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交第二次作业,这次没限定时间,,写的认真了很多,欢迎指教!~
TOPIC: ISSUE203 - "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."
Character of a society, representing a national recognization from its people, is always of great complexity and multifaceted to define and describe. This assertion raised a perspective trying to use the character of the heroes or heroines of a society as the best way to understand the character of the whole society, which, in my eye, gets the point in some extent despite that it ignores other measures effective in studying this topic to make it more complete.
In general, heroes and heroines, which can be literally divided into two parts in dictionaries, are either the people who sacrificed a lot, even their lives, for the united or establishment of a country or a significant organization, or else the people who made great contribution when leading some events or specific revolutions. Illusive Idols or fancied figures are not counted as heroes here. Obviously, not all the heroes are with the societal character. And at the meanwhile, not all the points of a character, which must include both the pros and cons, can be comprehensively found in the figures of heroes or heroines, as they are always established for their virtues and achievements.
To begin with, admittedly, the character of heroes or heroines, whom were mentioned in the second group of literal definition above, can in a certain extent reflect the ideological pursuits and people's yearnings for the revolution of a society. Firstly, society’s present situation and potential discipline would influence the activities of contemporary people. Next, based on this condition, heroes or heroines, appear to emerge in the surroundings and match the development of society, by leading these activities or events. Therefore, no matter they succeed or not, they obtain a cohesion power and character feature from the inside of the society. There are many examples in this matter. Nelson Mandela, one of the great moral and political leaders of our time, is identified as a hero of whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa. He is the representation for the spirit and character of the people in Africa who seek the universal freedom and respect. As a result, if people want to analyze a society, some of the pilotage people can be chosen as an angle to cut in.
However, if the only angle interpreted as the heroic character is considered, the result for the societal character will be incomplete. Every coin has two sides, so does a society. Flaws and weakness can never be ignored during researching on any subject. In the prosperity and flourish of the outlook of U.S, where all its people are supposed to be well-fed and well-clothed, campus gunshop cases happen frequently; premised on the superficially harmonious of society in developing countries, unemployment rate keeps increasing. Never can the irascible, arrogancy, and anxious characters can be found on the premise of observations of a hero, because they have been constructed to indicate the national self-esteem and self-honor feelings. Hence, to better the understanding the character of a society, the knowledge on its heroes are far more than enough.
Furthermore, heroes’ characters sometimes only reflect the common virtues of human being as a whole, rather can for a specific society. Casting back to the definition of the heroes, for the first group people who sacrificed their lives for their countries, they undoubtly deserve the name of heroes, which make no difference in each country.
From the revolutionary hero Nathan Hale who said `I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country', to Yuefei who was killed by treacherous officers in Chinese history, to the little boy from Brussels who saved his home city, all of these notable heroes presented their patriotism in their own ways. With the same character of patriotism, these heroes have sublimed their societal character to a common virtue of human being, rather than for a specific society. Hence, if the research on a country only bogs on these heroes, we can never get the complete and full-scale conclusion.
To sum up, by broadening this assertion to the extent that heroes and heroines are the best source of studying the character of a society, the author draws too hastily a conclusion, with other ways such as studying history, politics, legal systems, education, etc, also available. Heroes and heroines, as a good facet, can be considered together with other perspective to safely achieve an approach for the comprehensive character of a society. (744 words)
TOPIC: ARGUMENT165 - The following appeared in a business magazine.
"As a result of numerous consumer complaints of dizziness and nausea, Promofoods requested that eight million cans of tuna be returned for testing last year. Promofoods concluded that the cans did not, after all, contain chemicals that posed a health risk. This conclusion is based on the fact that the chemists from Promofoods tested samples of the recalled cans and found that, of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find that the three remaining suspected chemicals are naturally found in all other kinds of canned foods."
In this argument, the Promofoods concluded that the tuna cans did not contain chemicals that posed a health risk.
This conclusion came from the test organized from the company. The results indicated that five of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea could not be found in the test, while another three remaining suspected chemicals are naturally found in other canned foods. Plausible as it may seem, I am afraid that the argument can hardly bear further examination since there are several flaws in its reasoning.
To begin with, the validity of this test is questionable, without any indications that this test was completed reasonably. First of all, there’s no evidence about whether the tested samples were randomly selected or the quantity of the samples were big enough to represent the whole products.
For example, if the company only took 10 samples for this test while they are eight millions as a total, customers can not be persuaded that this percentage of samples is large enough to prove the quality of these cans. Furthermore, we cannot get the conclusion that test was conducted under credible conditions or on eligible equipments. Last but not the least, to be strict, we lack the reports or data provided by a qualified verification organization, rather than the Promofoods itself.
Next, even the test was valid, concerning the other there remaining suspected chemicals, Promofoods didn’t supply a distinct description of the content and quantity of them. Imagine, if there is a limit standard for food usage for any of these three chemicals, it is entirely possible that exactly due to the high proportion of the over-limited chemical the dizziness and nausea happened. The existing of the other there chemicals in other kinds of canned food may be under this limit in order to be hurtless for people health. Promofoods didn’t give a detailed grantee here.
Finally, assuming the contents of the three chemicals conformed the standard, the chemicals failed to consider about other possible alternatives that may lead to dizziness and nausea as well. Except the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, there might be other chemicals which are not commonly contained by cans food.
In sum, the Promofoods has not convinced me that the cans of tuna did not contain chemicals that posed a health risk. However, to better support the conclusion, the Promofoods should provide evidence that the samples of test are valid and any of the chemicals in the recalled cans can not lead to dizziness and nausea, or under the limited standard regarding the health effect. (437 words)
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