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标题: 1006G splendidsun的备考日记——Protect my dream [打印本页]

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-9 21:36:23 标题: 1006G splendidsun的备考日记——Protect my dream

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2010-1-18 22:28 编辑

从今天起，所做的一切只为圆自己从小的梦想
很久以来，没有尽心的踏踏实实的做一件事情
更没有高中时享受那份考试到来时的从容以及无限的成就感
很想把这件事做到淋漓尽致，至少无愧我心
记得在Mt. Baldy上与自己打赌，赌注就是自己的未来
这次，我愿再次全部压上~
没有穷途末路，只有自己踏出的未来
既然选择了远方，就要风雨兼程
加油！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-10 00:23:17 标题: 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作(1)-(4)

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-11-10 10:55 编辑

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-930785-1-1.html

说实话，目前为止这20个问题对于我来说只是些问题而已，在面对AW题目以前或许我不会对它们的用处有什么深入的体会。但是我知道有时在写英文文章时，我最发愁的就是寻找写作的突破口，不知从何说起，不知怎样扩展内容，不知怎样深化主题……

或许过一段时间，这20个问题将会对我有很大的帮助。

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（2）Writing Anxiety

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-931194-1-1.html

考试开始阶段或许是最紧张的时候，渡过这一阶段便能进入状态。

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（3）Writer's Block

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-931466-1-1.html

首先不得不感慨，草版对于writer’s block的翻译相当的形象

针对症状1这种方法其实在中文的写作中我经常用，总是先把零散的key words写下来，而后试图寻找他们之间的联系，写出文章的大体框架，而英文文章似乎从来没有用过，其实主要是因为写英文文章完全还是中文思维，基本是一个翻译的过程，而非用英语的角度去写作，这是我存在的一个问题

我觉得其实症状2，3均适用于不理解的题目，从中找到自己有话说，感兴趣的切口，并且知道出题人的期待。即使不感兴趣也可以写出来

在other strategies中Begin in the Middle Start writing at whatever point you like是一条很实用的建议，有时就是因为不知如何组织文章开头而被block，另外注意换位思考。

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（4）start to write
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-932138-1-1.html
这篇文章为我们提供了一个思维流
写作目的--如何达到目的—收集各种文章相关线索—提出整体思想—写出文章结构—写草稿--润色文章

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-10 22:15:09 标题: 11-10 备考日志

真伤心，刚刚写了老长的日志被我一下子弄没了~从头再来
今天的学习其实刚刚开始，下午做了一下午实验，兔子极为不听话，弄得我极度郁闷
今天计划：
红包list 16-18,并不是第一遍背，但是上一次已经是很久以前的事情了~所以现在一点点把它捡回来
继续学习基础写作5-10
以及SY，SU，SO的1-8
除此外，但愿可以看完AW官方的introduction，前几天看了一部分，今天争取看完

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computers

Writing With Computers

Using word processing software on a computer is an efficient way to write. You can delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype, and you will find your drafts easier to read as you revise. Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process. But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost.

（说实话，用电脑写东西除了可以随时修改以外，我依旧还是喜欢用笔写，就像明明可以用电脑都paper而我却还是喜欢打印出来一样）

Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:

Planning

freewriting

If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting.

writing an e-mail message

As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.（恐怕很难找到这样的人~但我想其实可以自我换位，以别人的角度换位思考，或许可以有新的想法）

making an outline

Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections.

（写东西时经常忘记前面一句话在哪里就反复读写过的东西，很费时，这是个不错的方法）

planning visually

Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.

（很喜欢这个法子，中文写作常用，但英文从来没使用过~可以让结构，角度，层次都更加清晰）

keeping a journal

If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.

Drafting

creating a scrapfile

As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.

splitting screens

If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.

（总更换窗口会不会很麻烦的说~嘿~我更喜欢做注解）

adding notes

As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it.（有时删除一些写过的东西后发现其实还是必要的，又得重新打一遍，这是个很好的办法）

Organizing

mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences
Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs.

checking your outline

Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.

staying on topic in every paragraph

Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.

（切题！！！）

Revising

starting at the beginning of the file

Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.

renaming a file
Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.

saving copies of material to cut and paste

When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.

printing out hard copies to read
It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.

resisting the neat appearance of a printout
If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.

using page or print view to check paragraphs
Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?

highlighting sentence length
Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?

Editing and Proofreading

using online tools
A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a styke checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much（好高级的功能~） or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.

changing the appearance of key features of your writing

Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.
（平时写邮件时就总发现自己总是I……句型重复特别多，自己都觉得很不好~语言太欠缺多样性了）

editing on hard copy

It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-11 00:20:27 标题: 11-10 备考日志

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-11-11 00:21 编辑

真伤心，刚刚写了老长的日志被我一下子弄没了~从头再来
今天的学习其实刚刚开始，下午做了一下午实验，兔子极为不听话，弄得我极度郁闷
今天计划：
红包list 16-18,并不是第一遍背，但是上一次已经是很久以前的事情了~所以现在一点点把它捡回来
继续学习基础写作5-10
以及SY，SU，SO的1-8
除此外，但愿可以看完AW官方的introduction，前几天看了一部分，今天争取看完

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computers

Writing With Computers

（说实话，用电脑写东西除了可以随时修改以外，我依旧还是喜欢用笔写，就像明明可以用电脑都paper而我却还是喜欢打印出来一样）

Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:

Planning

freewriting

writing an e-mail message

making an outline

（写东西时经常忘记前面一句话在哪里就反复读写过的东西，很费时，这是个不错的方法）

planning visually

（很喜欢这个法子，中文写作常用，但英文从来没使用过~可以让结构，角度，层次都更加清晰）

keeping a journal

Drafting

creating a scrapfile

splitting screens

（总更换窗口会不会很麻烦的说~嘿~我更喜欢做注解）

adding notes

Organizing

checking your outline

Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.

staying on topic in every paragraph

Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.

（切题！！！）

Revising

starting at the beginning of the file

saving copies of material to cut and paste

changing the appearance of key features of your writing

editing on hard copy

It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement好多呀~~~
一、什么是主题句？
A thesis statement declares what you believe and what you intend to prove.与事实，论据不同。主题的种类需根据写作目的来确定。
设置目的：提出文章主要观点，回答问题或是提出问题
出现位置：开头段最后一句
要求：clear, strong, easy to find
**议论文主题句
议论文主题必须是别人有可能不同意的，必须通过自己的论述说服别人
需要通过主题句告诉读者：你的论点；你的论据；论证顺序
二、好的主题句的属性
可以表明自己态度观点，并且可以反驳相反观点
specific and focused，asserts your own conclusion based on evidence.有根据，不要空洞，大
不要使用第一人称
要有可质疑性，可辩论性“Tell me something new about something I care about”，有价值

公式：Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
   What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis

三、检验主题句
·       好的主题句需要做到

吸引读者思考；避免出现so what问题；避免绝对的论调；主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题？；主题句是否可以适合被展开论述？
四、如何写出好的主题句？（思维的步骤）
感觉都很重要，所以就复制下来呢~
１．Rank with justification　考虑重要性
·
Most important to least important
·
Least important to most important
2.Contrasts (of perspectives of sources) 对比，考虑流行和反对观点
·
Although newspapers at the time claimed ……, the most significant cause/explanation/reason, etc. is ……
·
While Sb. and Sb. maintains that  ................, more accurately/importantly, etc, # 2's position is the stronger one. (Substitute "most historians" for  So and So and the appropriate person or view or source for #2.)
3.Perception versus reality; 感觉与现实
l
Although Turner himself may have believed X, the real causes were Y and Z.
4.Good versus bad reasons:
l
Historians generally list six reasons as the cause for X, but among these are four that are valid and two that are not.
５． Cause and Effect: 因果关系
·
Certainly, X was the cause and Y was its effect, but between the two are two other factors of equal importance.
·
Separately the causes would have not necessarily led to a rampage; however, together their effect was inevitably murderous.
·
Although the effects of the rampage were . . ., the causes were understandable/justifiable/inevitable.
·
The more important effects of Nat Turner's rebellion went beyond those of  the local rampage.
６．Challenge:质疑，否定
Nat Turner's rebellion not a righteous response to the injustice of slavery; it was motivated purely by disturbing psychological issues.

