argument53 [7\8\9\10]第二次作业

小猪sisiUID: 2453484

53Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin—a hormone known to affect some  brain functions—would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children—now teenagers—who had shown signs of distress identified themselves
as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause  shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later
life.
字数：511
In the argument, the arguer claims that due to increased levels of melatonin before birth, infants show shyness and this shyness continues into infants' later life. The major evidence on which the arguer bases his argument is a study of a group 25 infants and a follow-up study 13 years later.Although the argument seems sound and acceptable, it contains several logical fallacies.

First of all, the arguer bases his claim on the result of the study of 25 infants who show signs ofmild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli. However, the sample of the study is so smallthat the study could not be as convinced as the arguer
excepted. It would be possible that almost every infant would show sign of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli. Besides, there is no evidence to prove that sample is randomly selected and then these infants are selected from infants conceived in early autumn. In this consequence, the reliability of the discovery of the study is decreased and the claim from the study is unwarranted, unless the arguercites a sample with large quantity of infants selected randomly.

Further more, we admit that the study is reliable and warranted, but it is extremely illogical to claim that increased levels of melatonin during conceiving would cause shyness of infants.Although the increased levels of melatonin happens before in show of shyness, it does not mean that the former causes the latter. That could be a coincidence and shyness of infants may resulted    from some other events instead: the shyness of their mothers and special autumn food eaten by their mothers. Without ruling
out scenarios such as these, the arguer cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between increased levels of melatonin and shyness of infants.

Finally, even though the fallacies discussed above are not founded, the argument still contains several errors. Whether these
teenagers are shy or not should not be concluded by the identification of themselves but by the scientific test of them. It is
entirely possible that these teenagers are told that they are shy in their childhood and they identify themselves as shy due to
psychological effect. Yet even if we do not consider these fallacies above, the conclusion itself is ill-founded. The arguer could only make a conclusion--increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness shows in
their teenage from the evidence and there is no evidence to support the conclusion that that shyness continues into later life
unless the arguer cites a more specific study recording the shyness of their whole life.

To sum up, the arguer fails to substantiate claim that increased levels of melatonin cause shyness during infancy and this
shyness continues in later life, because the evidences cited in the argument does not lend strong support to what the arguer
maintains. To convince the argument, the arguer would have to provide a more precise study. Besides, the arguer would have to demonstrate increased levels of melatonin cause infants to be shy and continues to affect them in later life.

buctcontrolUID: 2392206

In the argument, the arguer claims that due to increased levels of melatonin before birth, infants show shyness and this shyness continues into infants' later life. The major evidence on which the arguer bases his argument is a study of a group 25 infants and a follow-up study 13 years later.Although the argument seems sound and acceptable, it contains several logical fallacies.

First of all, the arguer bases his claim on the result of the study of 25 infants who show signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli. 1However, the sample of the study is so small that the study could not be as convinced as the arguer excepted. It would be possible that almost every infant would show sign of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli. 1‘Besides, there is no evidence to prove that sample is randomly selected and then these infants are selected from infants conceived in early autumn(这个攻击点我觉得不该出现在这段，若是一笔带过又显得没说清楚为什么). In this consequence, the reliability of the discovery of the study is decreased and the claim from the study is unwarranted, unless the arguercites a sample with large quantity of infants selected randomly.

Further more, we admit that the study is reliable and warranted, but it is extremely illogical to claim that increased levels of melatonin during conceiving would cause shyness of infants.Although the increased levels of melatonin happens before in show of shyness, it does not mean that the former causes the latter. That could be a coincidence and shyness of infants（我记得婴儿不是shyness，不知道这个有关系没） may resulted    from some other events instead: the shyness of their mothers and special autumn food eaten by their mothers（这两个因素感觉没有说完，为什么妈妈害羞和秋天吃坏东西就让小孩害羞了。）. Without ruling out scenarios such as these, the arguer cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between increased levels of melatonin and shyness of infants.

Finally, even though the fallacies discussed above are not founded, the argument still contains several errors. Whether these teenagers are shy or not should not be concluded by the identification of themselves but by the scientific test of them. It is entirely possible that these teenagers are told that they are shy in their childhood and they identify themselves as shy due to psychological effect. Yet even if we do not consider these fallacies above, the conclusion itself is ill-founded. The arguer could only make a conclusion--increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness shows in
their teenage from the evidence and there is no evidence to support the conclusion that that shyness continues into later life unless the arguer cites a more specific study recording the shyness of their whole life.（这句也。。太长了，可以缩写吧，我觉得前边的increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy就可以去掉，你是要说成年之后不一定害羞对吧。）

To sum up, the arguer fails to substantiate claim that increased levels of melatonin cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues in later life, because the evidences cited in the argument does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To convince the argument, the arguer would have to provide a more precise study. Besides, the arguer would have to demonstrate increased levels of melatonin cause infants to be shy and continues to affect them in later life.
*1和1’之见是联系的，中间插入那个每个婴儿被刺激了都会哭有点怪怪，这个刺激会哭后面也没说了。
小结：我觉得你的错误找了很多，可以挑重点的说，把他们串到一起说清楚了，按逻辑说会更有说服力。

DemiquaverUID: 203651

谈一些个人拙见，仅供参考！
sisi的文章倒是开拓了我的思路，因为找的逻辑错误几乎和我的都不一样。
但是在攻击原文的逻辑错误时，自己的文章也出现了不少逻辑不缜密的地方，容易被人驳倒。还有就是，个别错误在反驳上力度还不够，即分析的语言说得还不透彻。具体的直接改在文章里了。

In the argument, the arguer claims that due to increased levels of melatonin before birth, infants show shyness and this shyness continues into infants' later life. The major evidence on which the arguer bases his argument is a study of a group 25 infants and a follow-up study 13 years later.Although the argument seems sound and acceptable, it contains several logical fallacies.

