〖TOEFL 2009上半年-Dark_Tournament听力组〗33wong的听力备考日志贴

33wongUID: 2617025

索引
1楼-----------------------------目录
2楼-----------------------------经验总结
3楼-----------------------------3月17日听写日志
4楼-----------------------------3月18日听写日志
5楼-----------------------------3月19日听写日志

33wongUID: 2617025

经验总结楼。

33wongUID: 2617025

3月17日听写日志（因为是听写在本子上，所以只标出错误句子。）1996-01-p5
If you flew over certain parts of Nebraska and Texas by plane, you might notice some large areas appearing as bright green circles many hundreds of feet across.
This green is unusually in the high plains area where the climate is very dry.
These green patches are the result of a new technique from mining the underground water.
In this technique, miners bore deep hole in the ground until they reach a special geological formation called aquifer.
The water which is collected in these aquifers for hundreds of years is called fossil water or ground water.
It pumped up through the bored hole and spray over the land to irrigate the crops.
Raising crops such as cotton and wheat, water in this way creates the fertile green areas that contrast vividly with the natural brown of the plain.
Crop yields have increased dramatically.
However, they've created a serious environmental problem.
The problem is that the water is being removed from many aquifers faster than it can be replenished naturally.
Ground water level has dropped rapidly, and it is becoming more difficult and expensive to get this water.
In some parts of Texas, water levels in some of the aquifers have declined by more than 400 feet in 25 years; this process of using water faster than it can be replaced is wide-spread and serious.

1996-05-P3
Listen to part of lecture about the railroad industry.
As the beginning of the century, the railroads were used to haul everything.
Powerful railroad barons made fortunes without having to be accountable to the public or considerate to the customers.
But cars and trucks changed all of that.
And by 1970, the rail industry was beset with problems.
Trucks were taking all the new business.
And even so the rail industry remained indifferent to customers.
Also many regulations kept the rail industry from the adjusting to shifting markets.
But in 1980, the rail industry entered the modern era, when a deregulation bill was passed that a lot railroad companies to make quick adjustments to fees and practices.
Companies reduced their lines by one third and used fewer employees.
They also took steps to minimize damage to product.
And to increase their shipping capacity by stacking freight containers on railroad cars.
To accommodate these taller loads, underpasses and tunnels were enlarged.
The image of the rail industry has changed dramatically.
Today, companies are very responsive to customers, and are gaining increasing market shares in the shipping industry.
The railroad safety record is also strong.
Freight train have an accident rate that is only one third that of the truck industry.
Trains also come out ahead of the trucks on the environmental grounds, because they give off only one ten to one third pollution that is emitted by trucks.
And railroading does not wear out highways as trucks do.


1996-N01-P5
Listen to part of a lecture from an American civilization course.
In the late 1400s, when Christopher Columbus returned to Spain from the western hemisphere, he brought with him a sample of what the Native Americans called maize or as we call it more often today corn.
The corn that Columbus introduced to Europe was the distant descendent of a grass native to Mexico.
The people of the Americans probably started to domesticate this grass as early as 5000 B.C.
After about a thousand years, they developed highly productive strands of corns, which later became the basis for the great pre-Columbian civilization.
Figuratively speaking, both the city of Incas and temples of the Mayas were built on corn.
Domesticated corn and people who cultivated it developed together.
Without humans to care for it, domesticated corn could not survive.
The kernels are crowded together beneath the strong, protective husk and silk.
And the young corn shoot is not strong enough to break through the husk on its own.
If people did not strip away the husk and plant individual kernels, the corn would die out.

33wongUID: 2617025

1997-08-p5
Listen to part of a talk in an art history class.
You may remember that a few weeks ago, we discussed the question of what photography is.
Is it art, or is it a method of reproducing images?
Do photographs belong in museums or just in our homes?
Today, I want to talk about a person who tries to make his professional life an answer to such questions.
Alfred Stieglitz went from the United States to Germany to study engineering.
While he was there, he became interested in photography and began to experiment with his camera.
He took pictures under conditions that most photographers considered too difficult.
He took them at night, in the rain and people and objects reflected in windows.
When he returned to the United States, he continued these revolutionary efforts.
Stieglitz was the first person to photograph skyscrapers, clouds and views from an airplane.
What Stieglitz was trying to do in his photographs was what he tried to do throughout his life: make photography an art.
He thought that photography could be just as a good formal self-expression as painting and drawing.
For Stieglitz, his camera was his brush.
While many photographers of the late 1800s and early 1900s thought of their works as reproductions of identical images, Stieglitz saw his as a creative art form.
He understood the power of the camera to capture the moment.
In fact, he never retouched his prints or made copies of them.
If he were in this classroom today, I'm sure he'd say, "Well, painters don't normally make extra copies of their paintings, do they?"



