sk999's log to prepare for tofel listening

sk999UID: 2635443

Index
First floor --------- directoryl8 o$ y( X- Y+ |) R
Third floor --------- stages summaries
fourth floor --------- May 4th,listening and writing log（I-01-1 community services of education major, I-01-2 insurance policy，I-01-3, divers walking underwater）
fifth floor --------- May 5th,listening and writing log(I-02-1: a tour guide of Everglades;）6 a3 C0 s( l7 r3 b% S
sixth floor --------- May 6th,listening and writing log（I-02-2: survival in outerspace; I-02-3: choreography; I-03-1: hypothesis on young children）: N' u&
seventh floor --------- May 7th,listening and writing log（I-03-2: Jefferson's Montecello; I-03-3: committee meeting:tree planting project; thafting)
eighth floor ---------  May 8th, listening and writing log(I-04-2: gourment coffee;I-04-3: photography)
ninth floor--------- May 11th, listening and writing log(I-05-1: Zachary Taylor: the 12th president; I-05-2: ballon event in Philadephia; I-05-3: compression,or P-waves and shear, or s-waves)
tenth floor--------- May 12th:(I-06-1: volume, pitch and pace; 特训(简称TX,下同): Sunday's Run)
11th floor--------- May 13th:(I-06-2: mail museum)
12th floor--------- May 14th;(I-06-3: astronomic telescope;)
14th floor--------- May 15th;(TX: exam schedule; I-07-1: lab workbooks; I-07-2: insomnia; I-07-3: automobiles and city planning;TX: registration)
15th floor--------- May 16th;(TX: stress between work and study;)
16th floor--------- May 17th(I-08-1: hot air; I-08-2: outline and schedule)
17th floor--------- May 18th(I-08-3: Grant Wood(American Gothic) and background information;I-09-1: pattern books written by architects; I-09-2:Sun dogs; TX: intelligence;)
18th floor--------- May 19th(IX: golden age of American agriculture)
19th floor---------  May 20th(I-09-3: rural community program; I-10-01: next week's schedule;I-10-02: Neveda's archaeological cave)
20th floor--------- May 23th(I-10-03: fish; I-11-1:nutrient labels)
22th floor--------- May 24th(I-11-02:flight attentants; climatic changes;)
23th floor--------- May 25th(I-12-1: park ranger; I-12-2: sergeant Molly; I-12-3:Children's psychology; TX: consumer price index;)
24th floor---------May 26th(I-13-1: auk; I-13-2: orthoclases, microcline, plagioclases feldspars;I-13-3: yellow stone park services)
25th floor---------may 27th(I-14-1: dorm lottery system; I-14-2:tyrannosauros rex);
26th floor---------May 27th(I-14-3: Ms. Lampert; I-15-1: clocks and watches)
27th floor--------May 31th(eel,knife fish and electric ray;narcolepsy;modern choreography;fossil fuel;pottery;)
severl)9 c2 n) N

glamorouskyUID: 2459211

加油~
索引在哪里捏

sk999UID: 2635443

stages summaries（every 10 days）
Stage 1 summary（May 4th——May 14th）：
经过10天的听写、跟读和背诵的练习，本人发现原本有xxxx等问题，现在已经解决了哪些问题，还存在哪些问题。
Firstly, I want to express my gratitude to "阿泰" for his encouragement. By the way, I am also a rockets fan. Support rockets!
Secondly, my stage 1 summary:
Admittely, After I practise listening, speaking and reciting for 10 days, I find I have solved some weakness existing before, such as, .  However, I still need to try to figure out other weakness, such as,..., and.



After ten day's practice of listening and writing, I admit that I don't make progress as significantly as I expected at the begining of it.  So, I feel somewhat disappointed but not deeply frustrated.  Actually, I think every  Chinese student who study English might have this kind of feeling. Therefore, the fact that I don't make rapid progress doesn't surprise me because only ten day's practice can't make a miracle.

In order to make a better use of the listening material and improve my listening effectively, I summarize my last ten days' practice and get some questions in my head. Certainly, the next step I do is to find the answers on internet.  After seeing lots of  articles, I am  touched by one.

To learn from it and inspire me to persist to listening, I paste it as below:

听力可以说是我们中国学生英语学习的最大障碍，特别是对一些准备托福考试的网友来说非常重要。本人曾问过很多顺利通过六级考试的本科生，听力部分能真正听
懂的实在是寥寥无几。很多人都是根据听懂的只言片语，再利用推理，排除一些的考试策略选择答案的。国内有些听力教材还提出了只看答案就能选出正确答案的系
统 “理论”。这样做考试是有可能通过的，但实际掌握，运用英语的能力就只有自己知道了。

　　在很长一段时间内，我所选的听力资料将会是VOA的Special级别的慢速英语。这主要是出于两个目的：一是打好基本功；二是从慢速英语入手是科学的方法，是实现标准英语听力突破的有效途径。下面分别讲解我的听力学习经验。

  

