issue 212 FLY AW 第八次作业

xmbjowlUID: 2182375

Humanities do various things owning to different motivations, and toward different goals.  Whether a goal is worthy enough, for an individual strives to attain it, depends on the relative value of the certain goal, compared to the interests of the society as a whole.
In the threshold, we should first figure out the value of the particular word worthy. What kind of goal is worthy, for an individual, a state, or a given community? If an object is pivotal and valuable to some person, at least in a particular phase during his or her life, it may be called a worthy goal. If an aim can play the part of the determinant to a country, influencing its future development and current prosperity significantly, then it could entirely called worthy. If attaining a target takes up an irreplaceable place to a community, then we could absolutely view it as a worthy goal.
However, not every so-called worthy goal could be attained without frictions, that is, the amount of rational means available toward the goal are so limited and their power are not mighty enough, that sometimes we have to resort to some illogical, or even illegitimate means. Of course, among those reasonable means, we usually consider those means are justifiable, yet what about those contemptible means? Should we still call them justifiable? The answers vary under different conditions.
If the goal is consistent with the surroundings, and could be identified by most individuals in the society, then it may be justifiable for one to take any means to attain the goal. Since under this environment, the aim could be view as the symbol of the justice, indicating democracy, freedom and peace. For instance, when Gandhi opposed the unjust force through nonviolence behaviors, showing his disagreement, he got supports from the public gradually, and finally succeeded. No one would deny the fact that his unique manner toward the goal is justifiable. Another example is that when SARS attacked some Asian countries, the measures taken by the governments are expedient and in time, and any orders is totally obeyed by the citizens, since the public understood that they had the common goal, which is beneficial to every individual living under the terrific yet temporary atmosphere.
On the other hand, if the goal is contradict to the common hold values, though it may be worthy to some people, or be camouflaged by some authorities, then any means taken to attain it cannot be viewed as justifiable, even though they are sometimes within the limitation of laws and mores. When Hitler blazoned forth his ostensible goal, which was claimed to be in the interests of the Germany and for the common peace of the world, using fierce force invading other countries, finally lose not only the battle and his supporters but also the fame and reputation.
Admittedly, in reality we sometimes have to resort to low means in order to attain high goals. As for an individual alone, he or she is not almighty, thus sometimes one has to recur to outside force to ensure his or her success. However, the outside force can be contemptible or infringe the confine of laws and morality. This phenomenon can also be applied to a particular country.  An real example is that to keep the nation stable and peaceful, the political leader has repeatedly use force, which is contradict to humanism. And the soldier can only choose to deal with the urgency immediately, without the general’s permission. When the howling ambulance rushing across the crossroad without paying attention to traffic lights, the police would not arrest the driver.
In conclusion, we should do our best to attain the goals, try all kinds of means, yet sometimes inevitably infracting the laws or offending the moralities. It could be called justifiable, only if the aim is worthy, not only for ourselves but also for the society and nature.

[ 本帖最后由 xmbjowl 于 2006-6-11 23:43 编辑 ]

runningpiggyUID: 194977

发贴格式有问题,请参照置顶needle的帖子自己修改,谢谢.

xmbjowlUID: 2182375

203（提纲）The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.
"At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals."
住院时间的长短不等于痊愈康复的时间，可能就是与不收钱，才不让多住
治愈率不等于医术高，病人本身的病情严重程度就不同
每个病人有更多的雇员不等于治疗更有效，一个诸葛亮定三个臭皮匠
更少的抱怨不等于蛮夷
结论：最后一句

217The following appeared in a brochure promoting the purchase of local franchises for a national chain of gyms.留学,考试,TOEFL,GRE,GMAT,IELTS,SAT,VISA,文书,签证,论坛,出国,申请,美国,英国,欧洲,加拿大,USA)]6U A W2t.X
"Now is the time to invest in a Power-Lift Gym franchise so that you can profit from opening one of our gyms in your town. Consider the current trends: Power-Lift Gyms are already popular among customers in 500 locations, and national surveys indicate increasing concern with weight loss and physical fitness. Furthermore, last year's sales of books and magazines on personal health totaled more than $50 million, and purchases of home exercise equipment almost doubled. Investing now in a Power-Lift Gym franchise will guarantee a quick profit."*
在500个地区流行，也未必在此地区流行does not ensure the success of … in any location
关注减肥和身材不等于会参加我们的健身房
相关书籍个杂志的销量增加，反而可与代替我们gym的优势
买了home exercise equipment 更可代替我们gym作用，或播差异概念的草率推广undermines the arguer’s assumption that …
Profit未必， 成本，此地有否其他强有力的竞争者，收益能否保证Finally, the arguer fails to provide any substantial evidence to support the conclusion the… will guarantee a quick profit.

