精英组 9月10日 No.9-5-L 阅读精析、讨论帖

tracywlzUID: 2522388

每道题在文章中的对应细节我都用相应的颜色标注了。
寄托上貌似显示不出来，大家可以下载附件看，两篇都在里面了。
Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as “solitary” and “individual theorists” were in reality (in reality: 实际上, 事实上) connected to a movement—utopian socialism—which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women’s rights conference held at Seneca FallsNew York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.
The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group’s contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By (not later than “by 2 p.m.”) 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents’ energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians’ appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.
Saint-Simon’s followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their utopia.
Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.
21.
It can be inferred that the author considers those historians who describe early feminists in the United States as “solitary” to be
(A) insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thought
(B) overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848 错误选项设置原因Thus, …that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.
Should be widened 不等于 over concerned

(C) not focused narrowly enough in their geographical scope 同上。与原文意思相反
(D) insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls conference （A）
(E) insufficiently concerned with the social conditions out of which feminism developed
22.
According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Seneca Falls conference on women’s rights?
定位在第一段末尾.
(A) It was primarily a product of nineteenth-century Saint-Simonian feminist thought. 根本无关。此句在第二段首 The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists。而题目在第一段中偏后
(B) It was the work of American activists who were independent of feminists abroad.
American feminist activists who have been described as “solitary” and “individual theorists” were in reality (in reality: 实际上, 事实上) connected to a movement
(C) It was the culminating achievement of the utopian socialist movement.见本题末尾
(D) It was a manifestation of an international movement for social change and feminism.（D）
(E) It was the final manifestation of the women’s rights movement in the United States in the nineteenth century. Final 纯是作者瞎编的。
American feminist activists who have been described as “solitary” and “individual theorists” were in reality (in reality: 实际上, 事实上) connected to a movement—utopian socialism—which（utopian socialism） was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that(修饰American feminist activists) culminated in the first women’s rights conference held at Seneca Falls,
23.
The author’s attitude toward most European historians who have studied the Saint-Simonians is primarily one of (B选项中的AFTER是否应该是BEFORE)
(A) approval of the specific focus of their research
(B) disapproval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the Saint-Simonians’ energy after 1832
(C) approval of their general focus on social conditions
(D) disapproval of their lack of attention to links between the Saint-Simonians and their American counterparts （B）
(E) disagreement with their interpretation of the Saint-Simonian belief in sexual equality 无关选项
直接的改写hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians’ appreciation of later（after 1832） feminism in France and the United States remained limited.

24.
The author mentions all of the following as characteristic of the Saint-Simonians EXCEPT:
(A) The group included many women among its members.
(B) The group believed in a world that would be characterized by sexual equality.
(C) The group was among the earliest European socialist groups.
(D) Most members believed that women should enter public life.（E）
(E) Most members believed that women and men were inherently similar in ability and character.
Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction
25.
It can be inferred from the passage that the Saint-Simonians envisioned a utopian society having which of the following characteristics?
(A) It would be worldwide.
(B) It would emphasize dogmatic religious principles.
(C) It would most influence the United States. 无关
(D) It would have
armies composed of women rather than of men.（A）
(E) It would continue to develop new feminist ideas.
based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers.
26.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that study of Saint-Simonianism is necessary for historians of American feminism because such study
(A) would clarify the ideological origins of those feminist ideas that influenced American feminism
(B) would increase understanding of a movement that deeply influenced the utopian socialism of early American feminists 片面
(C) would focus attention on the most important aspect of Saint-Simonian thought before 1832 无关
(D) promises to offer insight into a movement that was a direct outgrowth of the Seneca Falls conference of 1848 无关（A）
(E) could increase understanding of those ideals that absorbed most of the energy of the earliest American feminists 无关
Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.

