Issue论据搜集贴

渡渡鸟UID??145880

为了相应斑斑们挑战0706G的号召，为GRE作文版做点贡献，现开一帖和大家讨论一下I写作中论据的重要性。希望大家能积极跟帖，把平时遇到的好的论据贴出来。

I高分的关键：论据
如何写议论文相信大家中学作文都学的很清楚了，语文老师整天念叨着议论文的三要素：论点，论据，论证，一个都不能少。这一点在写AW时也不例外。
论点：也就是Thesis和Topic sentence，明确的论点是高分的关键。在准备初期可以多看看前辈总结的提纲，明确各种类型题目的写法，相信在准备后期如何破题展开论点的问题是很好解决的。
论证：AW考的就是logical的写作能力，所以选择什么样的论证方法也很重要，论证方法是连接论点和论据的纽带。论证过程连接的好，主题鲜明，论据也能很好的支持论点；反之论据混乱，不知所云。不过论证过程的套路性很强，相信练过10篇I以后大家也能够总结出一套自己的论证思路。
论据：AW的难点，I的题库中包括的大的分类就有十几种之多，想要每道题目都言之有物，不靠平时的积累是绝对不行的。我在准备作文之初花了快一个月的时间来整理论据，查前辈的总结，查Encyclopedia，找大段的例子，非常花费时间。开始我还觉得能写出大段例子的文章是好文章，能体现出写作水平，其实错了。事实证明，高分作文是论点和论据match的文章，是论点能概括论据，论据能支持论点，论证过程严密，衔接自然的文章。因此对待论据，一方面一定要重视积累，另一方面也不能走另一个极端整段整段的引述。

如果问大家I高分的关键是什么，论点？论据？论证？可能各种答案都有，不过我觉得，I高分的关键一定是论据。原因有二：
1．在新东方八股泛滥的中国AW文坛，ETS考官早已经恶心了新东方的那些提纲套路和老掉牙的例子，唯一能够体现文章unique的地方就在论据的引用。其实ETS也是有苦难言，对于AW这种命题作文，为了尽可能防止雷同作弊，肯定会在审论据上下功夫（这一点A也一样，新东方的模版在A中更是泛滥）。没听说过哪篇文章是用的雷同的论点和论证过程而判雷同的。那些被判雷同作弊的大多是背了好段子直接就默写上去了。
2．也许有人可能会觉得论点最重要，因为新东方总强调开门见山，立场明确。不过大家可以仔细思考一下自己拿到题目时的思维过程，一篇最终选择什么立场靠的是什么？靠的是你已知的论据！能举出什么样的例子支持你的论点。

本帖目的：
鉴于论据在Issue中的重要程度和复杂程度，我想开一篇帖子集合大家的力量，整理出一些I常用的、新的论据，可以让大家节省时间多模考，多练几篇文章。希望大家有好的例子能够跟帖贴出，我会分类整理。大家可以有选择的选取例子，修改后成为自己的写作素材。

跟帖要求：
建议每位跟帖提供1－3条精选的例子，可以是单独的例子，可以是短短的一两句话，也可以是包含具体例子的一个论述过程。另外，最好能够列出例子的适用范围和题目。可以应用一下格式：

Key Words:
Application:
e.g.:

分类：
教育类 科技类 社会类 历史类 文化类 艺术类 政治类 环境类 其他类

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

教育类：

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

科技类：

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

Key Words:Watson and Crick describe structure of DNA
Details:8#

社会类：

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

Key Words:Media, Newspaper

Application:媒体的舆论作用

"I like reporters, even if I haven't always liked what some wrote about me. I figure that's a pretty minor price to pay for a free press in a free society."
                                                                                                                                                                               — Gerald R. Ford, 38th U.S. president, 2005
"Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter."
                                                                                                                                                                               — Thomas Jefferson, letter to Col. Edward Carrington, Jan. 16, 1787

历史类：

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

文化类：

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

艺术类：

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

Key Words: Antoni Gaudi, Templo de la Sagarda Familia

Application: 艺术家能否被同时代承认，是否应该保留古建筑

A good case in point is Antoni Gaudi who was appointed official architect of the momentous “Templo de la Sagarda Familia” in 1883, which, although still unfinished at his death, is acknowledged as his masterpiece. Its lofty semi-cubist towers, with mosaic-covered finials, dominate the Barcelona skyline, and its imaginative forms, colors, and textures are unmatched in European architecture.