７．提出系列问题：
·
What should the audience/reader do/feel/believe?

·
Who are the major players on both/each side and how did they contribute to?

·
Which are the most important?
·
What was the impact of?

·
Can I compare? How is X like or unlike Y?

·
What if?  Can I predict?

·
How could we solve/improve/design/deal with?
·
Is there a better solution to?
·
How can you defend?
·
What changes would you recommend to?

·
Was it effective, justified, defensible, warranted?
·
Why did this happen?
Why did it succeed?
Why did it fail?
·
What should be? What are/would be the possible outcomes of?

·
What are the problems related to?
·
What were the motives behind?

·
Why are the opponents protesting?

·
What is my personal response to?
·
What case can I make for?

·
What is the significance of?
·
Where will the next move(s) occur?

·
How is this debate likely to affect?
·
What is the value or, what is/are the potential benefit(s) of?
·
What are three/four/five reasons for us to believe?
五、Brainstorming
提出一个有意思的问题--改写成Thesis statement--确立最初的T，但是可以根据平衡情况来修改Thesis statement
列出感兴趣的问题以指导下一步的分析
六、一些例子
  明确表明立场
  留给大家质疑和讨论的余地
  表达一个主要观点
  具体而不抽象

真不容易，终于看到了这一篇~今天的任务注定完不成了~呜呜~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-11 22:32:48 标题: 11-11备考日志

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-11-12 00:32 编辑

好在有了笨笨，今天不用过节，踏踏实实的好好学习

刚刚把AW官方的introduction看完了，感觉平时自己以为的一些trick，ETS早就写得清楚明白，并且可见ETS目的并非为了难为学生，只是考察一下critical thinking and analytical writing而已，端正了一下对于AW的态度，嘿~
   另外学习了一课新概念三，也许别人会觉得这个太过低级，但我知道自己的底子不好，需要好好打一打基础，目标是尽量背下每一课内容，刚开始课文不长，还算容易搞定：P
   下面继续开始基础写作的学习：
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
Topic sentence
昨天看过了thesis statement今天继续topic sentence
TS作用：揭示每个段落与文章主题关系

提示读者本段所写内容
长度：2-3句
写TS方法：1.复合句连接上下文，概括上文，开启下文，由上一段信息过渡到下一段信息
            2.提问，提出问题，文章内容将解答这一问题
            3.使用过渡句,比复合句更加简单
            4.Pivots（不知道怎么翻译比较好）TS并不是总出现在段首，当出现在段中时表明此段作者态度会发生转变，通常会有yet, but, however转折

Signposts
可以是一段开头的一、二句话，亦可以是一段作为过渡
其实没有太理解signpost的意思~~？？？打上问号，以后问草版

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（8）-（11）

段落的逻辑顺序问题

Climactic Order (Order of Importance)：least important --> most important

标志性过渡词汇：more important, most difficult, still harder, by far the most expensive, even more damaging, worse yet，more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly

psychological order ：为climactic order的一种变形

将最为重要的放在文章开头或结尾，将次重要的放在结尾或开头（最重要剩下的位置），将最不重要的内容放在文章中间

1，2，3，4，5（5最重要）--〉4,3,1,2,5

general-to-specific order,

specific-to general order,

most-familiar-to-least-familiar,

simplest-to-most-complex,

order of frequency,

order of familiarity

观点陈述方式：

longitudinal method:若有两个相反观点，先陈述一个，再陈述另一个

cross-sectional method：两方观点交替陈述，但要注意group 自己的观点，以免出现subheading过多的现象

列出outline

用罗马数字标出每段的主要观点，由least important --> most important，开头段，结尾段不用写

Logical Order

1.from least to most important：需要appropriate transitions

2.cause and effect: if A caused B, discuss A first, then B.

3.problem then solution. State the problem first, then give your proposed solution.

文中反例总结，我有以下结论：

１． 1.并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。

２． 2。实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序

３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -
Results – Discussion

处理复杂的逻辑顺序

三“W”法

"What?"
文中现象是否正确-->检查证据，确认其可以证明现象的真实性/正确性，通常在introduction之后写，但篇幅不应超过1/3，否则头重脚轻

"How?"
文中的结论是否在所有情况下都正确

"Why?"作者如何解释文中的现象-->体现文章的作用，文章的最重要部分，在文章结尾写出

Mapping an Essay

1.陈述文章主题，并且得出为何得到这一claim很重要

2.To be convinced by my claim, the first thing a reader needs to know is . . .接下来写为什么读者需要首先知道这个内容(通常为一些背景知识)

3.Begin each of the following sentences like this: "The next thing my reader needs to know is . . ."
and why

段落内部的关系

段落基本的三要素：

一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关

一个合理的逻辑顺序

没有无关细节

注：段落的结构和整体文章的结构是一致的，段落组织联系的关系就和文章是一样的

段落句子的长短：长短适度，根据话题和论述的需要。

过短的段落说明你信息不足，论证不充分，观点的选择比较肤浅，论述的范围比较窄。

过长的段落说明你信息冗余，或者不相关细节过多，讨论过宽。

一、段落的组成结构：

１．The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！

２．Supporting evidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！

３．The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。

段落组成内容：

一定要让读者知道你下一步要说些什么：通过读者已有的知识来了解新的观点

（1）用一些orienting词汇，短语

of course，as you know ，
until now ，obviously ，normally，previously ，
everyone is familiar with ，remember that

（2）用新的扩展旧的

（3）加入解释性的词汇短语

段内句子连接：

注意三个原则：

l
Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题

l
Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体

l
Connection－适当的连接句子

1.使用逻辑连接词：一段需要建立一个逻辑点

Connective words that describe relationships:

ALSO	HOWEVER	ALTHOUGH
INCIDENTALLY	THEREFORE	BESIDES
LIKEWISE	THUS	MEANWHILE
MOREOVER	USUALLY	FURTHERMORE
NEXT	WHATEVER	GENERALLY
YET	ACCORDINGLY	NEVERTHELESS
INSTEAD	IN CONTRAST	FOR EXAMPLE

Connectives that give a sense of time:

FIRST	SECONDLY
FINALLY	NOW
ONCE	WHEN
ULTIMATELY	EVENTUALLY
LASTLY	LATER
MEANWHILE	PREVIOUSLY
THEN	SOON
FORMERLY	SOMETIMES