　　第一、打好英语听力基本功的重要性
　　关于听力基本功的认识问题我建议大家去买一本钟道隆编的《逆向法巧学英语》一书仔细看看，里面很多道理也说的很清楚了。我这里只想以我的亲身体验 “斩钉截铁”的告诉大家：
　　开始 “真正“练习听力的时候(我这里所提到的 “真正“ 不是指那些考试技巧，而是发自内心的想要掌握，运用，享受英语的源动力)，千万不可操之过急，一开始就去听那些原版的标准速度的听力资料，一方面这样的方法极不科学；另一方面也会给自己刚刚培养起来的自信心带来巨大的重创。十有八九(也可以说是所有的人)都会很快放弃的。
　
　我自己当初也是这样，感觉简直是在听天书，十几分钟的录音下来能够把Topic听准确已经是很不错了，当中的细节部分根本没有时间反应就一闪而过了。这
种过程简直就是一种 “煎熬”。
当然也有少数意志力惊人的朋友坚持了下来，但是由于方法的失策，造成自己把大量的时间精力(有时可以说是青春)投入其中，可是回报却难以和付出平衡，收效
甚微。
　　说到这儿叫我想起以前我们有一位上外的听力老师讲的真人真事：一位研究生深知自己听力不过关，决心发奋苦读。于是他每天早上都坚持听广播电台里的标准英语，这样一听就是五年的时间。这种苦行僧似的磨炼并没有使他的听力水平真正得以提高。
　
　后来我们这位老师在了解了他的情况以后，告诉他之所以到现在他的听力还未真正突破最主要的原因就是他的基础没有打好，总是泛泛而听，而且总是听些已经有
中文背景知识的广播，就会造成一种错觉，好象什么都听懂了，又好象什么也没听懂。大意能够抓住(其实是有背景知识的原故)，真正精确到每一句话，每一个单
词却总是丢三落四的，不能准确的传情达意。这种沙上建塔的 “辛劳”永远也不会建成坚固的大厦，而总是在进行建了倒下，倒下了再建的重复劳动。

  

　　第二、如何利用VOA慢速英语真正提高听力
　　从慢速英语入手是真正科学的听力突破方法。而且在我自己的实践过程中摸索出一些听力带动口语，锻炼口译的好方法。下面我想谈谈利用VOA慢速英语听力资料学习听力的三个步骤：

　　第一步、精听VOA慢速英语听力资料(最好不要看原文)
　
　网友自己下载VOA慢速英语相关的听力资料后，用realplayer
G2进行播放，刚开始的时候绝对不要看原文，尤其对那些本来就很清晰的听力资料。这主要是希望大家不要依赖原文，自己一定要一个单词一个单词的完全听懂。
有的同学说我有那么几个单词实在听不懂怎么办?

　　大家想一想，慢速英语的单词量是1500到2000，也就是说一个比较好的高中生的单
词量已经超过了许多，更何况四六级都已通过的你。听不懂的唯一原因绝对不是生词的问题，只能是你对这个单词的发音极其陌生，大脑根本没有反映。如果让你看
一看原文，你会不屑一顾的，但在听的时候却不知所云。

起初我练习的时候有时为了一个单词可以想上整整一天，嘴里老是念道着这个单词的发音。我知道这个单词我一定认识，直到某一刻恍然大悟：咳，不就是这么简单
的一个单词嘛！这时我总是猛拍自己的脑袋骂道 “真是愚蠢”。
当然如果有些同学说这段录音我已经听了十遍了，当中的几个单词你就是打死我我也听不出来。如果真的到了这个地步，你可以看看原文。

　　接下来要做的就是要保证这一段录音你是完完全全的听懂了。什么是完完全全的听懂了呢?就是每听完一句话，你都能准确的复述出来，包括每一个
单词。这里在语音上不是很好的朋友要注意了，由于是慢速英语，所以只要你有正常的听力能力再加上一定的毅力，就完全可以把自己的发音模仿的和VOA的播音
员没什么两样，正如李阳老师所指出的：发音是一个人的英语门面。
　　的确是这样的！如果你按照这样的方法用心练习，不出一两个月，你的发
音就会有长足的进步。其实我们大多数中国人的模仿发音天赋都是很好的，随便叫出一名大学四级通过的大学生，他(她)的发音就要比我所见到的意大利人，日本
人，菲律宾人的发音不知要好多少倍。其实我们中国学生在口语和听力上缺陷主要有两个原因：
　　一是缺乏练习。这也是传统教学方法的遗憾。
包括我自己，也是这种只注重书面的“分析英语”的受害者。二是缺乏勇气。老是害怕自己会说错，害怕丢脸。除非你是在国外长大，英语就是母语，你可以“自
豪”的说：我就是说错了那也是对的，因为英语是我的母语。而我们把英语作为第二语言的学习是不可能不犯错误的，多犯错误是为了少犯错误。每当我缺乏勇气的
时候，我就会用“I enjoy losing face!”这句话来激励自己。
　　还是说听力吧。这样一句一句直到把每一句话完全“吃
掉“，已经基本上可以保证你已听懂了这段文章。要达到什么样的标准呢?我对自己的要求是在落后一两个单词的同步复述。很多同学到这里就到此为止了。我却以
为这样太可惜了。如果说上面这一点是练习了语音的话，下面的两个重要工作才是我们利用听力材料练习口语和口译的重要。

  

