Argument提纲31-40 =So What=小组第3次作业 by ZhouPYF

ZhouPYFUID: 2633778

31The following appeared in the editorial section of a newsmagazine.

"Some states are creating new laws that restrict the use of of handheld cell phones by drivers of automobiles. Such legislation, however, is sheer folly. Although some people with cell phones undoubtedly cause problems on the road, including serious accidents, the majority do not. Besides, problems are also caused by drivers who are distracted by any number of other activities, from listening to the radio to disciplining children. Since there is no need to pass legislation restricting these and other such activities, it follows that there is no need to restrict people's freedom to use a device that they find convenient—or helpful in emergencies."


结果是不应制定法律限制人们在开车的时候使用手机：理由1尽管有一部分人打手机造成车祸，但是大部分人都没有。2其他一些事情，比如听收音机训斥小孩都能造成车祸，但是这些活动都没有被立法禁止。3紧急情况下还能使用

1一部分人打手机造成车祸的概率是多少，作者没有提出来，尽管大部分人没有出事请，但是很可能绝对数量很多了
2没有资料显示其他的一些活动和开车打手机一样会影响司机，可能影响性没有开车打手机这么大
3限制开车打手机不妨碍紧急情况下的使用

------------------------------

32Until recently, people in Hiparia did most of their shopping by driving to shopping malls. They are beginning, however, to do more of their shopping by ordering merchandise from mail-order catalogs and the Internet. These purchases are delivered to them by mail or by a delivery service. For many purchases, Hiparians no longer need to drive to and from shopping malls; there will therefore be a resulting reduction in the consumption of vehicle fuel in Hiparia.
h地汽油的消费会降低：近期h地的人们开始在网上进行购物，都是商家送货或者邮寄到家里，居民们不需要开车去大商场购物了，因此会降低汽车的使用频率

1近期人们的趋势不能代表将来会一直延续下去，也许人们在一段时间后发现不能亲自挑选物品很麻烦，又会开始去逛商场
2商家增加了送货的次数，需要使用更多汽油
3就算人们不开车去商场，我们也不能保证他们开车不去别的地方，游玩
4 可能人们开车去商场消费的汽油只占h地汽油总消费的很少一块





------------------------------

33The following report appeared in an archaeology journal.

"The discovery of distinctively shaped ceramic pots at various prehistoric sites scattered over a wide area has led archaeologists to ask how the pots were spread. Some believe the pot makers migrated to the various sites and carried the pots along with them; others believe the pots were spread by trade and their makers remained in one place. Now, analysis of the bones of prehistoric human skeletons can settle the debate: high levels of a certain metallic element contained in various foods are strongly associated with people who migrated to a new place after childhood. Many of the bones found near the pots at a few sites showed high levels of the metallic element. Therefore, it must be that the pots were spread by migration, not trade."
地质学家想搞清楚在不同的史前地带散落的陶罐是通过何种形式传播开的
一般两种形式：通过贸易，制造这些陶罐的人还留在本地，另一种通过迁移，制造者跟着这个陶罐走。
在一些陶罐的发现地的周围有很多制造者身上应有的元素因此判定陶罐的散落是由于迁移而不是贸易

1在一些地方发现这些骨头，不一定代表所有地方都能发现这些骨头
2就算是在这些有陶瓷的地方发现这些骨头，也不一定代表这些拥有人就是制造者，可能是因为贸易
3就算是制造者，也不一定是因为迁徙，有可能是因为狩猎，远征等等




------------------------------

34Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.
经常食用奶制品的人更有可能得骨质酥松症：最近一项长期研究表明常年食用奶制品的人比其他人更易骨折，骨折是骨质酥松症的特点之一，因为证明结论
1The arguer did not provide the detail information of the study, do the people who have consistently consumed the dairy products are easy to broke their bones, also we do not know the age, gender, occupation of there people
2 even we concede the fact, broken bones did not necessary means the osteoporosis, maybe other factor can cause the osteoporosis

------------------------------

35The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.

"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."