234The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.寄托家园 p6@ {¬s I
"There is now evidence that the relaxed manner of living in small towns promotes better health and greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities. Businesses in the small town of Leeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Mason City. Furthermore, Leeville has only one physician for its one thousand residents, but in Mason City the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high. And the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher than that of Mason City residents. These findings suggest that people seeking longer and healthier lives should consider moving to small communities."

M镇和L市是否具有代表性，能代表所有大小城市
Leeville 的report 真实否？
Sick leave taken病假天数少不等于健康，有可能带病上班
only one physician for its one thousand residents反而说明医疗条件不如大城市好In the first place, the higher proportion of physicians to residents in cities does not necessarily mean that there are proportionately more patients there. On the contrary, the high proportion of physicians might well indicate that citizens in large cities are entitled to better medical service.
L地区的平均年龄高不等于此地区人长寿，可能是高龄的人更倾向于来此地，还有可能年轻人都死了In the second place,…, for obviously large cities usually attract huge work force mostly consisting of young people

11The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg.留学,考试,TOEFL,GRE,GMAT,IELTS,SAT,VISA,文书,签证,论坛,出国,申请,美国,英国,欧洲,加拿大,USA+|(N A!W9a
"Two years ago, our consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years. During the past two years, however, town residents have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper as they did in previous years. Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase（循环再生的数量将会增加）, since charges for garbage pickup will double. Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted."

The amount of material recycled增加了，没准总的垃圾数也增加了（宗垃圾增加的倍数美顺多于两倍），不见得剩余的垃圾就少了，twice 仅是一个相对数the arguer does not provide any statistics regarding the total amount of garbage, especially the waste that can not be recycled.
因果关系未必成立，说垃圾的收集费用将会增加，所以循环再生的数量将会增加，但没准循环再生的费用本身更高。没准是因为通货膨胀，物价都增加了The fact that charges for garbage pickup will double does not support that the amount of material recycled should further increase next month. It is the property of garbage that determines the amount of material available for cycling rather than the price for garbage pickup.
Respondents 有否代表性，数量？是不是很多人没有回；respondents are not representative. Those who are concerning with the recycling would probably show greater enthusiasm to reply.
said 不等于真的去做(strong commitment)
will do more recycling, more 数据模糊
conclusion：The available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted.
4、People have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper as they did in previous years.
This is not the case as for other garbage. Even assuming this, we have no idea of the proportion of aluminum and paper among the whole garbage.（只说是铝和纸了，没说其他的垃圾）

76The following appeared as part of an article in a health and beauty magazine.
"A group of volunteers participated in a study of consumer responses to the new Luxess face cream. Every morning for a month, they washed their faces with mild soap and then applied Luxess. At the end of that month, most volunteers reported a marked improvement in the way their skin looked and felt. Thus it appears that Luxess is truly effective in improving the condition of facial skin."

Volunteers 本身的条件，差异未说明，数量？代表性？the size and representative of the volunteers，Maybe the product is efficient for their skins, but not for other skins.
才一个月，调查期限是否太短the time for experiment is not long enough to draw convincing conclusion，perhaps some side effects are not patent in a short time, or their condition of facial skin will remain after one month.
Then 先后不等于因果关系
Mild soap是干扰因素，没准是由于他起的作用maybe the effect is not owing to L but to washing faces with mild soap. Or they use other methods to improve the condition of facial skin.
Report 不等于真的皮肤又改善了，可能瞒而不报，feel 不等于真的又改善了the volunteers may feel better while in fact their faces does not change at all. Some scientific research should be made to demonstrate their assertions.
Conclusion:  Luxess is truly effective in improving the condition of facial skin

