0910G[Splendid Sun]第二次作业 BY 家家

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

I 131"The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society."

The arts encompasses visual arts, literature, the performing arts, including music, drama, film, dance and related media, and by some definitions other areas such as fashion. We can easily find out the arts is becoming more and more frequently appear in people’s visual field and common life, thus, we need circumspectly consider the affects of the arts in contemporary society. Some hold that the arts reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society, but to be objective, situation always depends.

On the first place, we should be clear that not all of the arts community are able to reveal the hidden views and the impulses of a society. Popular art is usually easy to understand, close to reality and life, that is to say it has more clearly the meaning, furthermore, it requires less background knowledge and easier rational thinking process when people feeling the significance. Popular art is the most important role in providing people with a spirit of joy. There is nothing better than listening to some slow strings when drinking a cup of coffee with full aroma and reading a popular novel as well for an office lady to do during the lunch break time. People always feel relaxed and comfortable when they are enjoying the popular art, whether attending a art exhibition, joining a famous band’s concert or reading some stories. Those artists just want to share their own aesthetic appreciation with common people and make them happy, normally, they give more consideration to people's acceptance of their exotericas and pay less attention to the views or impulses of a society.

On the second place, we should also be clear that not all people are able to apprehend the hidden views and the impulses of the society which revealed by the arts. Some artists commit to creating eternal works which can remain constant value, they hope their works can be wildly spreaded and every audience can treat the works in serious attitude. They are trying to show their opinions of the whole society to the social individuals after intensive and comprehensive thinking, include the hidden views and the impulses of the contemporary society, moreover, they hope that through their own works, let the common people be more rational and objective to observe the society. Such works awaken people to realize some social problem more cautiously in a more overall way, and reveal some social drawbacks which are perceptually invisible in simply life. In other words, they require the audiences have a certain level of background knowledge and appreciation, only those guys who can put themselves in the original artist’s shoes and consider the work in deeper way are able to find out the hidden views and impulses of the society. Mark Twain, U.S. humorist, novelist, writer, also well-known orator, and the outstanding representatives of the late 19th century American literary realism, whose representative full-length novel "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", with deep and spicy style, lampoon and expose the mammonish fever as the prevalence of plague in the United States, the dark social reality, barbarous racial discrimination and inhuman. However, how many readers can get such hidden views of the society when they came to the last piece of "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"?

On the third place, we should further clear that the arts is not the only way can reveal the hidden views and impulses of a society. People can discover latest hidden views and impulses of the society through analyzing the policies which have been put forward by the government recently. And acuminous people also can find out the social trend via thinking comprehensively and deeply of the mass media and public opinions. So we cannot describe that the arts reveal the otherwise hidden views and impulses of a society.

To sum up, as a product of human civilization, the arts has its irreplaceable social role, it can definitely reveal some hidden ideas and impulses of a society, but we need comprehensively consider several possible influencing factors which may affect the final consequence. Further more, we can find out the arts is not the exclusive means which could reveal hidden ideas and impulses of a society, some other means are also fulfilling this function, all of these help the social individuals to understand the whole society.

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

144. "It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value."

Most often, the term of "artist" describes those who create within activities such as drawing, painting, sculpture, acting, dancing, writing, filmmaking, photography, and music—people who use imagination, talent, or skill to create works that may be judged to have an aesthetic value. Art historians and critics will define as artists, those who produce art within a recognized or recognizable discipline. Definitely, we can clearly find out that those artists give the society something of lasting value because their works could be passed and evaluated from generation to generation and bring them something valuable; however, majority of the contemporary world and descendants always judge those great works on the shoulders of the critics.

