Argument207 =August Rush=小组第1次作业 by echodingdingh

echodingdinghUID: 2632612

207.Itis known that in recent years, industrial pollution has caused the Earth's ozone layer to thin, allowing an increase in theamount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches theEarth's surface. At the same time, scientists have discovered, the populationof a species of salamander that lays its eggs inmountain lakes has declined. Since ultraviolet radiation is known to bedamaging to delicate tissues and since salamandereggs have no protective shells, it must be the case that the increase inultraviolet radiation has damaged many salamander eggs and prevented them from hatching.This process will no doubt cause population declines in other species, just asit has in the salamander species.


我们知道近年来工业污染导致地球臭氧层变薄，使到达地球表面的紫外线辐射增加。同时，学者发现在山区湖泊产卵的某种蜥蜴的数量下降了。由于紫外线辐射能够破坏脆弱的组织并且蜥蜴的卵没有保护壳，因此一定是紫外线辐射的增加破坏了很多蜥蜴的卵并阻止它们孵化。这一过程无疑也会导致其他物种数量的下降，就像发生在这种蜥蜴身上的一样。

破题分析:
1.陈述事实,由于工业污染,越来越多的紫外线到达地球表面.
2.陈述事实,一种在山里的湖泊中下蛋的蜥蜴数量减少.
3.两个事实的联系由于紫外线会损害脆弱的组织,而这种蜥蜴的卵没有保护壳,所以一定是因为紫外线增多损害了蜥蜴的卵阻碍了它们孵化,导致蜥蜴数量减少.
4.延伸事实(推断),这个过程毫无疑问地会引起其他物种的数量减少.


提纲

开头
研究发现,一种在山里湖泊中产卵的蜥蜴数量发生减少.导致这个减少的原因上文推断为由紫外线增多引起.并且进一步推断其他物种也会因此发生数量上的减少.我认为他们是没有必然的因果关系的.

中间
首先,蜥蜴的减少可能是由于逐渐增多的紫外线有损坏脆弱组织的功能而蜥蜴的卵又没有相应的保护壳,也有可能是其他因素造成的.
(比如,有可能是蜥蜴产卵的湖中的湖水污染导致蜥蜴卵孵化受阻.也可能是气候的变化导致蜥蜴产卵数量减少.还可能是受调查的蜥蜴所栖息的地域出现新的该蜥蜴的天敌导致蜥蜴数量的减少.人类对自然区域的破坏也同样可以导致蜥蜴的减少.)
其次,科学家的调查不一定准确.
(比如采样不一定完整.也可能是采样区域不准确.)
最后,即使蜥蜴的减少是由紫外线的增多引起的,并不能说明其他物种的数量也一定会减少.
(蜥蜴的卵外没有保护壳,其他物种不一定也没有.蜥蜴靠产卵繁殖,但是并不是所有物种都考产卵繁殖,所以即使受到危害也不会这么直接.)

结尾
虽然臭氧层的破坏导致的紫外线增多可能会引起一些物种的减少,我们不能简单地认为所有物种的减少都是由于这个原因引起的.我们应该纵观多种可能引起减少的因素再结合精确数据比较分析才可以做出判断.

echodingdinghUID: 2632612

Some scientists have discovered that in recent years, the population of a species of salamander that lays its eggs in mountain lake has declined,which is probably due to the increasing ultraviolet,caused by the Earth’s ozone layer’s getting thin, that would damage delicate tissues and the salamander’s eggs having no protective shells.Further more,this phenomenon is believe to happen on other species in the decreasing of amount.In my point of view,the argument is not necessarily logical.

First of all, the reason that causes the amount of salamander to decrease maybe is because there is no protective shell. There is still other reason that can cause the decreasing to happen. As pointed in the argument, the salamander lays its eggs in mountain lakes, so it is probably because the lake is polluted so that the eggs are prevented from hatching. And the changing climate, whose most obvious example is the global warming, may cause the salamander to lay less eggs than before, thus the amount of salamander also will decline. There’s other possibilities such as a new natural enemy of this kind of salamander has moved in the area that the salamander inhabited. The destruction that we human beings have made to the natural region will also be a reasonable cause to the declination of salamander.

Secondly, the discovery by the scientists is not sure to be precise. It is because we can’t be sure that the samples that the scientists take from the salamanders in the nature is sufficient.They may just take samples in the area that salamanders are less than the area that they take samples last time. Even though we are taking samples in the same area, there may be some reasons that lead to the original salamanders’migration to another area. The sample area may just suffer a natural disaster that causes many salamanders to lose their lives.

After all. Even if it is rightly because the increasing amount of ultraviolet that led to the salamanders to become less than before, we can’t infer that other species are sure to suffer the same situation. As mentioned in the argument, the eggs of this kind of salamander have no protective shells, so that it can’t prevent itself from damage of the ultraviolet. But not all the other species’eggs are without the protective shells, therefore there’s no signs that other species would suffer from the ultraviolet as well. What’s more, the salamander proliferate their offspring through eggs, but there’re only a few of animal species reproduces by this way, that is to say, species that are not reproducing their babies by eggs are obviously having no links with the damage caused by the ultraviolet.