27.
According to the passage, which of the following would be the most accurate description of the society envisioned by most Saint-Simonians?
(A) A society in which women were highly regarded for their extensive education （设置选项为因为男人受到更好的教育那里）
(B) A society in which the two genders played complementary roles and had equal status
(C) A society in which women did not enter public life（与原文意思相反）
(D) A social order in which a body of men and women would rule together on the basis of their spiritual power.
（与原文相反）
by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers（B）
(E) A social order in which distinctions between male and female would not exist and all would share equally in political power （只是少数人的看法）
This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their utopia.

tracywlzUID: 2522388

SECTION BUntil recently astronomers have been puzzled by the fate of red giant (red giant: n. 〈天〉红巨星a star that has low surface temperature and a diameter that is large relative to the sun) and supergiant stars. When the core of a giant star whose mass surpasses 1.4 times the present mass of our Sun (M⊙) exhausts its nuclear fuel, it is unable to support its own weight and collapses into a tiny neutron star (a hypothetical dense celestial object that consists primarily of closely packed neutrons and that results from the collapse of a much larger stellar body). The gravitational energy released during this implosion of the core blows off (blow off: v.吹掉, 放出) the remainder of the star in a gigantic explosion, or a supernova. Since around 50 percent of all stars are believed to begin their lives with masses greater than 1.4M⊙, we might expect that one out of every two stars would die as a supernova. But in fact, only one star in thirty dies such a violent death. The rest expire much more peacefully as planetary nebulas. Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M⊙ before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.
Evidence supporting this view comes from observations of IRC+10216, a pulsating giant star (a star of great luminosity and of large mass) located 700 light-years away from Earth. A huge rate of mass loss (1 M⊙ every 10,000 years) has been deduced from infrared observations of ammonia (NH3) molecules located in the circumstellar cloud around IRC+10216. Recent microwave observations of carbon monoxide (CO) molecules indicate a similar rate of mass loss and demonstrate that the escaping material extends outward from the star for a distance of at least one light-year. Because we know the size of the cloud around IRC+10216 and can use our observations of either NH3 or CO to measure the outflow velocity, we can calculate an age for the circumstellar cloud. IRC+10216 has apparently expelled, in the form of molecules and dust grains, a mass equal to that of our entire Sun within the past ten thousand years. This implies that some stars can shed huge amounts of matter very quickly and thus may never expire as supernovas. Theoretical models as well as statistics on supernovas and planetary nebulas suggest that stars that begin their lives with masses around 6 M⊙ shed sufficient material to drop below the critical value of 1.4 M⊙. IRC+10216, for example, should do this in a mere 50,000 years from its birth, only an instant in the life of a star.
But what place does IRC+10216 have in stellar evolution? Astronomers suggest that stars like IRC+10216 are actually “protoplanetary nebulas”—old giant stars whose dense cores have almost but not quite rid themselves of the fluffy envelopes of gas around them. Once the star has lost the entire envelope, its exposed core becomes the central star of the planetary nebula (a usually compact luminous ring-shaped nebula that is composed of matter which has been ejected from a hot star at its center) and heats and ionizes the last vestiges of the envelope as it flows away into space. This configuration is a full-fledged planetary nebula, long familiar to optical astronomers.

脉络分析：第一段 puzzle的问题所在。
第二三段：分析特例IRC。
21.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) offer a method of calculating the age of circumstellar clouds
(B) describe the conditions that result in a star’s expiring as a supernova
(C) discuss new evidence concerning the composition of planetary nebulas
(D) explain why fewer stars than predicted expire as supernovas（D）
(E) survey conflicting theories concerning the composition of circumstellar clouds
Until recently astronomers have been puzzled by the fate of red giant (red giant: n. 〈天〉红巨星a star that has low surface temperature and a diameter that is large relative to the sun) and supergiant stars. When the core of a giant star whose mass surpasses 1.4 times the present mass of our Sun (M⊙) exhausts its nuclear fuel, it is unable to support its own weight and collapses into a tiny neutron star (a hypothetical dense celestial object that consists primarily of closely packed neutrons and that results from the collapse of a much larger stellar body).

22.
The passage implies that at the beginning of the life of IRC+10216, its mass was approximately
(A) 7.0 M⊙
(B) 6.0 M⊙
(C) 5.0 M⊙
(D) 1.4 M⊙（B）
(E) 1.0 M⊙
that stars that begin their lives with masses around 6 M⊙ shed sufficient material to drop below the critical value of 1.4 M⊙.
IRC+10216, for example, should do this in a mere 50,000 years from its birth, only an instant in the life of a star.
23.
The view to which line 18 refers serves to
(A) reconcile seemingly contradictory facts 由but in fact 直接推出。与reconcile完美对应
(B) undermine a previously held theory
(C) take into account data previously held to be insignificant
(D) resolve a controversy（A）
(E) question new methods of gathering data
But in fact, only one star in thirty dies such a violent death. The rest expire much more peacefully as planetary nebulas.

