.
随着人们的衰老,一种已知叫做PEP的酶不断地分解与学习和记忆有关的神经化学物质。但现在研究人员已经发现了一些阻止PEP分解神经化学键的化合物。在试验中,这些化合物几乎完全恢复了老鼠失去的记忆。这些化合物的使用可以扩展到那些记忆力较差和因注意力不能集中而在学习中存在严重问题的学生。科学最终能够解决家长和教师都无法解决的问题。
enzyme known as PEP 论断:这个混和物的应用应该扩大到记忆不好,不容易集中精力的学生身上。因为最近研究者们发现这个混和物可以防止PEP分解某种神经。在试验中,这些混和物几乎使免子恢复了所有记忆。(PEP是一种酶,随着人变老它会逐渐分解某种和学习、记忆有关的神经)
兔子跟人不一样,实验最终还需要在人身上进行。
PEP分解神经是否在青少年时期就会发生。
学生记忆不好和不集中精力的主要原因不是生理原因,懒惰、贪玩是老师家长解决不了的。
会不会有副作用。
161.In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits.
在一次由Leeville大学所举行的关于Leeville居民阅读习惯的调查中,多数被访者说他们倾向于阅读古典文学。然而,由相同的研究人员随后进行的调查发现Leeville所有公共图书馆中最经常被借阅的书是神秘小说。因此,我们可以得出结论,第一次调查的被访者错误地表达了他们的阅读习惯
reading habits of Leeville citizens 论断:居民不是最爱看古典文学。一项由L校进行的该地区居民阅读习惯研究中,大多数被访者说他们最爱看古典文学。但是他们随后进行的研究又发现该地区每个公共图书馆里最常被借的是神话小说。
古典文学里有很多都是神话小说。奥德赛,希望神话都是古典小说。 First at all , the mystery novels can also be literary classics. The arguer undercounted the scope of "literary classics" . in fact, all book write by writers past and made great successes in readers can be called "literary classics", there are many mystery novels such as the "Odessey" and "Greek Mysterious story" have long been considered as literary classics. Moreover, each reader has his/her own concept about "literary classics", therefore, the arguer's conclusion about they had misrepresented theri reading habits is unfounded.
公共图书馆不是唯一的书源。可以买,可以去私人图书馆。有可能是因为公共图书馆里古典小说藏量不丰富,或是神话小说过多而造成的。人们只是顺便借来看看。
第二次研究时间多长,有可能只是暂时现象。比如流行。
162.A recent study shows that people living on the continent of North America suffer 9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly, Asians, on average, eat 20 grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none. It turns out that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing properties. Thus, North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression.
最近一次研究显示居住在北美大陆的人患慢性疲劳和慢性抑郁症的数量分别为居住在亚洲大陆居民的9倍和31倍。有趣的是,亚洲人平均每天食用20克大豆,而北美人几乎不吃。人们发现大豆含有一种具有抗病功效的植物化合物单黄酮。因此,北美人应该考虑经常食用大豆作为预防疲劳和抑郁的方法。
North America fatigue,depression,Asia,soy 论断:北美洲的人应该考虑经常吃点黄豆以防止疲劳和消沉。因为黄豆黄有一种叫I的化学成分,有防止得病的特征。最近一份研究发现北美洲的人比亚洲人多9次慢性疲劳和31次慢性消沉。而亚洲人每天会吃20克黄豆,北美人却一点都不吃。
那种化学成份不一定能防止疲劳和消沉。
论据有问题,调查没有提供数据,无从判断调查是否能代表两地的情况准确。但从结论来看忽略了一些因素,比如北美人和亚洲人体质有差别,北美人工作压力比亚洲人大等等。
对亚洲人有效,不一定对北美人有效。
163.The following is taken from the editorial section of the local newspaper in Rockingham.
"In order to save a considerable amount of money, Rockingham's century-old town hall should be torn down and replaced by the larger and more energy-efficient building that some citizens have proposed. The old town hall is too small to comfortably accommodate the number of people who are employed by the town. In addition, it is very costly to heat the old hall in winter and cool it in summer. The new, larger building would be more energy efficient, costing less per square foot to heat and cool than the old hall. Furthermore, it would be possible to rent out some of the space in the new building, thereby generating income for the town of Rockingham."
为节省大量支出,Rockingham应该拆除具有百年历史的市政厅并用一些市民所提议的更大更节能的建筑来代替。旧的市政厅过于狭小,无法使政府雇佣的大量员工在里面舒适地工作。而且,旧市政厅冬天采暖和夏天制冷都很花钱。新的更大的市政厅将会更加节能,单位面积所需的采暖和制冷费用都比旧建筑少。还有,我们可以把新建筑的一部分空间出租,从而为Rockingham市增加收入。
century-old town hall 论断:为了省钱,R地该把老大堂推翻建一个更大更有效率的新大堂。因为老的太小无法使其雇用的人舒服地工作。另外它冬天供暖和夏天降温的费用太高。新的每平方尺供热降温的花销要比老的少,另外还可能把新楼里的一些地方租出去,为R创收。
更大更有效的新楼花销会很大,怎么省钱?
•新楼更大供暖降温的费用也会高,却没有证据表明它一定有人租它,创收的事儿是说不准的。
老楼的费用可以有其他办法解决,比如更换设备。
推翻老楼的负面影响,一历史文化价值,二旅游。 |
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