Key Words:Sydney Opera :
Application:  除了ISSUE26外，还可以用在论证当务之急与百年大计, 艺术给社会的作用等上面. 类似的还是位于西班牙毕尔巴鄂Bilbao的Guggenheim Museum, 由美国设计师Frank Gehry设计. 这座博物馆依靠夸张的外形为Bilbao带来了众多的游客和巨大的商业效益
The Sydney Opera was designed as a totally new building, showing appearance like a beautiful shell or sail boat on the sea store. The Danish architect used his creative way to give Sydney, a city with no historical accumulation, a chance to show the world of its symbol. But the construction of Sydney Opera was a struggling progress. Designed with a unreasonable structure, the opera cost as 10 times money as what the Austrilian government predicted and caused several ministry step down for this heavy project. This opera was considered as a failure during its constructure and few anticipated its reputation boomed after accomplishment. Sometimes historical buildings can be built now, and become history in future. But even the strongest holder of this theory, the Dutch architect, Rem Koolhaas admits that buildings like Sydney Opera are so rare, which locate in a place with no history and ask for landmark.

政治类：   

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

环境类：

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
Key Words:Ayers Rock

Application: 自然环境保护

Uluru, also called Ayers Rock, is one of the largest monoliths, or rock masses, in the world, located in the central arid Australia. Although Uluru National Park is a little isolated from the outside world, which means that visitors have to transit three times from Sydney or Melbourne before the plane arrived near the National Park, thousands of people overcome this obstacle to visit the Uluru to enjoy its beauty.

Key Words:Pollution

Application:环境污染的引述

There are few places in the world today that have not been spoiled by the industrialized development and pollution. The air we breathe is more often than not polluted by the smoke from the factory chimneys or the exhausted fumes from the motor vehicles, while chemical waste poisons our rivers, lakes and seas. By covering more and more surface of the world with numerous skyscrapers and highways, we are erecting concrete barriers between ourselves and nature.

Key Words:Rainforest
Application:自然资源的保护
Rainforest, woodland characterized by lush vegetation and comparatively high temperature and rainfall throughout the year. Rain forests are the world’s most biologically diverse ecosystems. Although they account for less than 7 percent of the land surface on Earth, they contain more than 50 percent—some scientists estimate as high as 90 percent—of its plant and animal species.

Rain forests also play a critical role in global climate regulation by absorbing carbon dioxide, a gas believed to be partially responsible for global warming. Plants naturally absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen gas in the process of photosynthesis, and tropical rain forests absorb more carbon dioxide than any other terrestrial ecosystem on earth. There is general agreement among the scientific community that by absorbing some of the gas, rain forests play a vital role in lessening its impacts.

其他类：

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

Key Words:Profession Vs Laymen

Application:专家新手对比，专家的优势
When people feel sick, they would see the doctor for diagnosis and follow their arrangement on having pills and treatment; when people have a lawsuit, they would turn to their lawyer for help, since they are good at defending; when people want to buy a house, they would rather pay money for a full time real-estate agent and listen the suggestion, for they comprehend the market well; when people intend to keep healthy, they will accept the advices of nutritionists having a healthy diet and frequently taking part in sports.

Application:专家新手对比，专家也会犯错误

Details:10#
Invited by Russia to treat its declined economy in 1990s, Jeffrey Sachs used his "Shock Therapy" to deal with this former socialism country's national industry and commerce. This therapy gained success before Sachs came to Russia, in Bolivia, helping this country get through its dilemma. The "Shock Therapy" uses a drastic way to stop the planned economy of a socialism country and cover from this shock with a new base. However, failing to effectively analyze the difference between Bolivia and Russia, the latter of which inherited the huge ecomonical system from Suviet Union and totally diversified from the former's, Sachs this time gave Russia only "shock" but no "therapy". The academia has believed that it is the Sachs wrong treatment that caused Russia's depression during the following years. Despite of admitted contribution that "Schock Therapy" did to the reform of Russian ecomony, it was mostly a lesson telling us about the [possibility of experience telling lies/importance of analyzing a different environment/possibility of authority's fault

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

下载：
0610G的高频题目提纲  高频总是在变化的，大家可以参考一下写作的例子

[ 本帖最后由 渡渡鸟 于 2007-1-24 10:41 编辑 ]

最後の使徒UID??2257608

考ISSUE26时用的例子, 建筑类(也能当艺术类, 社会类用)
The Sydney Opera was designed as a totally new building, showing appearance like a beautiful shell or sail boat on the sea store. The Danish architect used his creative way to give Sydney, a city with no historical accumulation, a chance to show the world of its symbol. But the construction of Sydney Opera was a struggling progress. Designed with a unreasonable structure, the opera cost as 10 times money as what the Austrilian government predicted and caused several ministry step down for this heavy project. This opera was considered as a failure during its constructure and few anticipated its reputation boomed after accomplishment. Sometimes historical buildings can be built now, and become history in future. But even the strongest holder of this theory, the Dutch architect, Rem Koolhaas admits that buildings like Sydney Opera are so rare, which locate in a place with no history and ask for landmark. (除了ISSUE26外，还可以用在论证当务之急与百年大计, 艺术给社会的作用等上面. 类似的还是位于西班牙毕尔巴鄂Bilbao的Guggenheim Museum, 由美国设计师Frank Gehry设计. 这座博物馆依靠夸张的外形为Bilbao带来了众多的游客和巨大的商业效益)