To sum up, although the increasing amount of ultraviolet caused by the Earth’s ozone layer’s becoming thin, which is due to the industrial pollution in recent years, may has lead to some species to decline, we can’t simply think that all the species will relatively decrease, or their decreasing amounts are all due to the same reason of ultraviolet’s increasing. What we should do is to take a look at all the possibilities that may cause the declination, and find the accurate data to support the possibilities. Only by this way can we be more sure about what cause some kind of species to become less, not infer from only one case and apply it to all the others, let alone the case itself still lack in suffcient proof.

字数:571 时间:n minute

希望大家多多提意见多多指教!:lol

echodingdinghUID: 2632612

这个编辑功能有点问题,提纲那一帖不好改字号,不好意思噢!

yangguang_86UID: 2414818

最后,即使蜥蜴的减少是由紫外线的增多引起的,并不能说明其他物种的数量也一定会减少. (蜥蜴的卵外没有保护壳,其他物种不一定也没有.蜥蜴靠产卵繁殖,但是并不是所有物种都考产卵繁殖,所以即使受到危害也不会这么直接.) 结尾 虽然臭氧层的破坏导致的紫外线增多可能会引起一些物种的减少,我们不能简单地认为所有物种的减少都是由于这个原因引起的（我明白你的意思，想对第三点概括一下，但文章并不存在“所有物种的减少”）.我们应该纵观多种可能引起减少的因素再结合精确数据比较分析才可以做出判断.

Some scientists have discovered that in recent years, the population of a species of salamander that lays its eggs in mountain lake has declined,which is probably due to the increasing ultraviolet,caused by the Earth’s ozone layer’s getting thin, that
（我查了一下，前面which可以指代宾语从句，但that 再想指代“the increasing ultraviolet”有些混乱，因为最近原则“caused by the Earth’s ozone layer’s getting thin”，从句套从句太多了，表达不一定清楚）would damage delicate tissues and the salamander’s eggs having no protective shells.Further more,this phenomenon(指代不明) is believe to happen on other species in the decreasing of amount.In my point of view,the argument is not necessarily logical.

First of all, the reason that causes the amount of salamander to decrease maybe is because there is no protective shell.（这是文章的观点啊，dingding你没指出问题所在。还有表述犯了“原因是因为”错误）
There is still other reason that can cause the decreasing to happen. As pointed in the argument, the salamander lays its eggs in mountain lakes, so it is probably because the lakes is polluted so that the eggs are prevented from hatching.（感觉你的论述就差捅破纸窗户了，“湖污染了”如果蜥蜴不喝水，不在湖里产卵而在湖区土地上，岂不就无影响了？你看我这样写行不？：perhaps polluted lakes have bad effect on propagations as well as hatching indirectly）
And the changing climate, whose most obvious example is the global warming, may cause the salamander to lay less eggs than before, thus the amount of salamander also will decline. There’s other possibilities such as a new natural enemy of this kind of salamander has moved in the area that（where） the salamander inhabited. The destruction that we human beings have made to the natural region will also be a reasonable cause to the declination of salamander.

Secondly, the discovery by the scientists is not sure to be precise. It is because we can’t be sure that
（去掉，有点麻烦）the samples that the scientists take（took） from the salamanders in the(改为from)
nature （大自然无the ,直接是nature）is sufficient.They may just take samples in the area that salamanders are less than the area that they take samples last time. Even though we are taking samples in the same area, there may be some reasons that lead to the original salamanders’migration to another area. The sample area may just suffer a natural disaster that causes many salamanders to lose their lives.（这句其实在论述第一点中 other explanation.放那是不是更好些？）

After all. Even if it is rightly because the increasing amount of ultraviolet that led to the salamanders to become less than before, we can’t infer that other species are sure to suffer the same situation. As mentioned in the argument, the eggs of this kind of salamander have no protective shells, so that（出现的频率太高了，呵呵，换个其他的词吧） it can’t prevent itself from damage of the ultraviolet. But not all the other species’eggs are without the protective shells, therefore there’s no signs that other species would suffer from the ultraviolet as well. What’s more, the salamander proliferate their offspring through eggs, but there’re only a few of animal species reproduces by this way, that is to say,
species that are not reproducing their babies by eggs are obviously having no links with the damage caused by the ultraviolet.（感觉这一解释和前面的几乎是一个意思啊）

To sum up, although the increasing amount of ultraviolet caused by the Earth’s ozone layer’s becoming thin, which is due to the industrial pollution in recent years, may has lead to some species to decline, we can’t simply think that all the species will relatively decrease, （这是？你的文章在批 ul不可能是主要因素，结论部分能再次让步呢？）or their decreasing amounts are all due to the same reason of ultraviolet’s increasing. What we should do is to take a look at all the possibilities that may cause the declination, and find the accurate data to support the possibilities. Only by this way can we be more sure about what cause some kind of species to become less, not infer from only one case and apply it to all the others, let alone the case itself still lack in suffcient proof.
（哇，dingding 你的语言真的让我佩服，你平常是怎么学的？背范文吗？对了，你改我的论文我回复了，有些分歧。我们周六讨论。我的水平很臭，改得不对的，周六告诉我，讨论讨论）