[天下无G小组]第四五次作业

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200"The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others."
200． 最难的莫过于对自身的了解，通常只能通过自己了解，而不是通过和他人合作了解
观点：小同意
1，        Admittedly, self-knowledge is a most elusive knowledge for human beings since to understand ourselves requires high conscience and only when one can be aware of himself – his destination in his life, his advantages and disadvantages, and his drawbacks in the characteristics and in the physique and the like, so that he can find his niche in his life. Without knowing oneself well and properly, the phenomenon of self-conceit, self-contempt may follow consequently and the process to success would be hindered. As the 孙子兵法said we should 知己知彼百战百胜。That is to say, we should have a right cognition of ourselves first then we are possible to achieve success in our life。
2，        To some extent, we can only improve ourselves by the way convincing ourselves of the situation we are confronted and analyzing ourselves through solitude, for the sake that no one can be more acquainted to his individual than the one himself, so to acquire self-knowledge calls for that the one should be good at self-examination and meditating the present conditions he is in.
E.g. A famous captain in the Qing Dynasty of China named Zeng guofan was sticking to write diary in which he meditated the affairs he did that day and found out what was right and what was wrong, then he encourage himself to continue the right ones and avoid to commit the similar mistake.
3,  However, as a person surviving in the human society we cannot live without the communication with others – competition and cooperation exists in every corner in our life, we can realize much  about ourselves in the processes we are contacting with others, which can help much to acquire self-knowledge.
E.g. We can realize our condition through the comparison with others in the competition while our coworkers may tell us our drawbacks and mistakes in order to fulfill the mutual goals. These can help us much to know more about ourselves since sometimes we are not able to evaluate ourselves objectively
4, As a shrewd person, he should be clever not only at reflect on himself from time to time but at communicating with others to find out the aspects that he cannot recognize by himself and then analyze and comprehend the external and personal information together to form a right and proper cognition about himself.
E.g. Bill Gates 之所以能成功不仅在于他能够正确地评价自己同时在于他能在和同行的竞争与合作中找到自己的位置。

226. "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience." (86) 226． 人们错误地认为他们碰到的问题要比他们前辈碰到的问题更复杂、更具挑战性。这个错觉最终会随着知识和经验的积累消失的
观点：
1，        我们确实面对着更加比我们的祖先所面对的更深奥的问题，随着人类的知识的发展，认识到的东西越来越多越来越细致深入，确实更加复杂。现在出现的交叉学科的研究，还有由于人类无限的求知欲我们正在向着一个更加有挑战性的方向发展。
2，可是很多问题是长时间以来一直存在的并且没有解决的，比如我们还是不知道宇宙的起源，对法律和道德的探索争论还是一直存在。
3，        同时我们不能简单的从面对的问题的角度来看待问题，因为我们的前辈们的努力我们才能站在一个高度来审视问题才能进行更加深入地研究，我们之所以会觉得前辈们面对的问题更加简单是因为现在我们的知识体系已经在他们的研究成果的基础上变得完善。其实探索过程本身是没有难易之分的。比如我们不能说cell的发现在现在看来像是一个不争的事实就去觉得细胞的发现是个很简单的事情，对于当时的研究设备和知识体系来说这已经是一个很大的发现了。

47"Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills
47． 社会没有给予智力培养方面足够的重视，比如人的推理和认知
观点：反对
1，        诚然，智力在很大程度上影响了人的发展和社会的进步。
Einstein凭借他过人的智力获得了科学方面的巨大成功。
2，        智力是一个人天生具备的，其实是很难通过培养去提高的。
Forest Gump
3，        社会已经投入了很大的力气去从各方各面去培养孩子了，比如心理学作了很多的研究去知晓人的认知和推理究竟是一个什么过程，企图找到一个途径来知道该怎么来提高这些方面的能力
4，        另一方面来说，尽管智力方面很重要，我们其实是可以通过一些别的途径来填补这方面的缺憾的，比如推理能力不好的人可以在技术等方面好好的发展的，还有一些领域对智力的要求其实不高，如arts就要求inspiration和sensation

38"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
38． 在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少
观点：让步 反对
1，        电视机确实带来了很大的改变和便利给我们的生活，which can impact us with direct vision, the vivid image can make the dull language in the books more acceptable, on the other hand, the programs in the television can be much more quickly when transmitting the information. Live
2,    At the same time, television does quite a lot of harm to the ability of studying, which weaken the viewers’ imagination since it provides the direct images and we gradually turn to be weak in forming a mental image.
3,  On the other hand, the television is limited by the facilities but books exist without these problems. In some districts there are no televisions but the residents can resort to the help of the books to acquire knowledge.
4,  So books can never be substituted since it plays an indispensable role in the transmission of the information and knowledge.
It is an important way to preserve the information concretely, which can be handed down generation by generation.

7."The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."
7． 数码相机可以精确地拍摄当代人们的生活，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。
观点：小让步，反对
1，        Video camera has surely been considered as a quite important innovation that has made recording the affairs vividly possible, and more and more people are embracing this kind of method to record.
2，        但是也受到一些限制，比如数码相机并没有普及，很多地方并没有这样的条件去让每个人具备数码相机。
3，        数码相机不具备对信息的处理功能只是简单的记录，人类的distinction就在于能使用语言表达心情
4，        同时 the importance of the written cannot be denied. 会议记录这一类还需要人为的来处理之后用文字记录下来才有意义。音频的东西不能记录。

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Issue 51  "Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."

