ISSUE提纲 076GMYTH小组第一次作业

杏林有情天UID: 2247728

31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."
花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。
Position:The money invested on research is essential,but we also need evaluate its repayment,especially considering several immediate problems need to resolve with money.
Positive:Admitedly,research creates significante benefits to human society,but relay on money investment as essential support.
Eg,生物学上，基因的研究和应用，器官移植；航天学上，月球与火星勘探；工业上，机器人的应用等等，我们可以举出许多生活中的例子。
research carefully,especially the controversial research,which most probaly occure dramatic money waste.
Eg.Star Wars；核武器，生物武器的研究。
Moreover,several social problems-society violence, high unemployment and environment pollution- need to resolve immediately,so we should measure which possibaly create more value to people,controversial research or resolvement of social problem.
In sum,research creates human future ,on the other hand,resolvement of social problem benefit to people presently,so wholely consider them ,then make our decision that  to which one money is  invested could create more interest.
43"To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards
要想成为富有成效的领导，国家官员就必须要保持很高的道德和伦理标准)
(169认为政治和道德是分离的那些人，总是对二者不明白的人)
//Enron Gate，和Bush
//Nixon的watergate
//Clinton的sex scandal
To be an effective leader,a bublic official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.
Potision:The public should concern whether the leader has the capability and intelligence to serve for their ultimate interests,but not for the justic whether the leader is the ethical and moral mordel or not.
正：Certainly,the leader,honest and trustworthy,could enhance the social welfare.It is impossible that the electors elect trickster or hypolrite to be their leaders.Trivializing the moral standards of the public official would harm the morality of the whole society.Ignoring the moral implications of politics could result in political corruption and opportunism.
反：However,treating the leaders with “the highest ethical and moral standards”,will cause the undesirable aspects of human nature-hypocrisy and personality distortion,moreover,for which the public will criticize leaders seversly and be intolerant to them,these will prevent the leaders from bringing their talent into play.
合：Let’s embrace a tolerant heart to demend our leaders justly,after all,they are also common person as ourselves.
56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."
(3钱应该用于解决现在的问题，而不是用来资助长期的研究)
(56政府应该解决现存问题，而不是试图解决将来预计存在的问题)
(211政府、企业或者个人作出任何决定都要更多的考虑将来，而不是现在)
(20政府应该更多的为儿童服务而不是为成人服务)
(86年轻人应该被鼓励去发展长远的，现实的目标，胜过于追寻现在的名声和认同。
//失业
//环境污染
//臭氧空洞等
建议类题目：ur
首先，建议是否可行？不可行！人无远虑，必有近忧。
其次，若可行，是否会推出荒谬结论？现实生活中有诸多例子。
最后，有无折中方法？有，两者兼顾。
Position:Government should consider immediate problems and anticipant questions on balance.
Certainly,immedient problems are really urgent than others,resolving which could enhance the reputation from public.
Moreover,some consiqueces of future research are controversial,it is more reason to invest money to immedient problems than to anticipant problems.
However,if government only cencers on present problems,it would also fail to win public’ trustness,beacause public could not perspect nation’furture and recognize government’ insight ,then maybe cause the public’unsatisfactory sense and doubt to government’foresight..
SARS,living place,etc.

In sum,government should carry out a serious of steps to solute immedient problem,so as to win well-feeling of public;and for another thing,explore avilible realm to grasp human furture,in order to better human nature,preserve historic culture and generate detailed knowledge to later generation.
Improtant words:
Predictable,anticipant,future
Immediate,urgent,critical,present
59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."
太多的注意力被放到了模式化方面。与其模仿别人，人们还不如学习独立思考和作出最适合自己的选择。
比较建议类：可行，有保留的赞同。
模式化的好处：experence and convince for people ,nevertheless apply it in life or in work .
Eg ,market economy ;
坏处:peole used to apply models are lack of creation ,inspiration and passion which are essential elements for people to obtain success .
独立思考：
Positive :thinking ependently indeed leads people to security themselves ,then make the best choices for their utimatul interest .
Opposite :narrow people’s mind ,resulting in occurrence of individualism .
Ignore others’intellection ,obtain no mutual communication with others.
All of these cause people make the decision uncorrectably .
70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
何领域中——商业、政治、教育、政府——掌权者应该在五年后就让位。这是任何机构获得成功的最好的方式：通过更新领导者而保持活力。
Position :changing leader would be benefit to several realms but not overall realms .
Positive :new leadership would bring about new blood to enterprise ,making the enterprise full of passion and action ,leading to accomplish works efficiently .
Opposite :we should take awareness of that not all enterprise achieving to success relay on new leadership .
Eg .in business or mechinical engineer .
74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
position :we should choose to apply them on case-by –case situation .
Positive :the extent of expression of language is limited .
现代艺术画，统计型的东西：如股票交易图
eg .describe the geography position of one country ;paint
but we also admit the irreplaceable potision in our life and work .
opposite :image does not express sufficient feelings .
世界上的著作，特别是哲学都是用language写的。
应该看到更合适的方式是综合运用：
一本教科书：容易的地方描述，较难的地方配以图，缺少了任何一方都难以想象；
更复杂的信息，还有其他方式，如电影动画，记录一件历史事件。
结论：我们应该看到，图片很重要，但文字同样不可替代。在现代社会中，两者作用缺一不可。
关键词： 形象：visualize(形象的 visual/vivid)
88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics.

技术不仅仅影响而且实际上是决定了社会传统和道德规范。
Position :technologies really influence on social customs and ethics deeply but not determine them .
Positive :technologies create the revolution of generation .
工业革命以后，女性地位提高。
Enhance the quality of people’s life .
Internet ,mobile phone ,etc.
Opposite :technologies serve as a essential elements of alteration of social custom and ethics .but not the fundamental changeable factor .
Human nature ,religion effect .