133The following is a memo from the principal of Academia High School.
"Academia High School should abolish its after-school performing-arts programs and replace them with computer-technology programs. When nearby Techno High School did so last year, total enrollment in all of its after-school activities remained about the same. Moreover, on entering college, many（vague data） Techno students chose a major directly related to their after-school activities. On the other hand, last year only 10 percent （绝对数和相对数的区别）of Academia's graduating seniors chose performing arts as their major field of study in their first year of college, clearly indicating that most students do not have a strong interest in the performing arts."1UQ
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首先，nearby Techno High School 没有可比性，两地的学校具体状况并没有作比较
false analogy between AHS and THS错误类比
different sources of students, art student and science student（不同的生源）
teacher of different capability, condition of computers.（师资不同，电脑设施不同）
Students in AHS may lack interest in computer technology（学生可能并不对电脑感兴趣）

Remain about the same 不等于状况没有恶化，绝对数和相对数的区别。可能总的学生数量增加了，但这个学校还是这么多生源
chose a major directly related to their after-school activities正因为这样，才应该强制性的让学生参加art的课程
不选不等于不感兴趣，可能由于不好找工作，才不选的No evidence is provided that students chose a major to their interest.
They consider the job market in the future.

No evidence is provided that students of AHS do not have a strong interest in performing arts.
The evidence that only 10 percent of Academia’s graduating seniors chose performing arts as their major field of study in their first year of college does not lend strong support.
Perhaps the percentage is very significant compared to other majors, （绝对属于相对数的区别）or they will choose arts in the second year or third year.(第一年不选， 不等于以后不选阿！)
4、vague data: many
Conclusion: AHS should abolish its after-school performing-arts programs and replace them with computer-technology programs.

185The following appeared in a letter from the owner of the Sunnyside Towers apartment building to its manager. bbs.gter.net d2Q;]6T;F1Q
"One month ago, all the showerheads on the first five floors（仅在前五层，其它的楼层呢？） of Sunnyside Towers were modified to restrict the water flow to approximately 1/3 of its original force. Although actual readings of water usage before and after the adjustment are not yet available（少证据1、No evidence is provided that the low pressure of water flow will save the cost.
The residents may take a longer bath since the water flow is small.
Or residents in other floors increase their consumption of water.）, the change will obviously result in a considerable savings for Sunnyside Corporation, since the corporation must pay for water each month. Except for a few complaints about low water pressure,（没有提出抱怨不等于没有抱怨）（或许时间不够长） no problems with showers have been reported since the adjustment. 2、The change may be counterproductive. There are some complaints in the first month, perhaps other residents choose silence even if they are dissatisfied. The higher floors demand large water flow, (更高的楼层需要更大的水流)they may get angry. Some residents will move out of the building instead.（一些居民甚至会搬走）
Clearly, restricting water flow throughout all the 20 floors（差异范围的草率推广） of Sunnyside Towers will increase our profits（平什么说利润会增加？） further."
Conclusion: restricting water flow throughout all the 20 floors of Sunnyside Towers will increase our profits further
3、No evidence is provided that Sunnyside Towers will increase our profits further.
Perhaps the total amount of water consumption will increase.（水流量少了并不等于说总用水量少了）The savings are very limited. Other revenues: the sales of houses and the rent （这种节省是非常有限的，其它利润来源如卖房，和租金）

160As people grow older, an enzyme known as PEP increasingly breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory. But now, researchers have found compounds that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart. In tests, （实验条件可能已经排除了其它许多干扰）these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats. （对人是否适用？No evidence is provided that the experiment is equally feasible to humans. The memory mechanism may be quite different between humans and rats.）The use of these compounds should be extended to students（No evidence is provided that the compound will work. The phenomenon that PEP increasingly breaks down the neuroprptide chemicals does not happen to children. They may have side effects. 即使这种compound对人起作用，也只是防止记忆力流失，而非增加本身的记忆力） who have poor memory and difficulty in concentrating—and therefore （No evidence is provided that the serious problems in school performance result from poor memory and difficulty in concentrating）( other factors: laziness, indulge in video game and Internet. Their parents do not provide advantageous environment for their kids.) serious problems in school performance. （默认的一种因果成立关系不成立：学生在学校的较差表现是由贫乏的记忆力和专著能力造成的）Science finally has a solution for problems neither parents nor teachers could solve.
Conclusion: Science finally has a solution for problems neither parents nor teachers could solve.Refute: 1、No evidence is provided that the experiment is equally feasible to humans.
The memory mechanism may be quite different between humans and rats.
2、No evidence is provided that the compound will work.
the phenomenon that PEP increasingly breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals does not happen to children.
they may have side effects.
3、No evidence is provided that the serious problems in school performance result from poor memory and difficulty in concentrating.
Other factors: laziness, indulge in video games and Internet
Their parents do not provide advantageous environment for their kids.