Other Connective phrases:

TO BEGIN WITH	ON THE OTHER HAND
IN BRIEF	IN GENERAL
IN SUMMARY	MORE SPECIFICALLY
INSTEAD OF	IN ADDITION TO
IN OTHER WORDS	ANOTHER WAY TO
FOR THE SAME REASON	NO MATTER WHAT
SUCH A	THAT'S WHAT (WHY)
IN FACT	WHAT'S MORE
IN THE SAME WAY	ON THE CONTRARY
CONVERSELY	AS A RESULT
SUMMING UP	IF SO / NOT

2.利用重复增加文章的连贯性

代词指代

THIS	THAT
THESE	WHICH
THEIR	HIS
ITS	HER

核心词重复（一段中所有句子都应该是逻辑上相关的）

强调词（慎用，用的过多会削弱文章）

ESPECIALLY	AS MUCH AS	EVEN IF/THOUGH
INCREASINGLY	BY FAR	SO...THAT
MORE IMPORTANTLY	HIGHLY	ONLY
PARTICULARLY	IN FACT	VERY
SIGNIFICANTLY	QUITE	SUCH
MOST	UNIQUE	AT ALL
ABOVE ALL	INDEED	IN ANY CASE

如何有效论证

提出自己观点--论据支撑观点--论述论据如何支撑观点

修改文章时应考虑：

是否每一个论断都有论据支持

如何论述论据来支持观点

论据是否对于观点起到支撑作用

论据是否可以深化主题而不是简单的支持论点

是否正确的引用论据

Strategies for Writing a Conclusion

A conclusion should

stress the importance of the thesis statement, （重现主题句）
give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）

强调文章的重要性

综合全文的观点，而不是简单总结

结尾由具体到一般，使读者感觉可以将文中观点运用到生活当中

证明你的观点如何组成一个整体

指出文章的作用

方法：与开头对应

挑战读者思维，由特殊到一般

展望未来

提出问题

避免：过多使用in conclusion, in sum等词汇

在结论中第一次出现文章的主题

在结论中出现新的观点和subtopic

作出感性的呼吁

包含论据

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-12 00:34:12

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-11-12 00:44 编辑

11-11
基础写作7-11完成，耶~~~~
说实话，看了这两天似乎开始有点看上瘾了~
很开心有这种感受，不过现在应该强迫自己去睡觉~明天早上的病理课呀~~呼呼~
给自己加油！
明天争取把基础写作看完~~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-13 00:15:14 标题: 11-12备考日志

今天的目标基础写作看完吧~

快到了一周有新作业的时间，加油加油呀！

发现短短的两天似乎已经变成了一种习惯~而写备考日志的确是督促自己学习的方法~嘿嘿~很开心

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（12）Conciseness

字数问题：

应保证信息的传递量，并且注意信息的传递密度

信息密度X字数=信息传递量, which is the thing raters care

模板等语言尽量少用，在此基础上ISSUE>=550, ARGUMENT>=450

当初把自己觉得模板的套路语言使用得很充分的一篇arguement（当时自我感觉还很良好），拿给我的suoervisor看~他的第一评价意思就是要写实，不要把话说的那么套路，要有实实在在的内容，传递有效信息

Conciseness: Methods of Eliminating Wordiness

1.可以去掉的词汇：

kind of；sort of；type of；really；basically；for all intents and purposes；definitely；actually；generally；individual；specific；particular

说实话，我一直觉得这种副词和形容词在文章中最最体现水平呢~看来一直的看法是错误的

2.短语改写成词汇

3.将不必要的that, which, who从句改为短语

4.避免过度使用expletives：it + be-verb or there + be-verb，noun+which/that等结构

5.使用主动语态取代被动语态

6.减少使用名词化的动词

7.修改不必要的不定式

8.用直接表达取代拐弯抹角

替代表如下：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-940023-1-1.html

9.省略一些显然的或过度解释的词汇

10.省略重复词汇

看完这一篇之后，其实对我自己曾经一度建立的好文章的概念产生了巨大的挑战，但细细想来，的确如此，就像中文一样，在有效的时间用最最简练的语言表达出最大的信息量！

醍醐灌顶呀~~~相当兴奋~~~

不过今天还是没有完成定好的任务~~明天加油！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-14 01:58:47

刚刚从实验室爬回来~四只大鼠~我心好疼
还有一只在实验室的角落里游荡，不知去处~唉~
今天因为实验，完全没有看G，心里有点难过~
不过已经看到了草版的第二次作业~一定要加油！
明早回家！乖乖学习！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-15 19:02:03 标题: 11-15备考日志

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-11-16 00:35 编辑

很激动兴奋，自从昨天早上看到了第二次作业的题目，就很期待自己写第一篇A,I时候的感觉~
终于，第一篇A出来了~
之所以先选择A是觉得可操作性比较强一点，相对I容易~
并且当时把自己整个写作，从审题开始的过程都记录下来了
写的过程还算流畅，但是因为时间比较紧，还没有来得及修改就贴出来了~
打算去看看草版给出的两个原来的帖子，好好修改一番~~
第一篇ARGUMENT
ARGUMENT143
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1029429-1-1.html
加油加油！

第一篇Issue也完成啦！
感觉其实写足草版要求的字数并不难，但是自己在语言的斟酌方面以及用词的细节上还很欠缺~
继续加油
ISSUE13 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029533&page=1&extra=#pid1773339612

刚刚看了草版下一期的作业，心里暗暗庆幸呀~我是有基础的~awinto已经看过一遍啦~
加油加油！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-16 20:27:29 标题: 11-16备考日志

继续学习并背诵了新概念3的第三课，我还是好好的打好我的基础~谁让我的底子薄~
由于事先已经读过了AWINTRO，有大概有两遍了~
所以今天又看了看之后就开始了翻译~
虽然还有很多，但是确实翻译的过程又是自己深化认识的过程，受益匪浅~
先贴下来写好的部分~
继续加油！