First of all, the arguer bases his claim on the result of the study of 25 infants who show signs ofmild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli. However, the sample of the study is so smallthat the study could not be as convinced（应该用convincing吧，convinced好像是形容人的） as the arguer excepted. It would be possible that almost every infant would show sign of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli.（这句话有歧义。我估计你的逻辑是：所有的婴儿可能都会有这样的反应，所以这25个婴儿不具代表性。而按我的逻辑，你的这几话恰恰支持了原文的逻辑错误，即：所有婴儿都有这样的反应，这25个婴儿是有代表性的。你的逻辑是要绕个弯的，如果从你这句话的表面意思看，是支持我的逻辑的。） Besides, there is no evidence to prove that sample is randomly selected and then these infants are selected from infants conceived in early autumn（我觉得这点不是逻辑错误，再看原文：They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn。原文中告诉我们，这些婴儿在早秋怀上是确着的，并不是作者的推测。当然也可能是我理解错了你的意思。）. In this consequence（好像没有这样的表达方式吧，直接Therefore吧）, the reliability of the discovery of the study is decreased and the claim from the study is unwarranted, unless the arguercites a sample with large quantity（个人感觉这样反驳不妥。你觉得多大的样本是适合的呢？是可以让你相信实验结果的呢？其实这里就直接表达样本不足以代表全部就可以了。建议仿照北美里相似的句子，他们写得很严密，不留漏洞） of infants selected randomly.

Further more, （这里应该有个表示假设的词吧，否则逻辑上有点不通哇～）we admit that the study is reliable and warranted, but it is extremely illogical to claim that increased levels of melatonin during conceiving（？？？）would cause shyness of infants.Although the increased levels of melatonin happens before in show of shyness（这个应该是原文中的逻辑错误，可惜你没有攻击，反而被他带过去了。怎么知道婴儿的那些signs是害羞的表现呢？为什么不是恐惧、高兴、兴奋的表现？）, it does not mean that the former causes the latter（这句好像表达的也不严谨，使意思有偏差。former指什么？signs?latter指什么？shyness？原文好像没有表达过signs引起shyness吧？）. That（指什么？指代不明确） could be a coincidence and（and两头表达的好像不是同一层意思，而且不是出于同一意义层面。） shyness of infants may resulted from some other events instead: the shyness of their mothers（想说是母亲的遗传？那就应该表达清楚啊，不能写一半意思，另一半让考官来猜。）and special autumn food eaten（也是同样的问题，饮食和shyness有什么联系？要写出来，否则不是犯了和原文同样的逻辑错误嘛）by their mothers. Without ruling out scenarios such as these, the arguer cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between increased levels of melatonin and shyness of infants.

Finally, even though the fallacies discussed above are not founded（表达也不精确，你在前文find了这么多fallacies了，为什么又出这么句话。建议模仿北美写这类开头语句。）, the argument still contains several errors. Whether these
teenagers are shy or not should not be concluded by the identification of themselves but by the scientific test of them. It is
entirely possible that these teenagers are told that they are shy in their childhood and they identify themselves as shy due to
psychological effect. Yet even if we do not consider these fallacies above, the conclusion itself is ill-founded. The arguer could only make a conclusion--increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness shows in
their teenage from the evidence and there is no evidence to support the conclusion that that shyness continues into later life
unless the arguer cites a more specific study recording the shyness of their whole life.（这句话好长啊，占了好多篇幅，但仔细看内容，好像就是概括原文嘛，重复了第一段。对于最后的那个逻辑错误，点到了，没分析。还有，我个人觉得，对于定义不清晰的错误，应该放在第一层面，因为这是前提。北美里都是在第一段的。）

To sum up, the arguer fails to substantiate claim that increased levels of melatonin cause shyness during infancy and this
shyness continues in later life, because the evidences cited in the argument does not lend strong support to what the arguer
maintains. To convince（convince sb.吧，可以用verify） the argument, the arguer would have to provide a more precise study. Besides, the arguer would have to demonstrate increased levels of melatonin cause infants to be shy and continues to affect them in later life.

找逻辑错误是写Argu的前提，但要形成一篇文章，更重要的个还是，自己文章分析是否缜密，反驳是否有力，表述是否精确。
这好难啊！
看ETS的6分范文，让人抓狂，他的错误就找2、3个，但是很清晰，反驳得让你无话可说。想到的那些可能性确实令人信服。哎～～～～～

个人拙见，水平有限，如果差错，请您谅解！

DemiquaverUID: 203651

关于那句长句，buctcontrol也感觉到不妥哈，看来是有问题哦～

by the way, 你这次的issue作业贴在哪里了？