1997-10-p5
Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.
I'm glad you brought up the question of our investigations into the makeup of the earth's interior.
In fact, since this is the topic of your reading assignment for next time, let me spend these last few minutes of class talking about it.
There were several important discoveries in the early part of this century that help geologists develop a more accurate picture of the earth's interior.
The first key discovery had to do with seismic waves.
Remember, they are the vibrations caused by earthquakes.
Well, scientists found that they travel thousands of miles through the earth's interior.
This finding enabled geologists to study the inner parts of the earth.
You see, these studies revealed that these vibrations were of two types: compression or P-waves and shear or S-waves.
And researches found that P-waves travel through both liquids and solids, and S-waves travel only through solid matter.
In 1906, a British geologist discovered that P-waves slowed down at a certain depth and kept travelling deeper.
On the other hands, S-waves either disappeared or were reflected back.
So he concluded that the depth marked the boundary between the solid mantle and liquid core.
Three years later, another boundary was discovered, that between the mantle and the earth's crust.
There are still a lot to be learned about the earth.
For instance, geologists know that the core is hot.
Evidence of this is the molten lava that flows out of volcanoes.
But we are still not sure what the source of the heat is.




1998-01-p3
Listen to part of a lecture in a composition class.
By the end of the term, I hope you will be convinced as I am that formal writing always requires revision.
Sometimes it requires a fairly major rewriting of the paper.
Some students have the mistaken idea that revision means simply making corrections in spelling and grammar.
I call that proofreading.
What I expect you to do with your revise is to evaluate and improve the overall effectiveness of your paper.
But how can you tell if your paper is effective?
Well, for example, start by asking yourself these questions:
Is the topic restricted enough to be fully discussed within the given length?
Are the main ideas clear?
Are they supported by specific details and examples?
Do they move smoothly from one idea to the next?
You need enough time for a possible major overhaul.
That is you may have to make a lot of changes before your paper becomes really clear to the reader.
So I'll expect a preliminary draft of each paper two weeks before the final due date.
That way I can criticize it and get it back in time for you to revise it.
Then you can submit a final draft for grading.
This process may seem like a great deal of trouble at first, but I think you'll find it valuable.
In fact, after you finish this course, I doubt you will ever turn in a term paper without first revising it carefully.


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33wongUID: 2617025

1998-05-p4
Listen to a talk in an American history class.
I'm going to introduce two current points of view about the motivation for writing the United States Constitution back in 1787.
The first one is called the idealist view.
The idealists basically believe that the writers of the Constitution were motivated by ideas.
Which ideas?
The ideas of revolutionary war, such as liberty and democracy.
The idealists reminded that young country had a lot of problems: an economic depression, a large war debts, lawlessness, and trade barriers between the states.
They argued that the representatives needed to control these problems in order for the United States to survive.
The other point of view is the economic view.
The economic view is that the writers of the Constitution were concerned about their own financial interests.
According to them, most people were living wealth for the wealthiest people were afraid of losing their money.
The writers wanted a strong center government that would promote trade, protect private property and perhaps most of all collect taxes to pay off the United States' large war debts.
Because a number of those who wrote the Constitution had loaned money to the government during the revolution.
Which view is correct?
Well, historians who wrote during the calm and prosperous of 1950s, found reasons to believe the idealist view.
Those who wrote during the trouble of 1960s, found support for the economic view point.
I'd say that neither of the view is incomplete, both idealist and economic perspective contribute a part to the whole picture.


1999-01-p5
Listen to a lecture being given in a college class.
Ok, in the last class, we talked about the classification of trees and we ended up with a basic description of angiosperm.
You may remember that those are plans with true flowers and seeds developing inside of fruits.
The common broad leaf trees we have on campus fall into this category.
But our pines don't.
Now I hope you all followed my advice and wore comfortable shoes, because as I said today we are going to do a little field study.
To get started, let me describe a couple of broad leave trees we have in front of us.
I'm sure you've all noticed that this big tree next to Brett Hall.
It's a black walnut that must be 80 feet tall.
As a matter of fact, there is a plaque identifying it is the tallest black walnut in the state.
And from here we can see the beautiful archway of trees at the commons.
They are American elms.
The ones along the commons were planted when the college was founded in 120 years ago.
They have distinctive dark green leaves that look lopsided because the two sides of the leave are unequal.
I want you to notice the elm right outside the Jackson Hall.
Some of the leaves have withered and turned yellow, maybe due to Dutch elm disease.
Only a few branches seem infective so far, but if this tree is sick it'll have to be cut down.
Well, let's move on and I'll describe what we see as we go.

1999-05-p4
Listen to a lecture given in a mass communications class.
It was an Italian inventor who created the first wireless device for sending out radio signals in 1895.
But not until the American inventor Lee De Forest build the first amplifying vacuum tube in 1906 did we get the first radio as we know it.
And the first actual radio broadcast was made on Christmas Even of 1906.
That's when someone working from an experimental station in Brand Rock, Massachusetts, arranged the program of two short musical selections of poem and brief holiday greeting.
The broadcast was heard by wireless operators on ships with a radio through several hundreds miles.
The following year De Forest began regular radio broadcast in New York.
These programs were similar to much of what we hear on the radio today in that De Forest played only music.
But because there were still no home radio receivers, De Forest's audience consisted only of wireless operators on ships in New York harbor.
There is no doubt that radio broadcasting was quite a novelty in those days.
But it took a while to catch on commercially, why?
Hmm, for the simple fact that only a few people, in fact, only those who tinkered with wireless telegraphs as a hobby owned receivers.
It wasn't until the 1920s that someone envisioned mass appeal for radio.
This was radio pioneer, David Sarnoff, who predicted that one day there would be a radio receiver in every home.