GRE general test分析性写作部分介绍
分析性写作部分概要
分析性写作是从2002年十月新引入GRE general test当中的新的部分，它主要考察你的批判性思维能力和分析性写作能力。它考察你以下几方面的能力：清楚地说明和支持一个复杂的观点；分析一个论断；可以集中，清晰地支撑一个论题。它并不考察你特定的知识。
分析性写作部分包括两个单独计时的分析性写作任务：
l
一个45分钟的针对一个论题陈述自己观点的任务；
l
一个30分钟分析一个论断的任务。
你将可以再两个给出的Issue题目当中选择一个。每一个题目陈述了针对一个论题的观点，这个论题涉及范围很广。它要求你从任何你愿意的角度讨论这一论题，只要你提供相关的原因和论据来解释和支持你的观点。
在Argument的写作中，你没有选择。Argument给你带来一个区别于Issue的挑战。它需要你通过讨论是否合理来评论一个给出的论断。你需要考虑的是论断中的逻辑的完整性而不是同意或不同意论断中所呈现出的观点。
这两个任务是互补的，Issue要求你选取一个观点并提供证据来支持你的观点，从而建立一个自己的论断；而Argument要求你通过评价别人的观点和他所提供的证据来评论一个别人的论断。
为分析性写作做准备
每个人，即使是非常有经验和自信的写作者都应当在考试前花时间为分析性写作做准备。复习一下考察的技能，这一部分如何评分，评分指南，评分水平的描述，题目示例，打过分的文章示例和判卷者的评语是非常重要的。
AW中的题目涉及的学科范围十分广泛，从艺术人文学科到社会、自然科学，但是没有题目需要专业的知识，事实上，每一个题目都已经被检验过拥有以下几个重要的特点：
l
GRE的考生无论学的什么专业都可以理解题目并较易地讨论它。
l
题目所引出的复杂的思考以及说服性的写作将是大学教授认为对在研究生阶段获得成功的非常重要的因素。
l
针对题目所给出的回答无论是内容还是作者表明自己观点的方式都应是多样化的。
为了帮助你准备GRE general test分析性写作部分，GRE项目已经将全部的题库公布出来，在考试中你的题目将从中选择。你会发现题库对你会很有帮助。你可以在www.gre.org/pracmat.html中看到，或者写信给GRE项目获得题库。
AW应试策略
计划好你的时间是非常重要的。在Issue所给的45分钟内，你需要充足时间来选择一个题目并认真思考，构架并完成你的文章。在Argument所给的30分钟内，你需要充足的时间去分析一个论断，构架你的评论/批评并完成你的文章。虽然GRE的阅卷者对你写作的时间限制表示理解并且将你的文章看做是第一遍草稿，但你还是希望你的文章成为在考试环境中所写的最好的文章。
在每个部分时间快到时，节省出几分钟来检查明显的错误。虽然一些偶然的笔误或语法上的错误不会影响你的分数，但严重和多次出现的错误将降低你写作整体的有效性从而降低你的得分。
在AW之后你将有10分钟休息。在其他部分考试中将有1分钟休息。你可以在休息中重新准备好你的草稿纸。
AW如何评分
每份答卷都将根据GRE发布的评分指南给出一个6分制的整体得分。整体判分意味着每个答卷将作为一个整体来评判。阅卷者不会将答卷分为几个部分并对每个部分（例如观点，文章的组织结构，句子结构或是语言）给分。而是根据答卷的整体质量，从整体上考虑文章的各方面特点而给出一个分数。例如：好的组织或是差的组织都将是阅卷者对于答卷的整体印象的一部分，因此将会对分数有影响。但是文章的组织不会有专门评分权重。
一般来说，GRE判卷者是有经验的大学教员，他们所教课程中写作和批判性思维都很重要。所有GRE判卷者都经过仔细的培训并通过严格的GRE评分测试，并保证他们在评分中能够保持评分的准确性。
为了保证评分的公正性和客观性
l
答卷将随机的分配给判卷者
l
所有答卷者的身份信息将对判卷者保密
l
每份答卷由两名判卷者评分
l
判卷者并不知道一份答卷已经得到了什么分数
评分过程需要每份答卷获得两个判卷者相同或相近的分数，若不相同或不相近，将由第三个判卷者来裁决。
Argument和Issue将分别打分，最终平均成绩作为最终成绩。对于分数的描述在后面会讲到，它为如何解读AW部分得分提供信息。评分中最需要强调的是批判性思维和分析性写作的能力。
你的AW部分答卷在评分过程中还会被ETS文章相似性探查软件和有经验的判卷者检查。因为独立的思考能力在美国的研究生院和大学中是非常重要的。ETS将保留取消能充分证据证明有以下情况考生的考试成绩的权利：
l
文章与一个或多个其他考生考卷大量相似
l
引用或改写已发表或未发表文章中的语言或观点，而没有写明出处
l
没有向工作的合作者致谢或没有写明引用他人的贡献
l
当文章被考生提交，而文章观点和用词事实上是从别处或由他人准备出来的
当上述情况发生一次或多次，根据ETS专业的评判，你的文章将不能反映出考试所要考察的独立分析写作能力。因此，ETS将取消你的成绩并且不能提供GRE general test的成绩（因为写作部分的成绩是必需的）。
被取消成绩的考生考试费用将被没收，并且今后仍需再次付GRE考试的所有费用。但取消成绩，以及取消原因将不会记录在今后的送给大学的成绩单中。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-18 17:30:57 标题: 11-17，11-18备考日志

因为正在准备病理课的课堂英文演讲，看了挺多英文书和资料~
导致没有时间继续翻译awintro，不过这两天抽空的时候还在继续读~~
明天做完presentation把剩下的翻译补充完整！
呼~继续奋战我的lung cancer~
加油！！！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-19 22:00:30 标题: 11-19备考日志

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-11-20 00:41 编辑

今天很开心，任务一项一项的完成，无限成就感！
presentation很不错~实验结果也给老板汇报了~~实验报告写完啦，现在马上就完成华丽丽的最后一项！
awintro！我来啦！哈哈~~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-20 00:41:39 标题: 11-19备考日志