166The following appeared in a local newspaper.
"People should not be misled by the advertising competition between Coldex and Cold-Away, both popular over-the-counter cold medications that anyone can purchase without a doctor's prescription. Each brand is accusing the other of causing some well-known, unwanted side effect: Coldex is known to contribute to existing high blood pressure (no evidence is provided to substantiate that Coldes contributes to existing high blood pressure. 波因果关系 Perhaps these people are opponent toward Coldex, and they made up the side effect.（拆桥法） Or perhaps high blood pressure is caused by other factors: such as unbalanced diet.(他因法)不平衡的膳食)and Cold-Away is known to cause drowsiness(睡意). But the choice should be clear for most health-conscious people: Cold-Away has been on the market for much longer（在市场有更久时间，不等于更有效On the market for much longer, because Coldex is a new product, people are not sure about its effect, and CA came into market long ago）（much longer只是模糊数据，可能两种药上市的时间都不长） and is used by more hospitals （被更多医院使用，可能只是因为便宜， 未必更有效by more hospitals than is Coldes, perhaps the price is low）(两种都是非处方药since people can purchase without a doctor’s prescription, the doctor’s choice is not the best)(more 也是模糊数据)than is Coldex. (作者仅考虑了coldex 的劣势，并未考虑其优势)（the arguer fails to consider the advantage of Coldex: new product, more advanced technology, and the experience from CA, more investigation into patients, so more effective新产品， 更先进的技术， 从Cold-Away机取得经验，针对病人更详尽的调查）Clearly, Cold-Away is more effective."
Conclusion: Cold-Away is more effective.
Refute: １、No evidence is provided to substantiate that Coldex contributes to existing high blood pressure.
Perhaps these people are opponent toward Coldex, and they made up the side effect
Or perhaps high blood pressure is caused by other factors: such as unbalanced diet
2、No evidence is provided that Cold-away is more effective.
On the market for much longer: because Coldex is a new product, people are not sure about its effect, and CA came into market long ago
by more hospitals than is Coldex, perhaps the price is low
Since people can purchase without a doctor's prescription, the doctors’ choice is not the best
3、the arguer fails to consider the advantage of Coldex
new product, more advanced technology, and the experience from CA, more investigation into patients, so more effective

192The following is a letter to the editor of the Roseville Gazette.
"Despite opposition from some residents of West Roseville, the arguments in favor of merging the townships of Roseville and West Roseville are overwhelming. First, residents in both townships are confused about which authority to contact when they need a service（is open to doubt）; for example, the police department in Roseville receives many （vague data: need portion, perhaps they did by mistake（不小心打错了） or the crime happened (事发地)in R）calls from residents of West Roseville.(可能不是由于confused才打给那个地区的，可能因为那边的警察服务质量好，效率高) This sort of confusion would be eliminated with the merger（merge了就没有此类问题了？地区的远近？还要设许多分点，联络也会产生混乱）. Second, the savings in administrative costs would be enormous（管理成本未必会少，因为需要设立的分点多了No evidence is provided that the savings in administrative costs would be enormous.）, since services would no longer be duplicated（即使不设立分点，但工作人员数量加大，工作量加倍，交通费用 Make the organization of government more complex and need more money）: we would have only one fire chief, one tax department, one mayor,（实际否？够用吗？feasibility of this new measure is in doubt） and so on. And no jobs in city government would be lost（the fact no jobs in city government would be lost contradicts with the assertion）—employees could simply be reassigned(啊？为什么？). Most importantly, the merger will undoubtedly (即使类比成立，也未必能吸引商业投资， 因为商业投资还有其他方面的因素，如城市本身的资源，政策，地理位置)attract business investments(other reasons for the business: the resources of the city, the policy to attract trade, the location) as it did when the townships of Hamden and North Hamden （false analogy, different time and different cities, the potential differences between them）merged ten years (time span 也太长了吧，十年前未必适用于现在)ago."
Conclusion: the arguments in favor of merging the townships of Roseville and West Roseville are overwhelming.
Refute: 1、residents in both townships are confused about which authority to contact when they need a service is open to doubt.
Not representative of all services ;Vague data: many need proportion
Perhaps they did by mistake or the crime happened in R
2、No evidence is provided that the savings in administrative costs would be enormous.
The fact no jobs in city government would be lost contradicts with the assertion.
Make the organization of government more complex and need more money
3、false analogy: different time and different cities
other reasons for the business: the resources of the city, the policy to attract trade, the location