First and foremost, the artist creates his artistic work through his efforts, wisdom, conception, views, social experience, etc. then at last achieves the precious fruit of his labor, thus, beyond all doubt, it includes something of lasting value, and nevertheless, people normally treat the critics’ words as reference. The critics guides common people to expose the value of artistic works in a more profound way, they reveal authors’ exact views and wills to help social individuals understand the meaning of those works of art. Generally speaking, the critics’ comments are quite trenchant in the eyes of the public and their remarks usually can easily influence the opinions of the others people. The critics play in a role of leading public to read those works in a more deep and sobering way, that’s the specific value what they contribute to the world. Without Van Wyck Brooks, an American literary critic, biographer, and historian who was the discommender of Mark Twain, and Bernard Augustine DeVoto, an American historian and author who specialized in the history of the American West which was the advocate of Mark Twain, people would never observe Mark Twain’s literary works included such many hidden views, that complicated values caused by American culture, and the overall image of the United States. That was the value those critics brought and created; it’s the fact that they are also eternal values.

Additionally, the critics undoubtedly aroused public thinking and engaged people pay more attention on the artistic works. The critics always advise their viewpoints immediately after the artists promulgated their latest works, and then a heated discussion will be set off among the people. Alternatively, the critics lay comments on those famous works in the history will draw more attention of people, cause them thinking over those reputable works with fire-new eyes and values. Either agree or disagree with the critics, people appreciate the artistic work with more serious attitude, to say the least, majority of social audiences would consider over that if the work deserves the comments or not, no matter the words are positive or negative. Artists to create great works of art for people to enjoy and to give people inspiration, critics to create a better atmosphere of discussing arts, to help people better interpret the intention of the author, and lead to a deeper level of artistic thinking. Both of them are creating lasting values for the human society.

Furthermore, the critics might even affect the evaluation of the artist's artistic style not only on the extent of public criteria but also the artists themselves’ aesthetic standards. The critics usually are required to stand in a more objective position to evaluate all those artistic works. Generally, they need to compare different artists’ works, different periods’ works, and different styles’ works before they conclude the conclusion. They need to show the evidence which can support their comments is relevant and cogent. Thus, the artists always treat the critics’ words quite circumspectly; of course they will not easily be affected due to these remarks, but they will reflect their works with the critics mentioned words, and the results of such careful consideration will be clearly reflected in their future works, especially those young artists who still don’t have mature artistic style. If the artists are devoting themselves to those things have lasting values, the critics are also affecting the final results.

In short, the artists bring wonderful artistic works, enrich people’s spiritual life, provide aesthetic enjoyment and tell philosophy of life, they definitely give something of lasting value to the society. Nevertheless, the critics guide the social audiences to treat these works in a more profound way, cause them focusing on the arts and also give feedbacks to the artists, we should admit their irreplaceable role in our social life and those lasting values they create.

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

120. "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."


With the rapid development of science and technology, the progress of contemporary society is getting faster and faster. People need to face more and more new, complex and changeable problems nowadays, not only in their specific personal life but also in the social life. Thus, some hold that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present. This conclusion is neither scientific nor cogent; we need to treat the study of history in a more profound and serious attitude.

First of all, we need to clear that the historical evolution is according to some ingenerate rules. Through learning the history, historians, philosophers, sociologists and anthropologists conclude and summarize those ingenerate rules. The guidance that the history can offer to today's society is in macroscopic perspective and universal meaning. Certainly, we examine and analyze the sequence of events in the history then we can absorb experience, induce orderliness and avoid making the same mistake, however, those essential things we are trying to abstract from the sweep of history are not specific consequences or methods but the laws of developing and the aftereffects those events brought to us. Let's use World War II as emblematical instance, which was a global military conflict involved a majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, and caused enormous and far-reaching consequences to the human world. We can learn that the root causes the cruel war is the imbalance of economic and political development, the thought-provoking lesson of the war is never earn one nation's own interests at the expense of other countries' interests and the consensus that the global people achieve is we need a joint international organization. All these can help us to avoid wars and to maintain world peace in the future.