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-11-20 00:43 编辑

先贴出一部分~~

对于一个Issue话题表达你的观点
理解Issue的考察目标
“对于一个Issue话题表达你的观点”是评价你对于一个非常广泛的题目进行批判性思维和通过写作清楚地表达你的想法的能力。用引号引出的每个话题引出了一个使得考生可以从多种角度讨论的话题，并可以适用与许多不同的情况。你的任务就是针对这个题目表达你支持的观点。一定要认真阅读给出的话题并找出话题中几个点，从这些角度考虑题目的复杂性。接着，记下你想表达的观点，列出主要的原因及支持你观点的例子。
Issue在你对于此观点表达意见的方式上给予很大的自由。虽然在讨论主要的issue是非常重要的，但是你可以采取任何你想要的方法。例如，你可以：
l完全同意题目给出的观点，完全不同意，或者同意一部分而不同意其他的
l质疑题目陈述中所作出的假设
l评价任何一个名词（术语），尤其当你定义一个名词对于你表达自己的观点非常重要的时候
l指出为什么在有些情况下题目中的观点是有根据的，而其它是没有根据的
l评价与你相反的观点
l通过给出相应的原因以展开你的观点，给出几个相关的例子或给一个非常充实有力的例子
GRE的判卷人并不是试图找到一个正确的答案——事实上，没有一个完全正确的观点。判卷人是在评价你表达清楚并且支持自己的观点的技能。
理解写作的目的和读者
Issue是一个批判性思维和说服性写作的联系。这个任务的目的就是确定你是否能够很好的通过有说服力的论证来证明的你对于Issue题目的观点并且有效的通过写作来与学术读者交流你的论点。你的读者包括有经验的大学教员，他们都经过GRE判卷者的培训，会以评分指南上相同的标准对于你的文章进行评分。
为了搞清GRE判卷者如何应用评分标准对一份答卷给出评分，你应该认真的阅读给出的Issue评分示例和判卷者的评语。答卷示例，尤其是5-6分的示例将展现出很多组织结构，成功的完成一个说服性写作的方法。判卷者的评语从很专门的方面讨论分析和习作，例如使用事例，陈述并支持你的观点，文章的组织结构，语言的流畅性，词汇的选择。对于每一份答卷，评语将指出他们最为有说服力的方面或那些使它们不能有效表达文章观点的方面。
为Issue做准备
由于Issue是评价你通过整个教育获得的说服性写作的能力，因此它不需要学习任何特别的课程或接受特别的训练。
许多大学的写作课本中为说服性写作提供了一些建议，你会发现很有用处。但是甚至这些建议对于写Issue你所需要都已经多于专业了。你不需要知道一些批判性思维或写作的专业词汇或方法。而你应该掌握使用理由，论据和例子来支持你的观点。例如，一个题目要你考虑政府为艺术博物馆提供资助是否重要。如果你的观点是政府应该给艺术博物馆提供资金，你可能通过讨论艺术很重要的原因以及解释博物馆是艺术对于每个人都开放的公共场所，从而支持你的观点。另一方面，如果你的观点是政府不应该支持博物馆。你可以指出对于给与非常有限的政府基金，相比很多更具社会价值的研究所艺术博物馆不应得到资助。或者你会同意政府只在适当条件下给与艺术博物馆资助，你就会更多的关注与艺术标准文化的关注点或是政治形式，这些都将决定如何活是否艺术博物馆会受到政府的资助。与你在陈述观点过程中多所展现出的批判性思维能力相比，你的观点并不那么重要。
一个准备Issue的最好方式就是针对一些已经公布的题目练习写作。没有最好的方法：有的人喜欢开始练习时没有45分钟的限制；而另外一些人更喜欢第一次尝试在有时间限制的条件下练习。不管你采用哪种方法，你应该阅读题目的指导，接着：
l仔细的阅读题目中所给出的观点，保证你理解相关的问题；如果你并不是很清楚，与你的朋友或老师进行讨论
l结合你的想法和经历考虑这个问题，甚至可以联系到你曾经读到的或是发现的事情，或你知道的人；为了提供非常有说服力的理由和例子，这些知识都基于你将在文章中赞成，否定或进行评价的观点。
l决定你所赞成的观点和反对的观点——记住你可以随意选择完全同意，完全不同意或是只同意一部分。
l确定哪些理由和例子将作为有力的证据来证明你的观点。
记住这是一个考察批判性思维和说服性写作的题目。因此你将发现在探索题目的复杂性过程中，向自己问如下问题对于你是非常有帮助的：
l什么是准确的中心论点？
l我同意全部或是部分论点么？为什么或为什么不？
l这个论点做了适当的假设么？如果是，是否合理？
l这个论点是否只有在特定条件下有根据，如果是，在什么条件下？
l我是否需要解释我是如何理解论点中特定的术语或概念？
l如果我针对这个问题有一个观点，什么理由可以来支持的我观点？
l什么例子——真实的或是假设的——我可以用来证明我的理由或深化我的观点？哪些例子是最有说服力的？
一旦你确定了你所要反对的观点，考虑一下别人可以反驳你的观点的角度。问自己：
l别人会有什么理由来驳斥或削弱我的观点？
l我应该如何在我的文章当中承认或反驳哪些观点？
为了构架你的回答，你也许需要总结一下你的观点并且对于如何支持你的观点做下简要的笔记。在做完这些之后，回顾你的笔记确定如何组织你的文章。接着，写下你对于这个问题的观点。即使你不写一个完整地回答，你会发现针对一些问题的练习并且展开可能的回答将是非常有帮助的。在你练习了一些题目之后，试着在45分钟之内写一写，是你知道在真正的考试当中如何把握好时间。
你会发现从一些教授批判性思维或写作的老师那里得到反馈也许会非常有帮助。或者与写同样题目的同学交换，根据评分指南讨论别人的写作（同题写作，互改）。试着判断每篇文章符合或是不符合指南上给出的每个分数的标准。将你的文章与评分指南进行对比将帮助你了解如何提高和那里需要提高。

决定选哪个题目
记住General test将会从题库中抽取两个题目，你必须从中选择一个。因为在45分钟计时开始时你将看到两个题目，你不能花太多时间在选题上。尽量快的选一个你觉得准备的比较好的题目。
在选择前，认真读每个题目。接着确定哪一个题目你将能有效并合理的进行陈述。在选题时，你可以问自己：
l哪个题目我觉得更有意思，更吸引人？
l哪个题目跟我自己的学习和其他经理更加贴近？
l哪个题目我可以更清楚的解释或辩护我的观点？
l哪个题目我更容易想到有力的理由和例子来支持我的观点？

以上问题的答案将有助于你的选题

答卷的形式
你可以自由的选择你认为可以有效的表达你的观点的任何方式来组织安排你的回答。你的回答可以，但是不必，采用一些在英语写作或是密集写作课程上所学到的写作技巧。GRE阅卷者并不关注专门的写作技巧或是写作模式；事实上，在培训阅卷者时，他们看了数百篇Issue答卷，虽然在内容和形式上很多样，但在批判性思维和说服性写作中有着近似的水平。例如，阅卷者会发现一些6分的答卷以非常简洁的概括作者对于问题的观点开头，接着明确指出要论述的主要点是什么。他们会发现其他人会用一个预测来引出作者的观点，问一系列的问题，描述一个情节，或用引用来定义一个严格的术语。阅卷者知道一位可以给出多个例子或给出一个很有广度例子的写作者将得到高分。读一读Issue答卷的示例，尤其是5-6分的文章，去看看这些作者是如何成功的组织和表达自己的论述的。
你应该使用你认为合适数目的段落来表达你的观点。例如，当你的讨论转到一串新的观点时你也许需要新起一段。重要的并不是你的例子数目，段落数目或你陈述观点的形式，而是你针对这个问题所提出观点的说服力，你向一个学术界的读者表达你的观点的能力和清晰程度最重要。

Issue题目示例：

“In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly overrated. We need more generalists—people who can provide broad perspectives."

应对题目策略

这个观点引出了几个相关问题：generalist或是specialist意味着什么？他们各自对于社会的意义是什么？社会真的需要更多的generalist？specialist真的被高估了么？

这里有几个针对这个题目你可以采用的基本观点：是的，社会需要更多的generalists并且specialists被抬得过高了。不是，相反的观点才是对的。或者，这依赖于许多其他的因素。或者两个群体对于今天的文化来讲都很重要；每一个都没有过分高估。你的分析可以用一些特殊社会或者国家的例子，或者社会的一个或几个领域，或者从多个不同角度。可能都将集中在generalists和specialists在交流，交通，政治，信息和技术等方面所扮演的角色。这些方法中的任何一个都是很有根据的，只要你能够用相关的理由和例子来支持的你观点。

在确定自己观点之前，再花一点时间重新审题。分析考虑一下问题：

lgeneralists和specialists主要的区别在哪里？每个最主要的特点是什么？

l这些区别在很多职业和情况下都存在么？有没有specialists需要有非常广泛的知识背景和多方面的能力才能把他们的工作做好？

l在你的领域里generalists和specialists的职能是怎样的？

l你认为社会对于generalists和specialists的评价是怎样的？是否在有些条件下specialists被过分的高估，而在其他条件下不呢？

l社会真的需要更多的generalists么？如果是的，他们的职能是什么呢？

现在你可以将你的想法分成两组：

理由和例子支持题目中的观点

l理由和例子支持题目中的观点

l理由和例子支持题目中相反的观点

如果你发现一个观点更加清楚并且有说服力，考虑写一篇这个观点的论断。在建立你的论断时，要记住另外一个你将反驳的观点

如果两组都有很有力的点，考虑表达一个更限制性的更复杂的观点，而不是题目中给出的观点。这样你可以用两个角度的理由和例子来证明你的观点。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-21 00:16:13 标题: 11-20备考日志