expire7UID??2160574

谢谢DDN。呵呵，可惜你没时间啊。
下次我送上我的例子。

渡渡鸟UID??145880

原帖由 expire7 于 2007-1-17 22:54 发表
谢谢DDN。呵呵，可惜你没时间啊。
下次我送上我的例子。

谢谢LS2位斑斑支持～～

我最近不是很忙，所以有时间可以整理一下当时考试的时候搜集的例子～

找例子还是要靠大家了，我一个人肯定搞不定:o

merryjeanUID??2243650

占坐，有了好例子就来顶，呵呵·！
大家一起加油啊~~~:handshake

渡渡鸟UID??145880

Key Words:Pollution
Application:环境污染的引述
There are few places in the world today that have not been spoiled by the industrialized development and pollution. The air we breathe is more often than not polluted by the smoke from the factory chimneys or the exhausted fumes from the motor vehicles, while chemical waste poisons our rivers, lakes and seas. By covering more and more surface of the world with numerous skyscrapers and highways, we are erecting concrete barriers between ourselves and nature.

我是一个大傻瓜UID??194615

嗯，收藏了，有好例子一定也贡献出来！

西西UID??196939

Watson and Crick describe structure of DNA
1953
Photo: Model of DNA molecule
In the late nineteenth century, a German biochemist found the nucleic acids, long-chain polymers of nucleotides, were made up of sugar, phosphoric acid, and several nitrogen-containing bases. Later it was found that the sugar in nucleic acid can be ribose or deoxyribose, giving two forms: RNA and DNA. In 1943, American Oswald Avery这个人的工作可以用来说什么不同意见的作用什么的，有一点要指出新东方那个作文大讲堂说，是Watson and Crick改变了人们关于蛋白是遗传物质的想法的，很可笑。不知道不要乱说嘛。 proved that DNA carries genetic information. He even suggested DNA might actually be the gene. Most people at the time thought the gene would be protein, not nucleic acid, but by the late 1940s, DNA was largely accepted as the genetic molecule. Scientists still needed to figure out this molecule's structure to be sure, and to understand how it worked.
In 1948, Linus Pauling discovered that many proteins take the shape of an alpha helix, spiraled like a spring coil. In 1950, biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that the arrangement of nitrogen bases in DNA varied widely, but the amount of certain bases always occurred in a one-to-one ratio. These discoveries were an important foundation for the later description of DNA.这个生物化学家发现了DNA中碱基是one-to-one的。综合下文的物理学家X-ray，这是个多学科合作的绝好例子。
In the early 1950s, the race to discover DNA was on. At Cambridge University, graduate student Francis Crick and research fellow James Watson (b. 1928) had become interested, impressed especially by Pauling's work. Meanwhile at King's College in London, Maurice Wilkins (b. 1916) and Rosalind Franklin were also studying DNA. The Cambridge team's approach was to make physical models to narrow down the possibilities and eventually create an accurate picture of the molecule. The King's team took an experimental approach, looking particularly at x-ray diffraction images of DNA.
In 1951, Watson attended a lecture by Franklin on her work to date. She had found that DNA can exist in two forms, depending on the relative humidity in the surrounding air. This had helped her deduce that the phosphate part of the molecule was on the outside. Watson returned to Cambridge with a rather muddy recollection of the facts Franklin had presented, though clearly critical of her lecture style and personal appearance. Based on this information, Watson and Crick made a failed model. It caused the head of their unit to tell them to stop DNA research.这点也很有用，失败 But the subject just kept coming up.
Franklin, working mostly alone自己工作~呵呵，应该也能用的上, found that her x-ray diffractions showed that the "wet" form of DNA (in the higher humidity) had all the characteristics of a helix. She suspected that all DNA was helical but did not want to announce this finding until she had sufficient evidence on the other form as well. Wilkins was frustrated. In January, 1953, he showed Franklin's results to Watson, apparently without her knowledge or consent. Crick later admitted, "I'm afraid we always used to adopt -- let's say, a patronizing attitude towards her."
Watson and Crick took a crucial conceptual step, suggesting the molecule was made of two chains of nucleotides, each in a helix as Franklin had found, but one going up and the other going down. Crick had just learned of Chargaff's findings about base pairs in the summer of 1952. He added that to the model, so that matching base pairs interlocked in the middle of the double helix to keep the distance between the chains constant.多么妙阿，前人的经验
Watson and Crick showed that each strand of the DNA molecule was a template for the other. During cell division the two strands separate and on each strand a new "other half" is built, just like the one before. This way DNA can reproduce itself without changing its structure -- except for occasional errors, or mutations.
The structure so perfectly fit the experimental data that it was almost immediately accepted. DNA's discovery has been called the most important biological work of the last 100 years, and the field it opened may be the scientific frontier for the next 100. By 1962, when Watson, Crick, and Wilkins won the Nobel Prize for physiology/medicine, Franklin had died. The Nobel Prize only goes to living recipients, and can only be shared among three winners. Were she alive, would she have been included in the prize? 这个女人很可怜，35就死了，Nobel肯定有她的分如果她活得久点。
总之这一系列的东西比较有趣，也是很好的例子。还有我们现在只记住有Watson and Crick, famous few,那个死掉的女人很可怜的。