Words: 693        Time: 48min        Date: 2007-02-01

The speaker's statement that the education should be designed to meet the needs and interests of the individuals specifically so that the education can effect well and the students can receive the best instructions. On the first sight I agree with the statement because it is really an ideal condition of education but for the second thought I find myself hold some disagreements towards the speaker for the following reasons.

Undeniably, the individual of the students should be treated respectively and a comprehensive design should be made to canter the different individuals' needs so that the students can develop well in accordance with his own interests and talents. The human society are calling for the specialists in every fields urgently while each different individual is endowed with unique skills and genius by nature, thus if these individuals can receive proper instruct in the aspect he has advantages the eminent experts in the relevant arena can be fostered. Imagine that those children with amazing talents in the fields of arts cannot develop their interests and genius well but be forced to study together with all the temporaries in those common subjects, it is a pity for both the individual himself and for the arena of arts, or even, a waste of the resources in the education. So it is important to follow the ancient educator Confucius's saying that every student should be instructed according to his nature.

However, we should not hold an attitude of idealism to look into every thing, that is to say, it is really difficult to make the situation that every student can receive the most accommodated education as he requires, the reasons involve several respects.

For one thing, the so-called interests of the students may be just a whim and they might not have the awareness that what they truly need in their early years before they have contacted the various subjects and it is too hasty to decide what the student is really interested before he has a well-round cognition towards the world. And on the other hand, interests and talents sometimes are not something that could appear themselves automatically but gradually in the process the individual developing himself. So the interests and needs themselves cannot be established as a criterion too hasty when choosing the direction of the education.

For another thing, we should be aware that there exist some basic skills should be taught to each student regardless whether he or she is interested in or not. Subjects such as the mathematics, the physical education and language and so the forth are the basis for one to survive in the society, without which no one can stand firmly in the intense pressure of the competitions in the human society. We should not indulge the children to allow them to be a person with only the knowledge in his own major but showing a blank eye when confronted with any others. The principles of the education is to educate a student to be a person with the basic skills to feed himself than we can mention the destination to foster them to be a experts or an eminent one in some fields.

In addition, on the societal level to look at this issue, we must be more pragmatic towards it. In the current society, even in the most affluent nations, it is really difficult to offer every individual the specific education to develop themselves since the recourse of the educator and the facilities cannot meet the need to design a totally different plan for each student separately. From this point, we cannot be idealists to ignore the reality in the world that many children even cannot go to school to receive the basic education because of the limitation of the facility or the poverty, so how we can ask for the unique design for each student.

In sum, we can embrace the ideal that we should give every student a specific education to develop different individuals, but at same time we must be conscious that this ideal cannot be achieved in the present condition or is calling for extremely prudence when we are trying to fulfill these destinations.

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Issue239  "Much of the information that people assume is' factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a ' fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future."

Words: 545          Time: 46min          Date: 2007-01-31

The speaker's statement that the majorities of the information that once considered to be true have turn to be false later and we should not believe these so-called fact because the reason mentioned above. I can partially agree with this statement for the sake that there really exist some occasions that the information that once believed wildly but later proven to be untrue, but we can not be so arbitrary to reject all the information.

Admittedly, in the history that we human beings are exploring the unknown mysteries there happened many occasions that some of the alleged ' fact' finally were overthrown by the later discoveries, and along with the development of the science and technology, more and more wild-accepted concepts and knowledge are now being proved to be untrue or to some extent being suspected. In the ancient days, the universe and the globe was once regarded as an hemispherical dome by our forebears, without any suspicion, but later on when our ability to understand and discovery had accumulated enough to recognize that the essence of the globe, which is the planet where we human survive, and at that time we came to the truth that the earth is actually round and proved the falseness of the former cognition.

However, we cannot be so hasty to refuse to accept those pieces of information just because we are suspecting that they might be turned to be wrong in the future. We should be aware that the process of the discovery is a process of trial-and-mistake(?), that is to say, we can only conclude with the knowledge we have nowadays and maybe do some assumptions to try to develop the science. Thus, maybe we are likely to commit some mistake in the process of exploration, but that just because of the lacking of the knowledge, which is inevitable. And it is a certain that with the increase of our knowledge and the development of the experimental methods we may some day find out the fact in the future. This is the certain law and principle of discovery, we should not be so unreasonable to reject all the current information,

On the other hand, we human have exert so much efforts for the process of finding the truth and overall we have succeeded so much and in some fields we have make clear many once unknown things. Although the mistake in this process may had hinder the development, taking the 地心说 as an example, which was prevailing for several decades hampering the development of astronomy and physics, but on more occasions these mistakes actually prompted the development, stimulating other scientists and researchers' inspiration to do more and deeper research to reveal the truth, and the discovery and affirmation of the structure of atom can substantiate it perfectly - the latter scientist raised a more logical and reasonable model on the basis of the one before him, and finally we have made the natural secrete clear.

To sum up, although we are acclaiming much information that might be manifested to be mistake and false, but when seeing from the whole process of the discovery and research we have achieved so much great accomplishments and these mistake and the rejected-facts have contributes a lot to force the development.

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剩下的放在另一个电脑里了，等我拿回来再交:)