　　第二步、同步复述
　　现在大家已经把这段录音的意思完全搞懂了，而且能够惟妙惟肖的基本同步复述了。请大家注意，直到现在你的大脑还没有动起来，也就是说这些完全是些机械的模仿，刻板的复述。这种机械的重复对于我们的口语和开口能力是不会有“事半功倍“的效果的。
　
　要想提高自己的口语水平，在这里就一定要学会用自己的话，请注意是用自己的话，而不是照本宣章，把所听到录音的大意死活说出来。做这一步是在听完整段录
音之后。此时所说的英语才是你真正的英语口语水平。在练习中尽量使用刚刚听到的一些关键动词和词组。在说的时候，想象自己正在对一个没有听过录音的同学讲
述故事的情节。我相信很多同学在刚刚开始练习的时候会“憋的”说不出几句象样的话，或是在大意和情节上丢三落四的。出现这种情况太正常了。这样就反映了我
们刚刚所做的同步复述只是一个辨音过程。现在所做的自我总结才真正开动了我们的大脑，提高了真正的口语水平。

  

　　第三步、练习口译能力
　　好了，到了这一步你已经很不错了，不仅能够把这
段录音完全听懂，同步复述，而且还可以用自己的英语对你的朋友娓娓道来。是不是感觉很有成就感啊!但是我还得继续更深层次的练习。对了，就是口译能力，我
们中国学生特有的中英文自由转换能力。还是刚刚那段录音，这回是放一句英语，你就立刻把这句话翻译成地道的中文，翻译成我们平时所讲的中国话。
　　你可别小看这一步，自己试着去翻翻看，就会马上懂得：我们能够同步的用英语复述了并不代表我们就可以同步的翻译成地道的中文。我对自己的要求也是在落后一句的速度下进行同步翻译，由于是慢速英语，所以只要耐心的多练习几遍就一定能够达到同步听译的水平。

  

　　至此，我们不仅已经对这段录音了如指掌，而且还利用它进行了有针对性的口语和口译训练。很多同学老是抱怨没有语言环境，我觉得语言环境多数情况
下还得靠自己创造。请大家再次注意，上面我所介绍的听力方法都是针对慢速英语的，大家不要操之过急，一步一个脚印，把十盘慢速英语的磁带按照这样三步认真
的做下来，你的听力就已经打好了坚实的基础，这时你再把曾经认为是天书的那些听力材料翻出来试一下，怎么样?那种感觉现在的你一定不会相信的。我当时是高
兴的连蹦带跳仰天长“笑”！只有这个时候才能感受到“不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹”的真正含义。

  

　　当然你也可以把这种方法推广到你现在所应试的听力教材中去，我自己现在特喜欢用这种方法拿托福的听力对话开刀，练过一段时间后就开始“喜欢”上
托福的听力考试题了，虽然自己从没有参加过正式的考试，但是做做那些市面上的全真试题感觉就好象在玩文字游戏，很多题目觉得答案上写的都是废话，这是把对
话完全听懂的必然结果。

　　好了，我已经把自己最好的听力练习经验和大家分享了，剩下的就是看各位的“功力”了。我现在每天还在加强听力训练，下个目标就是VOA的标准英
语，要达到象我们听中文广播一样的水平是我梦寐以求的事。有些地方已经有了些眉目，等以后我会专门写一篇有关标准英语听力的文章和大家交流吧。最后我想祝
愿大家能够早日突破听力障碍，享受到听英语的真正意义和乐趣！s

According to this post, I will change my studying ways in the second stage in which I will emphasize repeating and reciting. In the first stage, I spend less time in reciting the listening article sentence by sentence, let alone by article. I hope I could improve my listening the as the poster. Maybe this process will take one or two months. Nevertheless,  I will persist until I succeed.



summarizing of the second stage（May 15th——May 25th）：
经过了第二个10天的基础练习，本人又解决了哪些问题，还存在哪些问题没有解决。
Indubitabily, after I finish another 10 days fundermental practice, I solve some problems, such as. But, there are other ones that I should fix .

summarizing of the third stage（May 26th——June 6th）：
Finally,

sk999UID: 2635443

I-01-1: community service of education major
question 39 through 42: listen to the talk given by the dean of a school education:
Community service is an important component of education here at(liaison) in our university, We encourage all student to volunteer for at least one community activity  before they graduate.A new community program  called one and one helps elementary(liaison) students who've fallen behind. Your education major  might be especially(specially) interested in them because it offers opportunity to teaching that is tutoring in maths and English.
You'd have to volunteer 2 hours a week for  one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English or both. A half  hour lesson is fine. So you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week.

Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors. He will be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week.

I am sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain the valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on(too) your resume,too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about(that of) community . If you'd like to sign up or if you have any questions, stop by professor Dadge's office this week.

I-01-2: insurance policy:

, x- y& a- f0 a  R+ a

I hope you've all finished reading the assigned(assignment) charpter on(of) insurance, so that you're prepared for our discussion today. But before we start, I'd like to mention a few things you textbook doesn't go into.

It is interesting to note that the insurance has existed in some forms for a long time. The earliest insurace policies were what we called bottomry(bottom) contracts. They provided shipping production for merchants as far back as(fallbacks)3000 BC.

In general, the contracts were often no more than verbal agreements. They granted loans to merchants with an understanding that if a particular shipment of goods were lost at sea,the loans didn't have to be repayed. Interests on the loans varied according to how risky was to transport the goods.During periods of heavy piracy(pirates) at sea,for example, the amount of interests and cost of policy went up considerably(consider and believe).