[ 本帖最后由 西西 于 2007-1-18 16:08 编辑 ]

最後の使徒UID??2257608

经济类, Jeffrey Sachs 的 Shock Therapy, 对于论证权威, 专家, 经验主义还有分析什么的都很有用
Invited by Russia to treat its declined economy in 1990s, Jeffrey Sachs used his "Shock Therapy" to deal with this former socialism country's national industry and commerce. This therapy gained success before Sachs came to Russia, in Bolivia, helping this country get through its dilemma. The "Shock Therapy" uses a drastic way to stop the planned economy of a socialism country and cover from this shock with a new base. However, failing to effectively analyze the difference between Bolivia and Russia, the latter of which inherited the huge ecomonical system from Suviet Union and totally diversified from the former's, Sachs this time gave Russia only "shock" but no "therapy". The academia has believed that it is the Sachs wrong treatment that caused Russia's depression during the following years. Despite of admitted contribution that "Schock Therapy" did to the reform of Russian ecomony, it was mostly a lesson telling us about the [possibility of experience telling lies/importance of analyzing a different environment/possibility of authority's fault]

每天写一点~ 积沙成塔

渡渡鸟UID??145880

原帖由 西西 于 2007-1-18 16:05 发表
Watson and Crick describe structure of DNA
1953
Photo: Model of DNA molecule
In the late nineteenth century, a German biochemist found the nucleic acids, long-chain polymers of nucleotides, w ...

3X for Sharing
这段例子有点长，给个链接规到科技类里面吧～

渡渡鸟UID??145880

原帖由 lastangel 于 2007-1-20 00:11 发表
经济类, Jeffrey Sachs 的 Shock Therapy, 对于论证权威, 专家, 经验主义还有分析什么的都很有用
Invited by Russia to treat its declined economy in 1990s, Jeffrey Sachs used his "Shock Therapy&qu ...

恩，专家也会犯错误的典型例子～;)

渡渡鸟UID??145880

Key Words:Vincent Van Gogh  
Application:艺术家能否被当代人承认
Van Gogh, two of whose still life paintings have recently broken all records in selling for $50 million, sold only one of his paintings in his entire career.

[ 本帖最后由 渡渡鸟 于 2007-1-20 11:42 编辑 ]

smailingfishUID??2246243

政治类，新闻媒体
"I like reporters, even if I haven't always liked what some wrote about me. I figure that's a pretty minor price to pay for a free press in a free society."
Gerald R. Ford, 38th U.S. president, 2005
“Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.”
— Thomas Jefferson, letter to Col. Edward Carrington, Jan. 16, 1787

下面是说新闻媒体的言论自由受宪法的保护，另外还有纽约时报v苏立文的案子展示了宪法对媒体的保护
Journalists are protected by "freedom ... of the press" that is explicitlymentioned in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, while privacy rights of individuals are not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.A public figure has great difficulty recovering for defamation (i.e., publication of false statements)

渡渡鸟UID??145880

原帖由 smailingfish 于 2007-1-20 19:51 发表
政治类，新闻媒体
"I like reporters, even if I haven't always liked what some wrote about me. I figure that's a pretty minor price to pay for a free press in a free society."
Gerald R. ...

3X for your S

渡渡鸟UID??145880

Key Words:Rainforest
Application:自然资源的保护
Rainforest, woodland characterized by lush vegetation and comparatively high temperature and rainfall throughout the year. Rain forests are the world’s most biologically diverse ecosystems. Although they account for less than 7 percent of the land surface on Earth, they contain more than 50 percent—some scientists estimate as high as 90 percent—of its plant and animal species.

Rain forests also play a critical role in global climate regulation by absorbing carbon dioxide, a gas believed to be partially responsible for global warming. Plants naturally absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen gas in the process of photosynthesis, and tropical rain forests absorb more carbon dioxide than any other terrestrial ecosystem on earth. There is general agreement among the scientific community that by absorbing some of the gas, rain forests play a vital role in lessening its impacts.