24.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author assumes which of the following in the discussion of the rate at which IRC+10216 loses mass?
(A) The circumstellar cloud surrounding IRC+10216 consists only of CO and NH3 molecules.
(B) The circumstellar cloud surrounding IRC+10216 consists of material expelled from that star.
(C) The age of a star is equal to that of its circumstellar cloud.
(D) The rate at which IRC+10216 loses mass varies significantly from year to year.（B）
(E) Stars with a mass greater than 6 M⊙ lose mass at a rate faster than stars with a mass less than 6 M⊙ do.
A huge rate of mass loss (1 M⊙ every 10,000 years) has been deduced from infrared observations of ammonia (NH3) molecules located in the circumstellar cloud around IRC+10216. Recent microwave observations of carbon monoxide (CO) molecules indicate a similar rate of mass loss and demonstrate that the escaping material extends outward from the star for a distance of at least one light-year.
25.
According to information provided by the passage, which of the following stars would astronomers most likely describe as a planetary nebula?
(A) A star that began its life with a mass of 5.5 M⊙, has exhausted its nuclear fuel, and has a core that is visible to astronomers
(B) A star that began its life with a mass of 6 M⊙, lost mass at a rate of 1 M⊙ per 10,000 years, and exhausted its nuclear fuel in 40,000 years
(C) A star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel, has a mass of 1.2 M⊙, and is surrounded by a circumstellar cloud that obscures its core from view
(D) A star that began its life with a mass greater than 6 M⊙, has just recently exhausted its nuclear fuel, and is in the process of releasing massive amounts of gravitational energy（A）
(E) A star that began its life with a mass of 5.5 M⊙, has yet to exhaust its nuclear fuel, and exhibits a rate of mass loss similar to that of IRC+10216
Once the star has lost the entire envelope, its exposed core becomes the central star of the planetary nebula (a usually compact luminous ring-shaped nebula that is composed of matter which has been ejected from a hot star at its center) and heats and ionizes the last vestiges of the envelope as it flows away into space. This configuration is a full-fledged planetary nebula, long familiar to optical astronomers.
Lost Entire envelope即exhausted its nuclear fuel.
Long familiar to optical astronomers 即 visible to astronomers 至于5，5.、纯是比6小的然后就Not enough large。
26.
Which of the following statements would be most likely to follow the last sentence of the passage?
(A) Supernovas are not necessarily the most spectacular events that astronomers have occasion to observe.
(B) Apparently, stars that have a mass of greater than 6 M⊙ are somewhat rare.
(C) Recent studies of CO and NH3 in the circumstellar clouds of stars similar to IRC+10216 have led astronomers to believe that the formation of planetary nebulas precedes the development of supernovas.
(D) It appears, then, that IRC+10216 actually represents an intermediate step in the evolution of a giant star into a planetary nebula.（D）
(E) Astronomers have yet to develop a consistently accurate method for measuring the rate at which a star exhausts its nuclear fuel.
LAST SENTENCE: This configuration is a full-fledged planetary nebula, long familiar to optical astronomers.
这道题只能一个个比较关系了。 前面在说 IRC为giant star难以直接被发现。然后末尾在说一个Once the star has lost the entire envelope, 即只有giant star 变小后才可以实现 long familiar to 。那么接下来一句不是说 因此，IRC变成了planetary nebula么。

27.
Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage?
(A) New Methods of Calculating the Age of Circumstellar Clouds
(B) New Evidence Concerning the Composition of Planetary Nebulas
(C) Protoplanetary Nebula: A Rarely Observed Phenomenon
(D) Planetary Nebulas: An Enigma to Astronomers（E）
(E) The Diminution of a Star’s Mass: A Crucial Factor in Stellar Evolution
见全文脉络分析。
因为时间有限，所以做得比较仓促。请各位多多包涵。如果有什么问题，请在附加在这后面。我晚上回来解答。谢谢。

gaofei323UID: 2588256

sf 水水辛苦啦~

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=0= 强大滴水水 大MUA >3<

tracywlzUID: 2522388

这个是辰辰帮我发的。分都加给辰辰吧。谢谢辰辰了。
加油~