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本帖最后由 nlhust 于 2009-7-7 19:48 编辑
先吃饭去了，回来继续。。
这几天进度好慢啊，都快抓狂了。。。
写了两篇argu，但是那个56真的越看越觉得别扭，就算把逻辑关系理清了还是不知道怎么批驳才好。。而且，继续纠结与argu的开头与结尾，argu其实还是不好写啊不好写。。
于是把Intro翻出来仔细的看了看，有方向，但还是很抽象，唉。得靠自己去体会的东西。。
下面记录一下自己看Intro时的分析感想
Analyze an Argument Task
Understanding the Argument Task
The "Analyze an Argument" task assesses your ability to understand, analyze, and evaluate arguments and to clearly convey your analysis in writing. The task consists of a brief passage in which the author makes a case for some course of action or interpretation of events by presenting claims backed by reasons and
evidence. Your task is to discuss the logical soundness of the author's case by critically examining the lineof reasoning and the use of evidence. This task requires you to read the argument very carefully. You might want to read it more than once and possibly make brief notes about points you want to develop more fully in your response. In reading the argument, you should pay special attention to
• what is offered as evidence, support, or proof
• what is explicitly stated, claimed, or concluded
• what is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof
• what is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated
In addition, you should consider the structure of the argument—the way in which these elements are linked together to form a line of reasoning; that is, you should recognize the separate, sometimes implicit steps in the thinking process and consider whether the movement from each one to the next is logically sound. In tracing this line, look for transition words and phrases that suggest that the author is attempting to make a logical connection (e.g., however, thus, therefore, evidently, hence, in conclusion).
上面几段文字明确说出了argument task 是要考察我们理解分析和评估argument，并将自己的思想表达出来的能力。而我们要做的就是讨论文中的逻辑推理是否合理。在这个过程中学要对所讨论的argument进行深入分析，理出它的前提，假设，论据及结论；更重要的是要明晰文章的结构，看看题目中每一步的推导是否存在逻辑缺陷。因此，要想写出一篇符合逻辑的文章，那种仅仅找出一堆错误进行批判的行文方式是绝对不可取的。自己写文章时必须对argument的整个逻辑推理链了然于心，并在文章中体现出自己进行文章批驳的逻辑套路。也就是说整篇文章不仅段内要体现出连贯性，在段与段之间也应该建立起一个合理的批驳逻辑。
An important part of performing well on the Argument task is remembering what you are not being asked to do. You are not being asked to discuss whether the statements in the argument are true or accurate; instead, you are being asked whether conclusions and inferences are validly drawn from the statements. You are not being asked to agree or disagree with the position stated; instead, you are being asked to comment on the thinking that underlies the position stated. You are not being asked to express your own views on the subject being discussed (as you were in the Issue task; instead, you are being asked to evaluate the logical soundness of an argument of another writer and, in doing so, to demonstrate the critical thinking, perceptive reading, and analytical writing skills that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school.
对于行文的要求，三要三不要:
不要讨论statement的准确性 要说明由该statement能否得到该conclusion。
不要表明自己是否同意作者立场 要对作者立场背后所显现的思维方式作出评价
不要发表自己对主题的看法 要评估他人的Argument的逻辑是否可靠。
"Analyze an Argument" is primarily a critical thinking task requiring a written response. Consequently, the analytical skills displayed in your critique carry great weight in determining your score. （这才是我们在写作中应该始终注意的，体现出analytical skills。）
Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience
The purpose of the task is to see how well equipped you are to insightfully analyze an argument written by someone else and to effectively communicate your critique in writing to an academic audience. Your audience consists of college and university faculty who are trained as GRE readers to apply the scoring criteria identified in the scoring guide for the “Analyze an Argument” task (see page 28).