So you can see how insurance helped( helped to) encourage in international trade. Even the most cautious(conscious) merchants became willing to ship their goods over long distance, not to mention in hazardous weather conditions, when they had this kind of protection available.

Generally speaking, the basic form of insuarance policy has been pretty much the same since the middle ages.There are 4 points that were salient then and remain paramount in all policies today. These were outlines in Chapter 6 and will serve as (survey)the basis of for the rest of today's discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?

I-01-3: divers walking underwater

Located at the Nasa research center in Iowa is 5000 gallon wide(vat) of water. And inside the tank is underwater treadmill, designed by Dava Newman, an aerospace engineer.For 4 years, neuman observe scooper(scuba) divers as they simualted walking on Moon or on Mars on her underwater moving built(belt).

She want to discover how the gravity of moon and of Mars would affect human movement.To do this, Newman attached(touch) weights to the divers and then lower them into the tank and onto the treadmill. These weighs were carefully adjusted so the divers could experience underwater,the gravity of the moon and of Mars as they walked on the treadmill.

Newman conclude that walking on the Mars will probably be easier than walking on the moon. The moon has less gravity than Mars does. So at a lunar gravity the divers struggle to keep their balance and walk accurately(awkwardly). But at a Mars gravity, the divers had a greater attraction(traction) and still ability(stability) and could easily adjust to a pace of 1.5 miles for(per) one hour. As newman gradually increase the speed of treadmill, the divers took longer graceful strides until they comfortablely settle into an even quicker pace. Newman also noticed that at Martain gravity, the divers need less oxgen

.

The data that newman collected will help the future designer of Martian spacesuit. Compared to lunar spacesuit, Martian spacesuite will require smaller air tanks.And to allow for free movements. The airborne(elbow) and nearly(knee areas) of state suits will also be
all treat(altered)..

sk999UID: 2635443

I-02-1: difficult tour guide of Everglades:

Welcome to Everglades national park. The Everglades is a watery plain(water replan), covered with saw grass, that is a home to numerous species of plants and wild life. At(and) one and half a million acre it(that) is still too big to see all today. But this tour will offer you a good sampling.

Our tour bus will stop first at a tailor through. This is a good place to start because it's a home to many of plants and animals typically assosicated with the Everglades. You see many exotic birds, and of course, our(a) world finers(famous) alligators. Don't worry. There is a border office(borderwalk) that goes through marsh( Don't cross the marsh). So you can look down the animals in the water from the safety distance. The border pockets(borderwalk) is high enough that gives you a great view of the saw grass prairie( great ferry).

From there, we will head to(had) some other marsh and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who
like to a close view of the saw grass prairie( your soul grassberry). You might consider renting(running) a canoe(kernu) sometimes during your visiting here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of

direction and can negotiate way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to  come
looking for you. You have the good fortunes of being here in winter,the best time of a year to visit. During a spring or summer, the masquito was just about eat your alive. Right now, they are(there is) not bother some(bothersome). But you will soon want to use
an(your)insect repllent(inspect parent).

sk999UID: 2635443

I-02-2: survival in outer space:

It's great to see so many of you interested in the series (theory)on survival in outerspace. Please excuse the cameras. We are being videotaped for the local TVstation.

Tonight I am going to talk about the most basic aspects of survival: the spacesuit. When most of you imagine an astronaut: that is probably the first thing that(which) comes to mind. Right? Well, without spacesuit, it wouldn't be possible for us to survive in space. For example, outer space is vaccum. There is no gravity or air pressure. Without protection, our body will explode.

What's more, we'd
cook in the sun or(and) freeze in the shade, with temperature ranging from a toasty 300 degrees above to a cool 300 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.

The spacesuit that NASA have developed is truly a marvel. These photo enlargement here is a life size image of an actual spacesuit worn by astronaut on the last space shettle mission.This part is the torso. It is made of seven extremely durable layers. This thick insulation(picky isolation) protects against temperate extremes(straying) and radiation. Next is what they call a bladder of oxygen, that's an inflatable sac(sect) filled with oxgen to simulate atomspheric pressure. This bladder press against the body the same force as the earth atmosphere at sea level (zero). The innermost layer provide the liquid cooling and ventilation(invatlation). Despite all the layers, the suit is flexible, allowing free movement so we can work(walk).
Another really sophisticated part of the spacesuit is helmet. I brought one along(around) to show you. Can I have a volunteer come in and demonstrate?

I-02-3: choreography:

Good evening, I am and on behalf of modern dance club. I'd like to welcome you to tonight program.The club is pleased to present the tv version of the catherine wheel, Twyla Tharp's rock ballet.

This video virgin of ballet has been more successful with audiences than the original theatre production. It includes some animation, slow motion and stop action freezes(phrases) that really help the audience to understand the dance. The title of the piece refers to Saint catherine, who died on a whirl in 307(300) AD. NowadaysNow it is,a catherinewheel is a kind of firework, it looks something like pinwheel. Anyway, the dancer certainly is full of
fireworks. You see how Twlya Tharp explores(brought) one family's attempt to confront the voilence in modern life. The centre symbol of work is pineapple. But exactly what represent always create a lot of controversy. As you watch, see if you figure out. The music for the piece is full of the rhythmic energy of rock music. It was composed by David Bern of rock band talking heads and the lead dancer in this version was theller rendener, who is perfectly suited to Tharp's adverturous choreography.

