Argument140 ［勇往直前小组］第二次作业by269750640

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140.The following appeared in a report of the Committee on Faculty
Promotions and Salaries at Elm City University.

"During her seventeen years as a professor of botany, Professor Thomas has
proved herself to be well worth her annual salary of $50,000. Her classes
are among the largest at the university, demonstrating her popularity
among students. Moreover, the money she has brought to the university in
research grants has exceeded her salary in each of the last two years.
Therefore, in consideration of Professor Thomas' demonstrated teaching and
research abilities, we recommend that she receive a $10,000 raise and a
promotion to Department Chairperson; without such a raise and promotion,
we fear that Professor Thomas will leave Elm City University for another
college."

In the argument above, the arguer recommends that. Elm City University should rise Professor thomas's salary to 60000 dollars per year and promote her to Department Chairperson..., to make the deduction more clearly, conclusion could be divided into following sub-ones.1) her outstanding teaching and researching abilities are worthy 60000 dollars per year   2) due to her abilities, Department Chairperson would be appropriate for her    3) if ECT could not offer her above treationes, she would leave. However, after close scrutiny of the facts listed in the argument, little supports found existing facts could lend to above sub-conclusions.

  To illustrate the first sub-conclusion .the arguer cites the fact that. Her classes are among the largest at the university to sustain.. Her popularity...however, imagines that. as a university student, the capacity of class always decided by the content of that subject and amount of students in that major ,the result of survey would still remain ,Further, the arguer fails to consider  the possibilities that reputation of ETS botany could also play an crucial role in grants distribution.

  Even first sub-conclusion is founded, still, there is a weak connection between researching and teaching abilities and promotion , it is possible that the teacher masterly in the teaching area can not represent he or she is sophisticated as the same as the researching.

  Finally, it is presumptuous to extrapolate that Professor Thomas will leave Elm City University, is the lackness in providing any evidence to illustrate the desires of the money and promotion of Thomas. Perhaps the Professor Thomas did not have this intend at all.

To sum up, the conclusion lacks of credibility, Regardless of who the author is; only he or she provides more evidence to resolve the fallacies above-mentioned which he or she has overlooked or chosen to ignore many aspects of his or her conclusion, the argument could be persuasive.


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203.The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.

"At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average
length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital
in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days.
Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice
that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per
patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about
service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in
smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than
treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals."

１S比M患者逗留时间短
2 S比M治愈率高
3 S比M每个患者对应医务人员少
4 S比M服务投诉少
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154.The following appeared in the editorial section of a health and
fitness magazine.

"In a study of the effects of exercise on longevity, medical researchers
tracked 500 middle-aged men over a 20-year period. The subjects
represented a variety of occupations in several different parts of the
country and responded to an annual survey in which they were asked: How
often and how strenuously do you exercise? Of those who responded, the men
who reported that they engaged in vigorous outdoor exercise nearly every
day lived longer than the men who reported that they exercised mildly only
once or twice a week. Given the clear link that this study establishes
between longevity and exercise, doctors should not recommend moderate
exercise to their patients but should instead encourage vigorous outdoor
exercise on a daily basis."

1 锻炼与长寿有关
A跟踪调查显示
2 温和锻炼比积极锻炼有效
3医生建议患者锻炼

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168.Typically, as people age, their bone mass decreases, making them more
vulnerable to bone fractures. A recent study concludes that the most
effective way to reduce the risk of fractures in later life is to take
twice the recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium daily. The three-year
study followed a group of French women in their eighties who were
nursing-home residents. The women were given daily supplements of twice
the recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium. In addition, the women
participated in a light weightlifting program. After three years, these
women showed a much lower rate of hip fractures than is average for their
age.

1 维生素D和钙会减少骨折
2 除维生素D和钙外无其他方法减少骨折
3 髋关节骨折代表全部骨折

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222.The following article appeared in a recent issue of a college
newspaper.

"Among all students who graduated from Hooper University over the past
five years, more physical science majors than social science majors found
permanent jobs within a year of graduation. In a survey of recent Hooper
University graduates, most physical science majors said they believed that
the prestige of Hooper University's physical science programs helped them
significantly in finding a job. In contrast, social science majors who
found permanent employment attributed their success to their own personal
initiative. Therefore, to ensure that social science majors find permanent
jobs, Hooper University should offer additional social science courses and
hire several new faculty members who already have national reputations in
the social sciences."

1 在H大学社科领域不如物理领域
A一年内找到固定工作的物理专业人数多于社科类
B 物理专业学生认为物理声望其很大作用在找工作中
C 社科学生吧成功归于自己的能动性

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