121"At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."

在过去不同的地质时期，许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝。因此，人类社会为了挽救濒危物种而付出的巨大努力，尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价，这样做是毫无道理的。
  Disagree
Position :investing great money on saving all extinct species is reasonable ,but for our interest we should protect the species benefital to us .
Positive :immediate social problems wait to solve which more benefit to society than saving some harmful species to people .
Eg. Fly
Opposite :human actions cause many specieis to extinct ,so we should take responsibility on the save endangered species .
All species exist in world have relationship ,if we ignor other species extinction increasedly ,the advent of human being ‘extinction occurenting later .

136"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."
没有选择的情况少之又少。
Agree
In nature world every species carry on choosing and being chosen .
进化论
In human life people do everything all facing make a choice .
生活中有很多例子，与客人就餐吃什么，穿什么去参加宴会等等。
In society we could see today one company buliting and tomorrow another enterprise bankcrup.Competition enchance the absence of choice.
市场经济优胜劣汰。
157"There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires."
摘自网上的一篇英文提纲觉得不错，帖出来共同探讨。
osition: basically agree
the objects are commonly objective, but artificial factors can never be neglected
A. the methods and tools that used to observe the objects are man-made. these tools plays essential part in humans' observation. the flaws of such tools easily influenced the credibility of observed results.
B. the observation is always guided by man's expectation ,and the theory based on the observation is founded by man's own ideas. from the same observation, man can draw different conclusions. when one want to develop new theories from observations, he must use his own ideas to analyze the observations.
C. the objective observation is inevitably reflected in an subjective methods, and thus the observed results should be treated carefully. besides, people should try to impede his own subjective judgment to harm the credibility of the observations.
sample:
哈勃望远镜。ATM原子力显微镜。
自由落体实验。伽利略能够观测到别人观测不到的因素。
//Neptune的发现。
//Halley彗星的发现。
159"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.
人类的智慧将总是高于机器，因为机器只是人类智慧的工具。
Agree
Positive :science machines are applied into our life and work ,they indeed help us to create convince and efficient style of life .
Computer ,phone ,automation ,multimedia etc.
Opposite :people create the machine .
People manage machine .
People establish order and import into machine .
Machines have no indispensable  mind as human beings .
160"The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."

强有力的领导者来说，最关键的能力就是要对一些原则和目标坚定不移。任何领导如果很频繁的、很轻易的为大众意志而转移的话，他将会一事无成。
Position:In modern democracy politic,whenever government make a decision,politicians should consider both their and publics’ suggestions.
Positive:Admittedly,in some politic cases,politicians and other government experts indeed have better judgment ans perspective than general public,for they are informed in politic events.
Opposite:However,they could not observe every realm of society,public could.The members of general public come from every realm of society,although,they are not government experts,they should be the best observer for any problems and advancements in their realms ,so their suggestions to a certain extent include useful value to the government decision.
Meanwhile,are politicians really informed in allover aspects of society?Do they truly grasp what are the public real requirements ?Does the decision they maked admentally represent public utimate interest?Consider!Wanting to be a democracy government should do everything based on people’s utimate interest.
177"The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."

对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。
AGREE。
Position;会使我们的世界观更为成熟。
每一们学科的学习都会给我们带来新的知识，不同的看待问题的视角,灵敏度，以及深度。
文学使我们深入了自我的和他人的感情世界；哲学使我们更深的探讨人性；数学使我们思维更谨慎，缜密，等等。
212"If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."

只要目标是值得，不择手段达到目的是合理的。Point of View：disagree.
1.how to understand "worthy"/"any means"
who make the judgment? From the perspective of industry, while from the public view,
executor would always think themselves ...
2.the reality of society is just as discussed above.
//in the realm of academic, the situations are the same.
//various ways and various methods: Edison;
//However, plagiarism
//in the realm of politics, drop a nuclear bomb over Japan.
3.draw a conclusion:
if anyone pursues a evil goal, whose activity may do harmful to others, the society has the responsibility to stop and punish him.
//those who do wrong seldom admit what they are doing is "unworthy" or perilous.
//For example: clone. ethic,
我对此ISSUE的观点不能够深入发掘，看到一篇全英提纲，摘抄下来，大家共同参考。
221"The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."
历史的重要意义是说明不同时代的人之间有一致性，并非有重大不同)
//爱因斯坦相对论；newton定律
//达芬奇的Mona Lisa;贝多芬的音乐；kant的critique of pure reason
//永动机；乌托邦utopia
//德国重视从二战中吸取教训。
//Israel复国reestablish，圣经the Bible起到重要作用
The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history.
Position:
History is a textbook of human nature.
Positive state:
Apparently,studying history would make us consider the similarity between history and contemporary.After all,history is developing all the time,then several present problems-such as human equality,social justice,war and period exchanging ect.-just as different forms replay the historical problems.
Opposing state:
However,actually,history turned out different appearance in different stages.In different stages,the aspects of people’s activity-physical condition,value belife,traditional custom and primary problem or challenge etc.-are significantly different from other stages.On the other hand,even though facing the same problem such as war,the differences are there in showing form and consequence between past and now.For instant,it is hard-pressed to imagine that the adventure period of unclear war and consequence it bringing about,nowadays.
Opposing state:
Actually,the chief benefit of the study of history is to understand and grasp the regularity of human nature very well.During the historical process,the conflicting aspects of human nature-self-center and noble,parochialism and tolerance,aggression and restriction-constantly reappear through different forms and problems.Through over all existing knowledge,which about the human nature is difficult to understand and grasp.History just is a textbook teaching human nature.