Following the video, dance teacher Mary park will lead discussion about the symbolsim(simplism) Ms. Tharp used(missed of our used). We hope we can stay for that. So enjoy tonight video and thank you for your support.

I-03-1: hypothesis on young children.

In a lab today, we will be testing the hypothesis(high prophercies)
that babies can count as early as 5 months of age. The six babies here are less than 6 months old. You will be watching them on (the mon)close circuit TV in measuring their(mirror)responses. The experiment is based on well-established observation that baby stare long if they don't see what they expect to see.

First, we are going to let two dolls(adults) move slowly in front of the babies.
The babies will see the two adults disappear behind a screen. Your job is to record ,in seconds, how long the baby stare at the dolls(adults) when screen is removed.

In the next stage, two dolls(adults) will again move in front of the babies and disappear. But then a third doll(adult) will follow.When the screen is removed, the baby only see the two adults. If we are right, the babies will now stare longer because they expect to see three adults but only see two. It seems(sense) remarkable to think this such young children can count.

My own research has convinced me they have this ability from birth. But whether they do or not, perhaps we should raise another question: should we take advantage of this ability by teaching children mathematics at such young age? They have great untapped potential. But it is(is it) good for parents to pressure yong children.

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I-03-2: Jefferson’s Montecello:

Before starting our tour of Montecello(Monte Charlo), I'd like to give you some historical facts that may help you appreciate what you see today even more.

Montecello was the very much loved home of Tom Jeferson for over 50 years. Jeferson who
was of course a president was also a great reader and a language enthusiast. He read(write) widely on different subject, including architecture. He wasn't formly trained(a training) in architecture. But as a result of

his study and observation other buildings, he was able to help design and build house. He chose the site set (to) himself, naming the estate Monto cello which means a little mountain in Italian. In fact, many of the ideas behind the design also came from the Italian architecture: Undrio platio who lived in 16 century and who had great influence on the architecture of England.

Jefferson, however, ignores plutio's principle --that is-- not to build in a high place. Montecello's elevation made the transportation of what was needed at the house, for example, food, especially difficult. But the view from this estate would not be as spectacular if Jefferson had followed pluto's advice. There is no really boundary between the house and the nature around it (naturally arounded). And so Jefferson was able to look out on his beloved state(estate) for Virginia(Geniu) from this wonderful vantage(adventage) point. Now go on to Jefferson's library.

I-03-3:committee meeting:  tree planting project

committee meeting:

Now
that we've all introuduced selves (the your volunteer use yourself) to the new members, let's get down to(the) work. As a committee in charge of this year tree planting project, we have several items on agenda:

First, we have to review the budget. The president has informed that trustee has set aside 3000 dollars for the purchase of trees. And enviromental T-shirt sale netted(met up) a profit of 1500 dollars.

Secondly, we have to finalize the choice of trees. As you know, we're working with Richardson's(Richard) nursesry again this year(nesheers) since everyone seem please with work (he did) date
last year. Mr. Richardson has presented us with several choices within our price range(with their present ranch )that, he think, would meet our needs. He's sent us

pictures of trees for us to look at. But he want me to tell you that welcome to visit the nursery if we want to see the tree themselves.

Lastly, we need to plant some kind of ceremony to commemorate the planting, several ideas ,including a garden party of some sort of ,have been suggested.

So, let's get down with them and turn on the first order of business.

I-04-1: thafting

listen as a guide describe the ancient art of fetching a roof:

Welcome to the four(follow) winds historical(sysstarical) farm, where(well) tradition of the past(pester) are preserved for visitors(theaters) like you. Today our master thatcher(fetcher) will begin giving

this bar(barn) behind me: a sturdy(thirty) fetched roof,able to withstand heavy winds and last up to a hundred years. How do they do it? well,in a nut shell, fetching involves(in all) covering(covered) beam or rafters(rafts). the wooden skeleton of(scarlet No.) roof, with reeds or straw. Our fetchs here harvest(have habits) of their own
natural materials for their jobs, the bundles of water reeds you see lying(line) over their beside bar(barns).

Fetching is certainly uncommon in the United States today. I guess that's why so many of you come to this demonstration. But,it wasn't always(all with) that way?
In the 17 century, the colonists here patch the roof with reeds and straw. Just as they had (see it) done in England. After a while though, they begin to replace the patch with wooden shingles. Because wood is so plentiful. And eventually, other roof material like stone, slate and clay tiles came into use. It's a real shame that most people don't know how strong and longlasting a patch roof is. In Ireland, where(while) fatch is still practised, the roof can survive the winds up to 110 miles per
an hour. That is because straw and reeds are so flexible. They bend but don't break in the wind like other materials can. Other advantage is that roof keep the house cool in the summer and warm in the winter. And then, of course, there's the (their) roofs longevity. The average 60 years,but they can last up to a hundred. With(Without) all these reasons to start fetching roofs again,wouldn't it be wonderful to see these disappearing crafts return to popularity?

sk999UID: 2635443

I-04-2: gourment coffee

A lot of people in the united states are coffee drinkers. Over a few years, a trend has been developed into introduce premium special blended(brand) coffees known as gourmet(gloomy) coffee into the American market.