今天本打算完成的，因为一些事情耽误了~

明天开始上课了~~还要药理考试，一定要加油！

阅卷者评语——5分

文章作者通过讨论对于generalists和specialists的需求很好的分析了这个问题的复杂性。

文章基于两个非常有力的示例。第一个例子（第二段）首先说明了医学中generalist(the general practitioner)和specialists存在的必要性，进而又引入另外一个例子（呼吸困难和对哮喘专科医生的需要）。这种从一般到特殊的扩展同样出现在下一段的事例当中。讨论的中心从小学的教育高高中的教育，从基础的算术到微积分。

通过使用适当的过渡“but”“usually”“for instance”文章非常通顺的表达。文章结尾又点出了作者的观点。

虽然作者可以较好的运用语言和句法，但是一些在澄清观点上面的失误使得这篇结构很好的文章不能得到6分。问题主要在缺少代词指代，并列结构中的错误，松散的句法和不准确的语言。

判卷者评语——4分

这篇文章是一篇论述较为充足的文章。在开篇虽然作者定义的specialist让人感觉有些迷惑，但作者举了一个非常切题的例子（特殊教育老师）来证明specialists的重要性。这个事例对这篇文章取得4分有很大帮助。

第二个例子：一个委员会如何工作，这个例子并不是很有说服力。然而它的确有助于作者定义“generalists”作为一个非常宽泛的术语，它是一个只了解一方面的specialists的集合体。

尽管作者对于generalists和specialists的关系的观点并不常见，但是在文章的结论中这种关系被解释清楚。但是，这些观点并没有被充分的表达，不论是深度上，还是逻辑上都不足以得到比四分更高的分数。

文章整体上讲没有什么错误。虽然有些地方句式不够准确，过于冗长，但是在句子结构，语法和用法上基本没有错误。从整体上说，这份答卷能够清晰地驾驭写作英语中一些重要的因素。

判卷者评语——3分

作者的观点是很清楚的：specialists是非常重要并且必需的。然而这一观点并没有充分的理由和有逻辑的例子来支持。

第一段使用了一个脑外科医生和全科医生这个非常合适的例子。但是，第二段中大学中的教育范围越来越窄的例子只有两句而没有充分的展开。它在深化作者观点中起到了很小的作用，

第三段提供了其它的例子，这个例子被最充分的解释。但是，这个例子的逻辑很不清楚。作者试图说明specialist国家是优于generalist国家的。作者告诉我们generalist国家不如其他国家。这个结论不能有由作者的论断中总结出来，并且他的观点似乎与当今的事实相悖。

虽然在文中语言的运用有不准确的地方，但是作者的意思并没有被掩盖。这篇文章得3分的原因就是缺乏充分的展开和适当的运用例子。

阅卷者评语——2分

这是一篇分析上有严重错误的文章。作者更偏向specialists，但是没有充分的理由和事例来证明这个观点的说服力。不要带一个问题儿童去看一个婚姻问题的理论家的例子过于简单，同时也偏离了题目，因为他们的区别是在两种专才之间，而不是generalists和specialists之间。

句子和短语的运用太差，有时很难理解。然而，它不是一篇1分作文，是因为作者表达出了他对于这个问题的观点，通过一些很弱的分析来表达他的观点，较清楚的阐释了一些观点。

判卷者评语——1分

这篇文章是一篇从根本上缺乏对于这一论题的讨论。

第一句陈述了作者支持specialists的观点，但是这个观点并没有得到一致的论述。一些观点看上去时矛盾的，例子让人感觉很迷惑。如果文章解释第一个不成功的医生是一个generalist而第二个成功的医生是specialists，这个例子是有用的。但是，文中写出的例子是不明白的，甚至有误导性的。而文章的结论更加让人迷惑。

由于文中大部分句子很短且不连贯的，文中所表达的观点也是不连贯的。作者应用过渡短语和论点来使得他的文章更具有逻辑上的一致性。同时一些用法和语法上的错误时很普遍的。但缺乏一致的观点使得这篇文章只能得1分。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-21 23:48:49 标题: 11-21

今天说不上什么备考日志了~因为确实什么也没看~
周二药理要考试了，今天才开始抓狂的复习~而且周末还要上新东方~~
呼~~我还是先让自己的考试搞定再说！作业一定会尽快补上~
今天有一个认识~上XDF的托福，第一节就是写作

发现跟AW的要求还有有很大不同的，尤其是侧重点
与AW相比，T的作文更加重视语言方面，当然不是说需要多么的华丽，但一定要注意
而AW则更加注重逻辑，语言能够准确的表达即可，这些天看awintro的一个感触就是阅卷者的评语和考试的要求中对于语言都是要求precise，这一点是我体会最深的
而今天老师上课说到了托福写作的字数要求，一方面ETS有一定的底限要求，老师要求远高于底限，但同时老师也说了，并不是要求单纯的语言罗嗦，而是内容上的充实，突然想到了前几天看基础写作的里面有一篇是专门讲简洁的，有人也在讨论AW的字数，其实之所以众人提出了字数要求并不是说所有人都必须写够，而是说在一般人的水平上，要想表达清楚自己的观点是需要充分的说明的，而这就使得字数的增加，而并非因为刻意的修饰而使文章过分冗余，却没有表达出更多的有效信息
这算是今天的收获吧~~
越来越感觉基础写作真个很有用呀！！
嘿嘿~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-26 00:00:45 标题: 11-25 备考日志

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-11-26 01:19 编辑

归来归来~嘿嘿~
终于考完了恶心的药理，开始回来补作业，嘿嘿~灿烂加油！
昨天看了风声和UP~被UP中的浓浓的爱意所打动~
下面先把第一部分基础写作的最后一部分看完喽~

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（13）-（15）Proofreading

逗号的校对
（说实话，第一次知道有这么个规律，以前点逗号都是凭感觉的，原来还有这样的规矩~）
1．（Compound Sentence Commas）And, nor, but, so, for ,or, yet这些词的两端若有独立的分句或句子，在并列连词前写下逗号
2．（Comma Splices）观察你是不是在每个逗号两边有一个独立的分句或句子，如果是的，将句子做如下变换中的一种：
l将一个句子改成一个从句的下属从句
l在逗号后加入一个并列连词
l用分号取代逗号
l将逗号用句号，问号或叹号替换，或开头大写第二个从句的第一个单词
3．（Introductory commas）
a)如果文中的句子开头有以下独立句子的标志，如：while, because, when, if, after, when, etc.在这些独立从句的结尾加逗号
b)如果文中句子以以下词或词组开头，如：-ing, 不定式，介绍性的词语（well, yes, moreover等）开头，在这个词组后加逗号
c)如果句子以介词短语开头（in, at, on, between, with等），如果介词短语长于三个词，则在介词短语后加逗号以提示在主句前有一个停顿
4．（Disruptive Commas）如果一个逗号不是由语法规定必须的，就去掉
复合动词和宾语：第一条中的并列连词两侧若不是独立从句或句子，就不用加逗号
主语和动词：确保主语和谓语动词间没有逗号
5.（Series Commas）找到句中的连词，观察连词所连接的词语，短语或从句写成一个系列，在每个词/词组/从句间加一个逗号。但最后一个不加
6.（Commas with Nonessential Elements）
找到修饰一个词或词组的词组或句子，如果这个词组或从句可以被删去而不改变句子的意思，那么它就是非必需的，所以可以在它们的前后各加一个逗号。（为了确定它是否必需，可以试着在前面说by the way，如果意思合适的话，这个词组或句子就是非必需的）