对评分人员及评分标准的解释
To get a clearer idea of how GRE readers apply the Argument scoring criteria to actual essays, you should review scored sample Argument essay responses and readers' commentaries. The sample responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, will show you a variety of successful strategies for organizing and developing an insightful critique. You will also see many examples of particularly effective uses of language. The readers' commentaries discuss specific aspects of analytical writing, such as cogency of ideas, development and support, organization, syntactic variety, and facility with language. These commentaries will point out aspects that are particularly effective and insightful as well as any that detract from the overall effectiveness of the responses.
对范文的研究很重要。
Preparing for the Argument Task
Because the Argument task is meant to assess analytical writing and informal reasoning skills that you have developed throughout your education, it has been designed so as not to require any specific course of study or to advantage students with a particular type of training.(这一点对我们来说不太适用，我们还是需要适应西方的而逻辑思路以及语言套路的。逻辑很重要，要学会怎样有效地表达自己的观点并且使论述环环相扣。effective writing) Many college textbooks on rhetoric and composition have sections on informal logic and critical thinking that might prove helpful, but even these might be more detailed and technical than the task requires. You will not be expected to know methods of analysis or technical terms. (所以，不需要像有些新东方老师教的那样一上来就说什么是false analogy，dilemma …等等)For instance, in one topic an elementary school principal might conclude that the new playground equipment has improved student attendance because absentee rates have declined since it was installed. You will not need to see that the principal has committed the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy; you will simply need to see that there are other possible explanations for the improved attendance, to offer some common-sense examples, and perhaps to suggest what would be necessary to verify the conclusion. For instance, absentee rates might have decreased because the climate was mild. This would have to be ruled out in order for the principal’s conclusion to be valid. (很清晰的例子，明确的告诉了我们对Argument错误的批驳应该怎样展开)
Although you do not need to know special analytical techniques and terminology, you should be familiar with the directions for the Argument task and with certain key concepts, including the following:
• alternative explanation—a possible competing version of what might have caused the events in question; an alternative explanation undercuts or qualifies the original explanation because it too can account for the observed facts
• analysis—the process of breaking something (e.g., an argument) down into its component parts in order to understand how they work together to make up the whole; also a presentation, usually in writing, of the results of this process
• argument—a claim or a set of claims with reasons and evidence offered as support; a line of reasoning meant to demonstrate the truth or falsehood of something
• assumption—a belief, often unstated or unexamined, that someone must hold in order to maintain a particular position; something that is taken for granted but that must be true in order for the conclusion to be true
• conclusion—the end point reached by a line of reasoning, valid if the reasoning is sound; the resulting assertion
• counterexample—an example, real or hypothetical, that refutes or disproves a statement in the argument
很重要也很基础的概念，写Argu之前必须弄清楚。
An excellent way to prepare for the "Analyze an Argument" task is to practice writing on some of the published Argument topics. There is no one way to practice that is best for everyone. Some prefer to start practicing without adhering to the 30-minute time limit. If you follow this approach, take all the time you need to analyze the argument.（不计时则最好尽一切努力分析清楚要评论的 Argument，所以在准备的时候还是应该多下功夫的，练出自己的分析套路） No matter which approach you take, you should
• carefully read the argument—you might want to read it over more than once
• identify as many of its claims, conclusions, and underlying assumptions as possible
• think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can(尽可能的多想它因或反例，注意，想出来的解释一定要符合常理)
• think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims
• ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound (改进方案)
Write down each of these thoughts as a brief note. When you've gone as far as you can with your analysis, look over the notes and put them in a good order for discussion (perhaps by numbering them). Then write a critique by fully developing each of your points in turn. Even if you choose not to write a full essay response, you should find it very helpful to practice analyzing a few of the arguments and sketching out your responses. When you become quicker and more confident, you should practice writing some Argument responses within the 30-minute time limit so that you will have a good sense of how to pace yourself in the actual test. For example, you will not want to discuss one point so exhaustively or to provide so many equivalent examples that you run out of time to make your other main points.（这也是在考试行文时应该尽量注意的问题。）