The organization of the article:
People who are suffered by the headache will decrease in Mentia : 1s can be used as flavor additives for foods,
2Commercial use of s showed it cause the steady decline in headaches
3S are members of the same chemical family as aspirin

1same family does not mean can be used to treat headaches
2twenty-year study can not prove the effectiveness of S, other factors can cause the decline, improvement of environment, living standard

3even it works, we do not know how many people are suffered from headache in M, may be there are few people who has headache, so the decline will not be conspicuous

------------------------------

36The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.

"Twenty years ago Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid. Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."
The author asserts compared with Dr. F’s research, Dr. K ‘s conclusion is right, the children were reared by their biological parents, reason:
1they investigated the islands including the Tertia,
2 they using the interview centered method,
3 now children spend much more time talking about their biological parents

outline:
1the group of island can not specifically indicate the situation in Tertia
2interview centered method may not be useful
3talking much more about their biological parents do not necessary mean they are reared by their biological parents
4,even all the things above are right, the conclusion made twenty years ago can not be compared with current situation, maybe it was right at that time but changed during the past several years

------------------------------

37Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea.

Organization:
so-called P baskets were not only had in P,also in L, for: B river is very deep broad, can only across by boats, no evidence showed that
P people had boats, no need for P people to migrate to L place, full of foods

1maybe the B river was not deep in ancient time, even there is no river at that time
2no evidence does not mean no boat, we are not sure whether P people had boat or not, even they may have other methods to go through the river
3 P place may be not full of foods in ancient times, people had to travel across
4 even P people did not go to the L palce ,maybe trading caused the basket existed in L palce





------------------------------

38The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.

"An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."


assertion: in order to prevent colds and lower absenteeism, people have to eat a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil.for: 1a study shows
people who had lots of fish every year went to see doctor only once or twice a year for treatments of cold
2colds are the main reason for the absence 3 having a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil can prevent from colds

1may be it is not the consumption of fish that cause people in M not easy to catch cold, lots of other reasons can help, environments, vegetables customs
2people in two different places can not be compared so simply, things work in A place may not work in B place
3even we concede it is because of the consumption of the fish, may be it is not the Ichthaid, maybe other things in the fish helps the effect ion.
4colds may be only an excuse for the absence, people claims that they had cold do not mean they really had, cold may not be the true reason for the absence.



------------------------------

39The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Humana College.

"Last year the number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at Omni University increased by 50%. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive video computer connections. In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs like those at Omni."


organization:
In order to solve the problem of budget deficits, H should initiate long-distance degree like those at Omni, for: enrollment of long-distance degree in O U has increased by 50%,during same year , O u has showed a decrease for dormitory and classroom space
1we do not know the original number of long-distance students at OU, maybe 50% is not a big increase since the basement is low
2the decrease in the expenditures for dormitory and classroom space maybe not caused by the enrollment of long-distance students, many other reasons can cause the results, setting up the hardware of long-distance can also cost a lot of money
3two schools are different , maybe H u has already enough students in the long-distance program , increasing the enrollment may not be useful to solve the budget deficit



------------------------------

40The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Excello Food Markets.

"In 90 towns where Excello has food markets, natural-food stores specializing in organic food products—products containing no chemical preservatives and made with foods grown without pesticides—have opened nearby as competitors. Surveys of our own customers reveal a growing concern about foods grown using pesticides or preserved with chemicals. Recently our market in Sun City participated in a local food tasting fair, and 75 percent of the fair goers who visited the Excello booth requested free samples of organic fruit. Such evidence indicates that to increase our profits, we should begin to stock a full line of organic food products in all our markets."

The author argues that in order to increase the profits, they have to stock a full line of organic food, for :1survey shows people are becoming more and more concerned about the food preserved with chemicals2 in a local food testing fair, 75%of the goers tried the free samples of organic food.

1 survey did not mean the customer will buy the organic foods soon, the reliability and credibility are still under suspicion
2try the samples of organic food do not mean they will buy them in the future
3 the cost of stocking the full line of organic food products is not confirmed