修改文章
一般方法：
l在写文章和修改间休息一段时间，以保持新鲜的视角和头脑
l仔细阅读自己的文章，给自己足够的时间找到易忽略的错误
l大声朗读出来，这使你可以关注每一个单词
l以一个读者身份来阅读文章
l请你的朋友或老师从另外一个角度来帮你找到一些你忽略的错误
个性化的方法：
l找到你犯得典型错误，好好看指导者的评语或找老师修改文章
l学习如何修改错误，与指导者或老师讨论如何避免
l用针对性的办法
拼写：
l不要依赖电脑自动检查拼写的功能
l仔细检查文中的每个词
l必要的时候查字典确定单词拼写
l尤其注意易拼写错误的词
l确保每个句子都有主语，完整的谓语动词
l确保每个句子有独立的分句，而dependent的分句是不能独立存在的
连写句（Run-on sentences）
检查是否每个句子都有一个以上独立的分句
如果有一个以上，确保它们之间用适当的标点分开
逗号误接（Comma Splices）
检查是否有逗号的句子都拥有两个主句，如果是的，它们需要用逗号或者并列连词连接（and, but, for, or, so,yet），或者去掉逗号用分号来代替
主谓一致：主谓应保持数目一致
杂糅结构：不要开头使用一个句子结构而转换到另一种
平行结构：
代词照应：如果在代词前不能找到一个名词的话，在前面插入或者将代词替换成一个名词，如果能找到，确保数目和所指代物保持一致
撇号：但名词的结尾s表示所有关系时需加撇号；缩写需要加

检查文章段落结构，段落中应在长度，支持句和主题句上需要特别注意。
文章连贯性修改两个原则：
l用一些简短的词语或词组修饰的好句子是
a）基于以前出现的句子来提供信息
b）基于已经与读者分享的东西来引入新的知识
l在一个段落中，使你的主题简短并且使它们在逻辑上保持一致
方法：
给文中每个句子前几个词划线（不包括一些引入性的词组）
仔细阅读，观察划线的词是否保持着一致的相关主题，读者是否可以抓住这种联系？确定每个段落你想主要关注的点。想象这个段落有个标题，那么这个题目就需要与文中大多数句子的主题一致。
将主题作为动词主语，将主语放在句子的开头，避免将你的主题藏在一大堆引入性的词组或句子之后

确保句子的连贯性
可以问自己：
l句子是很好的组合在一起的吗？
l读者必须可以容易的从一句转到下一句
l段落中的每句话必须是作为一个整体存在的
l句子是从读者所熟悉的信息开始的么？
l句子是以读者所期待的内容结束的么？

文章整体修改标准：
l找到自己文章的主题
l了解读者的需求
l评价你的证据
l语言简洁紧凑
l减少用法，语法上的而错误
l转换角色，以读者身份阅读

作者: aladdin.ivy 时间: 2009-11-26 22:41:31

加油加油~！为了梦想，什么都是值得的:victory:

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-28 20:36:45 标题: 11-27备考日志第六次作业

先来补充一下昨天的~
因为前天看到第五次作业的帖子已经是晚上了~作业俨然已被大家瓜分了~
听草版说第二天早上就会放出第6次作业，所以提前预约了下~嘿~
Issue 121-130题的20问回答，不写不知道，写出来才发现自己有一些题目理解的很混乱，不知如何抓住topic的重点，但还是全部写出来，发给草版了
只是恐怕很多都会偏离题目的意思，看来题目还需要好好的看过才是
似乎excel传不上来……呼~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-29 01:15:10 标题: 11-28备考日志

今天去上T的听力课~~坐在第一排，无论身体和心理都受到极大地摧残
不过发现这样上课才真的去动脑子，想问题，而不是人云亦云
但是由于老师声音太过洪亮，以至于下课后感到自己胸闷，心悸

再来说说今天的G的备考
今天看了SU,SY的主谓一致，和情态动词，记得几个月前曾经看过，发现自己在这些基本语法上确实存在了一定的问题
按照草版的建议，把它们都打印下来了~准备以后多翻翻，笔记都记在上面了，总结好后再发上来
自己的英语基础着实不够扎实呀！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-29 23:41:15 标题: 11-29 备考日志

继续学习SU & SY SO
因为是打印成纸版来看的~所以在这个电子版笔记上只把自己犯了错误的地方及平时忽略的地方整理在上边~

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】汇总贴 & DAY I 主谓一致
自测错误：
The teacher together with some students __(is/are)visiting the factory.
Is
__(is/are)there any police around?
Are
The fruit like apples, oranges is good for our health. （V）
易错点：
1.当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
2．当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.
3．表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语
时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten dollar is enough.
4．在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right. (一切顺利。)
All are present.
(所有人都到齐了。)
5．集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?
6．在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。
附加题错误：
12. --- _______ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting?
--- Neither she nor I ________（be）.IS/AM

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二期——情态动词
易错点：
1.成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.
2. must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
3. 推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。
4. 表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。
5. Will you…?Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake?
6．问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?/don't have to.
自测题：
10. ______ Mr. Black_______ go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?
A. Did; used to B. Use; to C. Did; use to D. Does; use to
解析：选C. used to do的疑问式，可以是Used+主语+to do ?或Did +主语+use to do?
12. I am busy now, _______ my brother do it for you ?
A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. May
解析：选B. 在疑问句中shall 用于第三人称，也表示征求意见。
17. If you want to borrow a football after school, your student card______ here.
A. has to leave B. must leave C. has to be left D. must be left
解析：选C. have to 表示客观需要，must表示主观需要。学生证必须放在此是客观需要
20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D. can
解析：选C. 对表否定的must进行反意疑问时，要用句子的实义动词
21. He________ be in the garden. He must be in the room.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. will no tD. may not
解析：选A. 否定推测用can’t不用mustn’t
26. See who is there!______ it be May?
A. May B. Must C. Can D. Will
解析：选C. 表推测时A，B都用作疑问句。
29. Something______ to save our earth. Do you think so?
A. can do B. must do C. has to do D. must be done
解析：选D. “something must be done” 意为：必须采取措施。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-11-30 00:18:04 标题: 11-29 备考日志

