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TPO3 第一篇
Architecture
用时23’01’’
错误题数：2道
错题分析：
Paragraph 4：Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred ago.
6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings?
○Because new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.
○The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.
○The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.
○Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.
分析：本题适合用排除法，A说新建筑材料难找，文中未提及，错误。C说当今的建筑材料是木头石头砖头，错误，这些都是以前的建筑材料。D说早期没有足够的建筑材料围起建筑，未提及，错误。 B说如今建筑材料不再限制建筑的类型，正确， 上段加黑的语句说以前建筑材料限制了建筑的类型，和如今相反，故正确。

Paragraph 6: Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.

11．According to paragraph6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?
○The Romans were the first people to use the stone arch.
○The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.
○The arch worked by distributing the structural of a building toward the center of the arch.
○The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.
分析：罗马人是第一个发展弧线技术的，并不是第一个使用弧线技术的人，故A错。C与原文相反，文中加粗的语句说明弧线技术是把重量分配到两个端点，并不是到中间。B说弧线技术的发明可以发展新的建筑形式，正确，本段最后一句是这个意思。D说罗马人跟随先前的时间来使用弧线技术，文中未提及，故错。

TPO3 第二篇
The long term stability of ecosystem
用时19’23’’
错误题数 2道
Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
○They become less stable as they mature.
○They support many species when they reach climax.
○They are found in temperate zones.
○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
此题解法见加粗语句，意思是至少在温带地区物种最多的时候是在交替阶段，而并非是在顶级群落，后面举红树林的例子就是为了说明这一观点，随着红树林的生长，物种将越变越少。于是BD错，后面谈到稳定性和物种的多样性没有直接的联系，所以A不准确，于是乎C为正确答案。


14．Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time.
●1○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.
○3The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.

●2○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.

●5○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.
Answer choices
○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.
○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.
○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.
○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.
○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.
○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.

错误分析：
The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
由这一段加粗语句可知弹性也是保持稳定性的重要因素，

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TPO6 两篇

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