228The following appeared in a newsletter from a political organization. |留学|签证|TOEFL|GRE3P
"In order to promote economic growth in the city, city residents should vote 'yes' on the state government's proposal to build a new expressway linking the outlying suburbs directly to the city center. A direct link to the city center will enable downtown businesses to receive deliveries more frequently, so that downtown retailers will no longer run out of stock(也没有证据说搬来就缺货阿current deliveries are frequent enough)（未必，就算运输更频繁了，也未必没有缺货的风险） and city manufacturers will not be affected by shortages of materials（库存未必充裕，交通不是库存的唯一原因，.perhaps they are constricted by the output by the producers rather than transportation.供货源是否稳定，价格变动等因素） Booming businesses will attract（这种因果关系也未必成立，吸引工人的补全是因为booming business, 还有工作生活的环境，地理位置，员工待遇，business booming 不等于high salaries No evidence is provided that workers take advantage of the new expressway to commute to work in our city. The development of the economics, the location of the city and the environment） qualified workers from all over(太绝对了吧) the state, workers who will be able to take advantage of the new expressway to commute to work in our city. In addition to these advantages, hundreds of workers will be employed to build （建高速公路只是短期的工作，及时解决就业也是暂时，非长久之计 The workers employed to build the expressway may be laid off after accomplishing the tasks.）the expressway, further stimulating the local economy!"
并没有证据说本地需要建高速公路，或许以前的就够用了（No evidence is provided to support the city does need no build a new expressway.）Current expressway can meet the demand, and establish a new one may be a waste of money.
refute: 1、No evidence is provided to support the city should build a new expressway.
Current expressway can meet the demand, and establish a new one is a waste of money.
2、No evidence is provided that run out of stock and affected by shortages of materials.
Perhaps they are constricted by the output by the producers rather than transportation.
Current deliveries are frequent enough
3、No evidence is provided that workers take advantage of the new expressway to commute to work in our city.
The development of the economics, the location of the city and the environment
4、the workers employed to build the expressway may be laid off after accomplishing the jobs.

21The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Sartorian, a company that manufactures men's clothing.
"Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality wool fabric, (时间上的同时发生，未必导致因果（cause-and-effect relationship）关系成立，谁说就是因为原材料货源的问题才导致的停止生产？他因：生产技术落后，市场不乐观，有强有力的竞争者，需求量有所下降等)we discontinued production of our deluxe alpaca overcoats. Now that we have a new fabric supplier, （同样此因果关系未必成立）（五年前，今非昔比，即使此因果关系，在五年前成立，如今也未必成立，市场上其他因素，如需求量是否已经有所下降？(customers do not like this kind of clothes any more)过时否？the arguer provides no justifiable evidence to support that their products will be popular in the market. ）we should resume production. This coat should sell very well:（no evidence） since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years(我们没提供，别的厂商不能顶替我们吗？…is open to doubt. 因果关系不成立) and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat（并没有探究我们的竞争者为什么不生产了，可能因为市场不乐观）,驳此因果关系 there will be pent-up customer demand. Also, since the price of most types of（大多数种类的衣服，未必包括此种衣服）（错误的类推）( The rising price of most clothing can not lead to the conclusion that the price of alpaca is also increasing. Customers are not willing to pay more for the same style five years ago, out of fashion, or they have bought products of other companies.) clothing has risen in each of the past five years, （即差异范围的草率推广）customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company profits（凭什么说利润就长了？就算收入会增加，也未考虑成本；原材料价钱长否？市场推广？消费者是否接受？生产成本？采购成本？储存成本？销售成本？还有，公司不可能仅生产一种衣服，其他衣服的利润如何？reduction in other clothes, amount to less profit. The cost and the revenue: the cost might offset the revenue . producing machinery and advertising expenses, set up special stores to sell the overcoat. Other income of the company, reduction in other clothes, amount to less profit.） will increase."
Conclusion: The company should resume production in alpaca overcoat our company profits will increase.
Refute: 1、the arguer provides no justifiable evidence to support that their products will be popular in the market.
we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years, there will be pent-up customer demand
is open to doubt. Customers do not like this kind of clothes any more
our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, because they realize the changing consuming taste in clothes.
2、The rising prices of most clothing can not lead to the conclusion that the price of alpaca is also increasing. Customers are not willing to pay more for the same style five years ago, out of fashion, or they have bought products of other companies.
3、The cost and the revenue: the cost might offset the revenue
producing machinery and advertising expenses, set up special stores to sell the overcoat
Other income of the company, reduction in other clothes, amount to less profit.