Boston seemed to have(has) been the birthplace of this trend. In fact,major gloomy coffee merchants from other cities like Seattle and SanFrancisco came to Boston where
today they are engaged in kind of coffee war with Boston merchants. They are all competing with significant share of the gloomy coffee market.

Suprisingly,the competition among these leading gloomy coffee businesses(distances) will not
not hurt(hear) any of them. Experts predict that the gloomy coffee market in the United States is growing and will continue to grow, to
the point that gloomy coffee will soon capture half of(or) what is now a one point 5 million dollar market and will be an 8 million dollar market by 1999.

Studies've shown that coffee drinkers who convert to gloomy coffee seldom go back the regular brands found in supermarkets. As a result, these brands will be the real loosers in groomy coffee competition.

I-04-3: photography

You may remember a few weeks we discuss the question of what photography is. Is it an art or is it a method of reproducing images? The photographs belong in a museum or just in our homes? Today I want to talk about a person who try to make his professional life an answer to such questions.

Alferd Steegs went from the United States to Germany to study engineering. While he was there, he became interest in photography and began to experiment with his camera. He took pictures under conditions that most photographier consider too dificult. He took them at night,in the rain and people and object reflected in windows. When he returned to the united states, he continue his revolutionary efforts.Stegger was the first person to

photograph skyscrapers, clouds and views from an airplane.

What stegger was trying to do in these photographs was what he tried to do throughout(through all) his life: make photography an art. He thought that photograph could be just as good a (a good) form of self-expression as painting or drawing. For steggers, his camera was his brush. For many photographers of the late eighteen hundred and the early nineteen hundred thought of (sort of) their works as a(were) reproduction of many identical images. Stegers saw his (or his,is) a creative art form. He understood the power of the camera to catch the moment. In fact, he never retouch his prints or made a copy of them. If he were in the classroom today, I am sure he will say,well, painters don't normally make an extra copy of their painting, do they?

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8# sk999
I-05-1: Zachary Taylor: the 12th president ; ballon event in Philadephia

So, as Jim said, James Polk was the 11th president,and my report was (is about) the next president, Jack reteller, was elected in 1849.

It was surprising, because he was the first president that didn't have any previous political experience. The main reason he was chosen as the candidate was because he was a war hero. In the army, his main cordorma old ruffian ready(man called him old rough and ready). I guess
because it's a raff edgies(rough edges). He was kind of blonde(blunt), and didn't really look like a military hero. He like to do things,like wear serving (civilian)clothes instead of(and set of)
a uniform, even in battle. And he is so short and plump(blonde) that he had to be lifted to (be happy to live )up to his horse. But he didn't went(did win) a lot of battles. He became more and more popular.So the victor(whig) party decide to nominate him for the presidency, even no one knew anything about where he stood on the issues.

I couldn't find much about the accomplishments. Probably because he was
only an office about a year and a half before he died. But, one thing, he pushed for the development of transcontinental railroad, because he think it was important to form a link with the west coast. The were a lot of welfare (wealth) in California and Oregon from comers(commerce) and mineral and stuff. Also he established an agriculture bureau in the Department of the interior and promoted more government aid to agriculture. Well, that's about all I found. Like I said, he died in office in 1855(1850). So, it was(his) vice president took over. That's the next report. So, thank you.

I-05-2: ballon event in Philadephia

Listen to a talk in a special event:

I want to welcome each at(and) a every ballon enthusiast to Philadephia. Thank you for coming here this morning to commomerate the first balloon voyage in the United States. On Jan 9th,1793,at 10 o'clock in the morning, a silk(sealed) balloon lifed into the sky above the city, which was at the time the capital of the country.

According to the original record of the flight, the voyage lasts 46 minutes, from departure of Philadephia to its landing across the Delervier river in New Jersey. Though our pilot today will try to approximate the original landing site,
they are at(there is) the mercy of the winds. So, who knows where their(they'll) drift off to?

Even the balloonists(Brunals) in 1793 experience some
un(one)certain weather that day, there was clouds, fogs and mist in various(every) directions. Our enactment promise to be nothing less than (unless) the spectacular. The yellow balloon directly behind me is 5 stories high. It's inflated with helium,unlike the original which was filled with high hydroeon(oxygen) and unbeknownst (aren't be known) to the pilot potentially explosive.

Gas filled models are pretty(put) uncommon now because the extremely high cost. So the eighty other ballons in today's launch are hot air(there), heat by propane(propeling) burners. These ballons are from all over the country.

I am glad you brought up the question of our investigation into the make up of the earth interior. In fact, since this is the topic of your
reading assignment for next time, let me spend the last few minutes of the class talking about it.

There were several important discoveries in the early(yearly) part of this century that help geologist develop a more accurate picture of the earth interior. The first key discovery has to do with seismic waves. Remember, they are the vibrations caused(called) by earthquake. Well, scientists found

they travel thousand of miles
through the earth interior. These founding enable geologists to study the inner part of the earth.