Nevertheless, history is not a panacea; we should research and treat it in the approach of development towards. In the face of first emerging issues and minor details, the guidance of the history is not so significant. As we mentioned in the beginning, more and more new, complex and changeable problems were appeared, we should use historical experience and methods more circumspectly. We never advocate people indiscriminate copy the methods or experience that we got from the history, otherwise it always likely to bring about negative effects. We can find out Keynesian economics as a typical instance, this theory argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle. This theory was popular accepted by majority of Americans because of its obviously effect of curing the horrible recession during 1930s to 1950s. However, this theory didn’t work on anymore since 1960s until the new and advanced economic theory emerged by President Kennedy and his Council of Economic Advisers leaded by Walter W.Heller.

Furthermore, the people as the principal part of making history, research on the people’s characteristics plays a key role in the study of history. Nowadays, people live in a significant different lifestyle accompany the speedy progress of science and technology. Transportation tools make convenient travel, communication facilities make frequent communicate, pace of life becomes more and more rapidly in contemporary society, then people’s values have changed consequently. The results may be totally different although under the similar condition. We should not only stand on the shoulder of historical experience, more attention should be paid to innovation and breakthrough thinking.

To sum up, people should choose correct attitude to treat the history, despite the time is always changing and becoming more changeable, we can definitely learn a lot from the history and get the predecessors’ wisdom because we are still in the sweep of the history, this progress had begun since the dawn of the history.

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

221"The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."

提纲：
1.首先，the chief benefit of the study of history是了解人类社会的发展规律，对目前以及将来的社会发展起到借鉴以及指导作用。
2.其次，研究历史的确能够帮助人们打破历史上两个不同时期的人们有重大差别的幻象，因为历史的发展是有其延续性的，科技的发展和进步能改变人们的生活方式、生活节奏和某些价值取向及价值观，但是人类的共性并不会因此而改变，人与人之间可以相互沟通理解，是因为人与人的共性存在，无论时代如何变迁，社会如何进步，这种共性不会因此而消失，并不是说共性是一成不变的，它跟历史一样有着传承和沿袭，人们依然可以在新的共性上看到过去的影子。
3.需要补充的是，历史带给人们经验和教训，学习历史，让我们站在前人的肩膀上，以更高远和全面的视角看待整个人类历史的发展历程，随着时间的前进，我们必然会遇到很多崭新的从未出现过的问题，但是只要是顺应人类发展和进步，顺应历史前进浪潮的，就最终会成为新的即将被谱写的历史，反之，则必会被历史的浪花所湮灭。

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

A 25
The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell.

"Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View."

提纲：
1.Ocean View的旅客增加了，可能是由于该地区的旅游开发项目得到了很好的宣传，新的度假旅馆和高尔夫球场就是为了配合上述的旅游开发项目而开的。
2.开设了很多新的商业，可能是由于新上任的州长认为多元化的商业发展能够刺激Ocean View的整体经济进步，于是出台了很多政策招商引资，甚至可能以上述提到的旅游开发项目为卖点，提供整体的配套设置建设，所以增加了新的行业。
3.税收的增加，是由经济的发展带动的，众所周知旅游经济的税收非常可观。但是并没有明确证据支持Ocean View经济的发展是完全依靠他们的旅游发展，即使是由于旅游业的兴盛带来的，也不能说明新建高尔夫球场和度假旅馆就能够更进一步刺激旅游发展，很可能该地区的旅游设施已经达到了饱和的临界点，再新增加，非但不能赚钱，反而可能破坏市场的平衡而导致恶性竞争，最后赔钱倒闭。

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

A 37
Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea.

提纲：
1. 首先，Brim目前很深很宽，并不能说明在史前这条河就是这样，地理因素经历了数千年的变化，也许会发生很大的改变。
2. 即使Brim河在史前就是很深很宽的，也不能说明Palea居民就没有办法通过它，他们可以直接游泳过去，当今的连续游泳24小时的吉尼斯世界纪录是101公里，我们没有考证史前的Palea居民是否能游的更远，但是从人类体能角度出发这是完全可能实现的，所以并不是没有船就不能渡河。
3. 能够载很多人的船只是几千年之后出现的，但是Palea的居民很可能是逐一过河的，仅仅借助诸如浮木等工具就足够了，根本不需要所谓的载重大量人和物的船只。

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

A.206
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily Newspaper.

"Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league softball and soccer, over 80,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league softball players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure from coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages apparently outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine."

提纲：
1.首先数字模糊，作者只是说有越来越多的9岁以下的儿童参与到足球和棒球的运动中来，并没有给出具体的（大致的）数字范围，那么与受伤的孩子人数缺乏可比性，我们不能看到受伤孩子的比率。
2.其次受采访的对象是职业少年棒球选手，这种对象的特殊性，使得他们的发言不具备代表性，对于普通的孩子们参与棒球和足球运动只是为了锻炼身体和个人课余兴趣，对于这样的孩子来说并不存在比赛的压力，以偏概全的推断是不科学不合理的。
3.教育专家指出这些运动占据了原本应该用来学习的时间，影响孩子的功课，并没有具体的证据这是由于棒球和足球造成的，即使是这两项运动，也不能说明孩子的功课是由于投入过多经历在运动上造成成绩下滑，也许是他们上课不专心，不认真完成作业，而更爱看电视等等。
4.作者得出的“明显的利大于弊”的结论也很武断，利在哪里，而弊端又在哪里？这些作者都完全没有提到，因此不具备说服力。

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

A 209
The following recommendation was made by the Human Resources Manager to the board of directors of the Fancy Toy Company.

"In the last three quarters of this year, under the leadership of our president, Pat Salvo, our profits have fallen considerably. Thus, we should ask for her resignation in return for a generous severance package. In Pat's place, we should appoint Rosa Winnings. Rosa is currently president of Starlight Jewelry, a company whose profits have increased dramatically over the past several years. Although we will have to pay Rosa twice the salary that Pat has been receiving, it will be well worth it because we can soon expect our profits to increase considerably."

提纲：
1.过去三个季度的业绩下滑要经过综合分析和判断，作者说是由于现任总裁Pat Salvo的领导，这是非常武断的结论。这家公司是从事什么行业，是销售什么产品的，业绩会由于哪些因素的影响而发生波动，这些都没有提到。
2.Rosa Winnings原先领导的公司在过去几年中赢得了利润的上升，并不表示这些情况会在现在的公司里发生，两家企业的制度、结构、产品、行业甚至是管理层等等各方面，可比性有多大，是否具备印证性？
3.对待Pat Salvo和Rosa Winnings的考察期间也不相同，前者只关心她在近3个季度的成绩，而之前的情况完全没有提及，后者却是根据她近几年的成绩来判断的，明显非常不合理。
4.两个领导人的薪资水平要足足相差一倍，也就是说公司在支出上是明显增加的，所以即便Rosa Winnings能够让该公司恢复到原来的收入水平，公司的利润还是下降的。

CMGSUID: 2599842

家家。。。是在看不下去了。。。。。。好困=。=先3.。。

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

┭┮﹏┭┮。。。被小C打击了。。。人家一大早起来看。。砖头在哪儿丫。。。。┭┮﹏┭┮

CMGSUID: 2599842

唔，纵观你的iSSUE。。我发现个很大的问题，有讲大道理之嫌疑，缺乏实例example，换我是rater的话我会觉得你的文章太subjective，没有example来证明你的论点是objective，但这其中又不乏好的段落，比如第一篇ISSUE的第二段，最后的那个example让我眼前一亮，很恰当而强力的证明了你之前的论证，非常赞。在语言方面家家你的语言水平……真好…………………………
我就相反了，每次都是憋例子自己的subjective太少，看上去论证很分散，语言也没有家家你写得好。。。

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

小C，谢谢你的砖头。。。大道理。。。讲了10几年了。。我咋还是这样捏。。┭┮﹏┭┮ 。。sigh。。

所以我才说按草草整理的那个办法剖析例子真的很有必要啊。。