56Collectors prize the ancient life-size clay statues of human figures made on Kali Island but have long wondered how the Kalinese artists were able to depict bodies with such realistic precision. Since archeologists have recently discovered molds of human heads and hands on Kali, (在此岛上发现，不等于起源于此岛)we can now conclude that the ancient Kalinese artists used molds of actual bodies, （即使mold 产生于此岛，也未必statue就是由mold 做的No evidence is provided the molds were used in sculpting.有可能只是手和脚的部分用模具做just mold in hands and heads were shaped in molds.）not sculpting tools and techniques, （也绝不是非此即彼的可能，两种方法可兼有）to create these statues. This discovery explains why Kalinese miniature statues were abstract and entirely different in style: molds could only be used for life-size sculptures. It also explains why few ancient Kalinese sculpting tools（没找到tools 不等于没有，few sculpting tools were found, maybe they were destroyed for various reasons: erosion and abrasion.(腐化或磨损) or perhaps people have not discovered them so far.差异概念） have been found. In light of this development, collectors should expect the life-size sculptures to decrease in value （用mold 做——）贬值）因果关系不成立and the miniatures to increase in value.（不用Mold做就价值高，因果关系亦不成立）No evidence is presented that the life-size sculptures to decrease in value and the miniature to increase in value. The life-size sculptures have other features that require researching.（圆形模型可能有其他的研究价值，并不会因为是由模具做的就没有价值） Miniature’s value is not verified. (微缩模型的价值也未被证实)
Conclusion: collectors should expect the life-size sculptures to decrease in value.
Refute: 1、No evidence is provided the molds were used in sculpting.
just mold in hands and heads were shaped in molds.
2、few sculpting tools were found
maybe they were destroyed for various reasons: erosion and abrasion
perhaps people have not discovered them so far.
3、no evidence is presented that the life-size sculptures to decrease in value and the miniatures to increase in value.
the life-size sculptures have other features that require researching
miniature’s value is not verified.

98The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals.寄托家园0g G U A j8P V(solution溶液)
"In a laboratory study （就一个实验，是否有代表性？实验条件的设定？Things may be different outside the laboratory. Environmental factors, both physical and chemical(环境因素，物理和化学方面的)）of liquid antibacterial hand soaps, a concentrated solution of Nadasept（And concentrated solution of Nadasept will work, but in reality we may not use high concentration solution.） killed 40 percent more bacteria than the liquid hand soaps （其他种类的hand soaps?）currently used in our hospitals. During a subsequent test of Nadasept at our hospital in Saluda, that hospital reported (真实性？)significantly fewer cases of patient（样本？病人是否本身不同？身体状况？免疫能力？）（因果关系：N减少了感染？还是其他因素？不同医院的其他条件是否相同？） （波因果关系：No evidence is provided to support N can prevent infection. Lacking contrast to the hospital, number of infection before and after the test. Whether take other measures to diminish infection besides N.）infection than did any of the other hospitals in our group. Therefore, to prevent serious patient infections（预防感染的作用？）, we should supply Nadasept at all hand( is not convincing)(it may have side effects)( Or the bacteria it can kill is not cause to serious infection.) washing stations throughout our hospital system."(可能N杀死的细菌无关紧要)
Conclusion: to prevent serious patient infections, we should supply Nadasept at all hand washing stations throughout our hospital system.
Refute: 1、Things may be different outside the laboratory.
Environmental factors, both physical and chemical
And concentrated solution of Nadasept will work, but in reality we may not use high concentration solution.
2、No evidence is provided to support N can prevent infection
Lacking contrast to the hospital, number of infection before and after the test.
Whether take other measures to diminish infection besides N
3、we should supply Nadasept at all hand washing stations is not convincing.
It may have side effect.
Or the bacteria it can kill is not cause to serious infection.