You see, this study revealed(review) these vibration were two types; compression, or P waves, and shear(sheer) or s waves.And researcher found p-waves travel both liquids and solids while s-wave travel only solid matter. In 1906,a British geologist discovered P-waves slow down at a certain depth but kept traveling deeper; On the other hand, s-wave either disappear or were reflected back. So he concluded that the depth marked(might be) the boundary between a a solid mantle and a liquid core. Three years later, another boundary was discovered that between the mantle and the earth crust.

There're still a lot to be learned about the earth. For instance, geologist know the core of the earth is hot. Evidence is the molten lava flow outside of
the valcano. But we are still not sure what the source of the heat is?

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9# sk999
I-06-1: volume, pitch and pace

Today we're going to practise evaluating(valuing) the main tool(tune) when addressing groups: the voice. There're 3 main elments that are combined to create either positive or negative experience for listeners.
They can result a voice that is pleasing(pleasant) to listen to and can be used effectively(defectively) or they can create a voice that doesn't hold attention or even worse cause the adverse reaction. The 3 elements are volume, pitch and pace.

When evaluating a volume, keep in mind that a good speaker will adjust to the size of both room and the audience. Of course, without ampling device like microphone, the speaker can use a nature tone. But speaker shouldn't depend on microphones. A good speaker can speak loudly without shouting.

The second element: pitch. It's related to the highness or lowness of the sounds. High pitch are for most people more difficult to listen to.

So in general,speakers should use the lower register of their voice. During the presentation, it is important to vary a pitch to some extent in order to maintain a interests.

The third element: pace, that's how fast slow words and(in) sounds are articulated, should also be varied. A slower pace can be used to emphasize
important point. Note that time spent not speaking can be meaningful too. Pauses ought(Poses are) to be used to signal transitions or create anticipation. Because a pause(pose) give the listener time to
think about what was just said or even to predict what might come next. It can be very affective when moving from one topic to another.

What I like you to do now is to watch and listen to a video tape and use the form I give you to rate(read) the speaking voice you hear. Then tonight I want you to go home and read a passage into a tape record and evaluate your own voice.

特训(简称TX,下同) Sunday’s run

Hello, Alaxander.

Hello, Juline.

Have you been training hard for Sunday's run for a cure for breast cancer?

You bet. I have been running 3 times a week for over an hour each time. It's great. I can't believe I got to this point so quickly. Only 6 months ago, I would run for 5 mins and almost collapse in exhaustion(oxygen).

I hear you. I decided to run in this marathon because I need a motivator to get myself back into the shape. During my pregancy, I gained whopping(worping) 80 pounds. And I'm still trying to trim down. Also I total believe in the cause. I know so many people who have been touched by disease.

Well, eighty pounds. That's nuts. Did you have a triplets?

No, just a big little boy. He was born 9 pounds, 5 pounces. Hey, Julie, what inspire you want to run this weekend?

Well, a bunch of(about) my running buddies(body) thought it would be a great idea. We all start running at the same time. And we heard one of the guys' mother was diagnosed with cancar. We thought the marathon was something positive
we can do as(with) a group. It should be a lot of fun. And I have been collecting lots of sponse from school. So I hopefully make tons of money for the cause(course).

That's so cool. Juliane,hi, I gotta dash! See you at the finish line on Sunday.

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10# glamorousky
I-06-2: mail museum

Let's proceed to see the main exhibition hall(town) and look at some the actual vehicles that have played a prominent role (at a promote road) in speeding up mail delivery. Consider how long it used to take to send the letter across relative short distance.

Back in 16 hundred, it took 2 weeks on horseback to get a letter from Boston to NewYork at a distance about 260 miles. Cross a river was also a challenge. Ferry server was so irregular that carrier would sometimes wait hours ,just catch a ferry. For journeys inland(at the land),there was alway a stage coach. But riders were by no means comfortable because it(they) had to be shared(share) with other passengers.

The post office was pretty ingenious(put in) genius about some routes(summers). In the 19 century,in the south-west desert for instance, camels were brought in to help to get the mail through. In Alaska,reindeers were used. These practice were discontinued because the discreditable(disagreeable) temper of these animals. We'll(Well, stop here) minutes, you can manner (enter)this replica of railway mail car. It was during the age of the iron horse(ironhouse) that delivery(the
railway) really start the pickup. In fact,the United States transport most bulk(pock)mail by train for neally 100 years. The first airmail service didn't start until 1918. Please get a few minutes to look around. I hope you enjoy your tour. And as you continue your own, may I(I may) suggest you visit our impressive(previous) philatelic collection.Not only can you look at some more unusual stamps issues, but there is an interesting exhit on how stamps are made

sk999UID: 2635443

I-06-2: mail museum

Let's proceed to see the main exhibition hall(town) and look at some the actual vehicles that have played a prominent role (at a promote road) in speeding up mail delivery. Consider how long it used to take to send the letter across relative short distance.

Back in 16 hundred, it took 2 weeks on horseback to get a letter from Boston to NewYork at a distance about 260 miles. Cross a river was also a challenge. Ferry server was so irregular that carrier would sometimes wait hours ,just catch a ferry. For journeys inland(at the land),there was alway a stage coach. But riders were by no means comfortable because it(they) had to be shared(share) with other passengers.