You might want to get feedback on your response(s) from a writing instructor, a philosophy teacher, or someone who emphasizes critical thinking in his or her course. It can also be very informative to trade papers on the same topic with fellow students and discuss one another's responses in terms of the scoring guide. （同学互改）Focus not so much on giving the "right scores" as on seeing how the papers meet or miss the performance standards for each score point and what you therefore need to do in order to improve. （互改时应注意不要过于拘泥于评分，而要对照各级评分标准发现优缺点而加以改进）
How to Interpret Numbers, Percentages, and Statistics in Argument Topics
Some arguments contain numbers, percentages, or statistics that are offered as evidence in support of the argument's conclusion. For example, an argument might claim that a certain community event is less popular this year than it was last year because only 100 people attended this year in comparison with 150 last year, a 33 percent decline in attendance. It is important to remember that you are not being asked to do a mathematical task with the numbers, percentages, or statistics. Instead you should evaluate these as evidence that is intended to support the conclusion. In the example above, the conclusion is that a community event has become less popular. You should ask yourself: does the difference between 100 people and 150 people support that conclusion? Note that, in this case, there are other possible explanations; for example, the weather might have been much worse this year, this year's event might have been held at an inconvenient time, the cost of the event might have gone up this year, or there might have been another popular event this year at the same time. Each of these could explain the difference in attendance, and thus would weaken the conclusion that the event was "less popular." Similarly, percentages might support or weaken a conclusion depending on what actual numbers the percentages represent. Consider the claim that the drama club at a school deserves more funding because its membership has increased by 100 percent. This 100 percent increase could be significant if there had been 100 members and now there are 200 members, whereas the increase would be much less significant if there had been 5 members and now there are 10.
Remember that anynumbers, percentages, or statistics in Argument topics are used only asevidence in support of a conclusion, and you should always consider whetherthey actually support the conclusion.
对数据类问题，本段给出了详细说明，数据是否能支持Argument的结论？数量的减少可能有他因，而百分比的重要性则要取决于基数。
不过，前面说的那个mathematical task具体是指什么还不是很清楚。
The Form of Your Response
You are free to organize and develop your critique in any way that you think will effectively communicate your analysis of the argument. (这才是重点，文章的组织只要能为这点服务就行，没有定论的) Your response may, but need not, incorporate particular writing strategies learned in English composition or writing-intensive college courses. GRE readers will not be looking for a particular developmental strategy or mode of writing. In fact, when faculty are trained to be GRE readers, they review hundreds of Argument responses that, although highly diverse in content and form, display similar levels of critical thinking and analytical writing. Readers will see, for example, some essays at the 6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the argument and then explicitly stating and developing the main points of the critique. The readers know that a writer can earn a high score by analyzing and developing several points in a critique or by identifying a central flaw in the argument and developing that critique extensively. You might want to look at the sample Argument responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, to see how other writers have successfully developed and organized their critiques.
You should make choices about format and organization that you think support and enhance the overall effectiveness of your critique. This means using as many or as few paragraphs as you consider appropriate for your critique—for example, creating a new paragraph when your discussion shifts to a new point of analysis. You might want to organize your critique around the organization of the argument itself, discussing the argument line by line. Or you might want to first point out a central questionable assumption and then move on to discuss related flaws in the argument's line of reasoning. Similarly, you might want to use examples if they help illustrate an important point in your critique or move your discussion forward (remember, however, that, in terms of your ability to perform the Argument task effectively, it is your critical thinking and analytical writing, not your ability to come up with examples, that is being assessed).
What matters is not the form the response takes, but how insightfully you analyze the argument and how articulately you communicate your analysis to academic readers within the context of the task.
文章的组织结构没有特定的标准，而且不要在举例子和列举它因中迷失了方向，一切都是为了体现自己的critical thinking 和 analytical writing。 |
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楼主: nlhust
发表于 2009-6-10 01:31:05
发表于 2009-6-20 22:35:39
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