xmbjowlUID: 2182375

Issue 212 "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."
修改稿
Humanities do various things owning to different motivations, and toward different goals.  Whether a goal is worthy enough for one to strive to attain it, depends on the relative value of the certain goal, compared to the interests of the society as a whole.

In the threshold, we should first figure out the value of the particular word worthy. 首先对worthy下定义What kind of goal is worthy, for an individual, a state, or a given community? If an object is pivotal and valuable to some person, at least in a particular phase during his or her life, it may be called a worthy goal. If an aim can play the part of the determinant to a country, influencing its future development and current prosperity significantly, then it could be entirely called worthy. If attaining a target takes up an irreplaceable place to a community, then we could absolutely view it as a worthy goal.
首先对worthy goal下定义，从国家，社区，个人角度分别定义（下面可针对这三个角度来阐述）

However, not every so-called worthy goal could be attained without frictions, that is, the amount of rational means available toward the goal are so limited and their power are not mighty enough, that sometimes we have to resort to some illogical, or even illegitimate means. Of course, among those reasonable means, we usually consider those means to be justifiable,(其实又隐含着对justifiable下了定义) yet what about those contemptible means? Should we still call them justifiable? The answers vary under different conditions.下面要具体情况具体分析了
Still这个词很有魅力i
If the goal is consistent with the surroundings, and could be identified by most individuals in the society, then it may be justifiable for one to take any means to attain the goal. 目标与社会大环境统一，能够被广泛人所认同，那么达到目标的方法就合理Since under this environment, the aim could be view as the symbol of the justice, indicating democracy, freedom and peace. For instance, when Gandhi opposed the unjust force through nonviolence behaviors, showing his disagreement, he got supports from the public gradually, and finally succeeded. No one would deny the fact that his unique manner toward the goal is justifiable. Another example is that when SARS attacked Asian countries, the measures taken by the governments are in time, and any orders is totally obeyed by the citizens, since the public understood that they had the common goal, which is beneficial to every individual living under the terrific yet temporary atmosphere.

On the other hand, if the goal contradicts to the commonly-hold values, though it may be worthy to some people, or be camouflaged by some authorities, then any means taken to attain it cannot be viewed as justifiable, even though they are sometimes within the limitation of laws and mores. 这句话作主题句太长，应精简，或在开头写在相反的情况下就不这样了When Hitler blazoned forth his ostensible goal, which was claimed to be in the interests of the Germany and for the common peace of the world, using fierce force invading other countries, finally lose not only the battle and his supporters but also the fame and reputation.这种不公正，不合理如何体现？

Admittedly, in reality we sometimes have to resort to low means in order to attain high goals. As for an individual alone, he or she is not almighty, thus sometimes one has to recur to outside contemptible means to ensure his or her success. However, the outside force can be contemptible or infringe the confine of laws and morality. This phenomenon can also be applied to a particular country.  An real example is that to keep the nation stable and peaceful, the political leader has repeatedly use force, which contradicts to humanism. And the soldier can only choose to deal with the urgency immediately, without the general’s permission. When the howling ambulance rushing across the crossroad without paying attention to traffic lights, the police would not arrest the driver.
In conclusion, we should（太不好了） do our best to attain the goals, try all kinds of means, yet sometimes inevitably infracting the laws or offending the moralities. It could be called justifiable, only if the aim is worthy, not only for ourselves but also for the society and nature.
我觉得这个结尾表达的含含糊糊的，是想说若符合社会大众的利益就是justifiable
Humanism人道主义