The post office was pretty ingenious(put in) genius about some routes(summers). In the 19 century,in the south-west desert for instance, camels were brought in to help to get the mail through. In Alaska,reindeers were used. These practice were discontinued because the discreditable(disagreeable) temper of these animals. We'll(Well, stop here) minutes, you can manner (enter)this replica of railway mail car. It was during the age of the iron horse(ironhouse) that delivery(the
railway) really start the pickup. In fact,the United States transport most bulk(pock)mail by train for neally 100 years. The first airmail service didn't start until 1918. Please get a few minutes to look around. I hope you enjoy your tour. And as you continue your own, may I(I may) suggest you visit our impressive(previous) philatelic collection.Not only can you look at some more unusual stamps issues, but there is an interesting exhit on how stamps are made.

sk999UID: 2635443

I-06-3: astronomic telescope

Most people think astronomers as people who spend their time in cold observatory peering through telescope every night. In fact, an astronom spend most of his or her time

analyzing data and may only at the telescope for a few weeks of the year. Some astronomers worked on purely theoridical( peroidical) programs and never used telescope at all. You might not know how rarely(really) images are viewed directly from the telescopes.

The most common way to observe the skies is to photograph them. The process is very simple. First, a photographic plate is coated(coded)
with a light sensitive material. The plate is positioned(position) so the image received by the telescope is recorded on it. Then the image can be developed, enlarged,
and published so that many people can study it. Because most astronomic objects are remote,
the light we(ray) received from them is(miss)
rather feeble.
But by using a telescope as a(telescopic ) camera, long time exposure can be made.
In this way, objects can be photographed that are hundreds (of) times too faint(thin) to be seen by just looking through a telescope.

阿泰UID: 209473

非常不错，加油，给你加分了！

sk999UID: 2635443

14# 阿泰

Could you please give me some information on the exam schedul?

I would be happy to. The dates for the first term are Dec. 9 to Dec. 23. The dates for the second term are Apr. 11 to Apr. 30(13).

How long are exams?

Exams are normally 3 hours long. You must book a room for the 3 hours exam. The department will arrange
a view later. Early next month, there will be an (sign up sheet)assignment posted on the bulletion board the faculty lounge. You can choose a square on this draft schedule. The dean then reviews(refuse) it and draws up the final schedule to avoid a student in the science facaulty
having two exam schedule at the same time.

That's a good idea. So I just have to sign the sheet in the
faculty lounge asking when I want my exam.

Yes. It is not at all certain that iswhen the exam will be. But it gives Dean Anderson a place to start. He still has to do most of it manually, consulting his computer to see which student register in each course have other exams. Doing a exam is quite complex. Quite often, he consults the schedule from the previous year.

I-07-2: insomnia

Do you have trouble sleeping at night? Then, maybe this is for you.

When you worry about needing sleep and toss and turn trying(to try) to find a comfortable position, you're(ll be) probably only making matters of worse. What happens when you do that? It's that your heat rate(heartry) actually increases making it more difficult to relax.

You may also have some bad habits that contribute to the problem. Do you rest frequently during the day? Do you get virtually no exercies or do you exercise strenuously late in the day? Are you preoccupied with sleep or do you sleep late on weekends? Any or all of the factors might be leading to your own insomina by disrupting your body's natural rhythm?

What should( do) you do then on those sleepless nights? Don't bother with sleeping pills. They can actually cause worse insomnia(worsen something) later. The best thing is to drink milk or eat cheese or tuna fish. These are all rich in amino(neural) acids
and help to produce a neural transmit in the brain that induce(enduce) a sleep.

This neural transmit will help you to relax and will be your own way to get in a good night sleep. Until tomorrow's broadcast, this has been another in the series "hints for(henceforth) good health".

I-07-3: automobile and city planning

Today we will examine the role that private transportation ,namely automobile("animal bill") , plays in city planning.

A number of socioligists blamed the automobile("animal bill") for the decline of the downtown area of the major cities. In the 1950 and 1960, the automobile(manimal bill) make it possible to work in the city and yet live in the suburb many miles away. Shopping patterns changed. Instead of patronizing downtown stores, people in suburbs went to shopping malls outside the city and close to home. Merchants in city failed and their stores closed. Downtown shopping areas becaome desert.

In recent years, there has been a rebirth of the downtown area. As many suburbanite moved back to the city, they've done this of course to avoid

highways clog with commuter from the suburbs.

I've chosen this particular city planning problem,our dependence on private transportation to discuss in groups. I am hoping you all will come up with some innovative solutions.Oh, and don't approach(produre) the problem from a purely sociologically perspective. Try to take into(it) accounted enviromental and economically issues as well.

TX: registration

Sorry, I am late for my appointment. But there is an incident on the bridge and traffic was backed up.

That's OK. How may I help you?

How are my registration date and time determined?

First year students are mailed at a designate date and specific time within their admission letter. For continuing students, the registration time and date are determined by the average from the previous winter session and by the year that the student is in(design). Are you a first year student?

Have you received your admission letter?

Yes, I have. But I have some questions on how to pay for the courses. How do I pay if I don't have the credit card?

Other options are:By going to a bank and pay the teller the amount on your course confirmations slip. Or by coming to the compus and pay in person at the students' service building on the third floor.