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三期——冠词、数词冠词易错点：
1.
a European country
2.
使用定冠词：
a)
特指谈话时双方都熟悉的某（些）人或某（些）事物
b)
用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
c)
用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛等的名称前。
d)
用在乐器前面
e)
用在表示方向的名词前
3.
零冠词：
a)
在星期，月份，季节，节日前，(特例：如果月份，季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时，则要加定冠词：He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.)
b)
在学科名称，三餐饭和球类运动名称前
4.
用与不用冠词的差异
in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
go to sea出海/go to the sea去海边
on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上，在世上
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
take place发生/take the place(of)代替
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in future从今以后，将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
on horseback骑着马/on the horseback在马背上
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的，办不到的
冠词自测错题：
10．He used to be _______  teacher but later he turned _______  writer．
A．a；a B．a；the    C．／；a    D．a；／
10．D。第一个空是泛指；第二个空用“零冠词”是因为 turn 后面的名词前一般都不加冠词。
11．They made him _______  king．
A．a    B．the    C．an    D．／
11．D。表示某人的职位时可用"零冠词"。
数词易错点：
1.
介词 in one’s+整数数词的复数形式，表示年龄。如：
She is in her early forties.(她四十出头。)
2.
a+单数名词+or two做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
A word or two is missed in the sentence.
One or two words are missed in the sentence.
数词自错题：
2.Shakespeare was born in ______。
　　A.1660s       B.1660’s
　　C.the 1660s D.the 1660’s
2.D。英语表示“……世纪……年代”时应为：“in the+年代’s”，如：在二十世纪八十年代=in the 1980’s，表示从1980—1989这期间的10年；如果是in 1980=在1980年，一年的时间。

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四期——虚拟语气
易错点：
对于虚拟语气，自己掌握的最为不好，高中时候也是最怕这一段，至今仍是薄弱环节，所以在看的过程中，花的功夫也是最大的~错误漏洞也都是最多的
1.
对现在事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”
If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;
      Should+ 动词原形
2. 比较if only与only if：
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
例句：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。
3.It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
例句：It is time that the children went to bed.
　　　It is high time that the children should go to bed.
4. need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示：
过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示：
过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
例句：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)
5. as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
例句：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
6. 注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work..
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
例句：He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every morning.
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
　I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
这类习语有：as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等
例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.
注意4：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，
即在从句中be用were代替。
例句：If I were you, I would go to look for him. （如果我是你，就会去找他。）
　　　If he were here, everything would be all right. （如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。）
注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
自测题错题：
8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
8．（D）这道题目是一个混合虚拟语气的句子。条件句省略了if，把助词had提前到主语前面，表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中now表明了对现在情况的假设，所以应选would(should, could, might)+动词原形这种表达形式。四个选项中只有（D）是正确表达形式，故为正确答案
9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.
9．（D）until recently，因此（D）是正确答案，而主句是隐含的对现在情况的假设，该句是一个混合虚拟条件句。
A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted
11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
11．（C）题目中的第一句话表示的是现在真实的情况，而第二句话中所要表达的是应该做但事实上没有做的事，这种情况导致第一句话中真实情况的发生，故If only条件句假设的是过去一种情况，因此应该用had +过去分词，所以正确答案是（C）。
17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______ fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. was
17．（D）本道题目的前半句话是对过去情况的一种假设，但事实上并没有发生，而事实上没有发生的真实原因是句子的后半部分由but引导的转折句所表述的真实。因而but所引导的句子中应该用表示志过去事实相符合的表陈述的时态，即一般过去时。
20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ________round the earth.
A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
20．（A）as if引导的从句要求用虚拟语气，表示同时或将来的情况，动词要用过去式（be动词用were）或would(could等)+动词原形，本句话中指的是当时的情况，所以要用过去式，故（A）是正确答案。
23. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .
A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened
C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself
23．（C）表示对过去情况的假设，主句动词形式为would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词，条件句为过去完成式，if可以省略，但要把had提前主语前面。（B），（D）的表达不符合英语表达习惯，所以（C）是正确答案。
26. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success.
A. had been B. has been C. were D. was
26．A．as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟
30. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims until
they investigate the situation.
A. do B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t do
30．（D）would rather后接从句要求用虚拟语气，形式为过去式，表示对现在或将来的假设，或为过去完成式表示对过去的情况的假设
31. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.
A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
31．（C）who引导的定语从句中的现在完成时表示动作业已发生，所以主句中表示的虚拟是针对已经发生了的行为，所以应该用过去完成式表示对过去的虚拟。
33. He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it .
A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have
33．（D）连so that引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气，表示一种假设，形式为might+动词原形。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-2 13:28:17 标题: 11-30 备考日志

上来补下这几天的备考日志
突然发现前几天的帖子怎么都没了~完了，我可完全没有备份呀~~
说实话，最近被各种事情整的分配在AW上的时间也只有完成草版布置的作业上~
11-30
收到了草版的第7次作业，完成20问的第41-50题，当天完成了前5题
明显感觉要顺畅不少，而且也在忽然间似乎顿悟似的发现上次自己的方法和审题似乎完全错误~好杯具~不过还好，自己已经意识到了~
趁着零散的时间看了SU的第5篇，看了一篇限时作文，笔记等明天考完试再补上来

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-2 13:30:40 标题: 12-1 备考日志

继续完成了草版第7次作业的后五题
剩下时间完全分配给了伟大的病理~呼~
明天考完，继续努力~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-6 00:19:24 标题: 12-4，5备考日志

不知道为了什么
显示上我最后的帖子是3天前发的，可惜就是找不到了~奇怪奇怪~
所有的笔记都没有备份~这下死了~
这两天依旧在看第一次的基础知识部分，很受用，加上周六日都在上TOEFL的课程
觉得自己的确从态度上尤其的重视了
尤其今天听到老师说起今年的AW分数尤其普遍的低的时候
觉得的确应该很有针对性的认真准备
而且老师也多次强调应该知道ETS需要考察的是什么，刚好我就想到了草版让我们认真多次读AWINTRO的目的！
恩~继续努力，第八次作业出来了~继续努力！
加油！

作者: jorge 时间: 2009-12-6 23:59:05

Good luck with your GRE!

Regards from GTER group.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-7 00:32:42 标题: 12-6 备考日志

看来看不到帖子并不是我一个人的问题~这也就放心了，继续发贴，不管怎样，督促自己学习是真的！
下面发上自己的第四次作业，阅读限时习作的读后感
因为是把所有文章都打印下来了，所以在阅读过程中把文章用到的一些表达观点的字句都话下来了，感觉自己在以后的文章中都可以用到，很受益
接下来开始每一篇的读后感
第一篇：
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=990958&highlight
首先感谢下文章作者xhl1988
我的感想：
1.因为将文中ARGUEMENT中常用的语言画出来了，发现文章整体结构上还是很明了的，结构层次非常清晰。但与此同时我觉得语言比较模板化，也许我们每个人都无法摆脱模板化的语言，但是昨天上T的时候老师说今年之所以大家的AW分数都很悲壮就是因为重复率太高了，不管是语言上还是想法上的。或许应该有些个性化得语言成分吧。
2.另外一点我觉得作者给出了6点主要的问题，但每一点都没有充分的展开。只是给出了一个这个观点错误的事实，但并没有给出基于这个事实所给出的推论，比如：在third那一段，作者只说了“文中并没有给出孩子们因为运动受伤而不是其他可能性受伤”这个观点，但并没有进一步说明为什么，我认为应当充分的说明这些点的错误，通过论述支持自己的观点，而不是把错误一一挑出来。因为AWintro里面说到了ARGUE的目的也说过了~
看别人的文章似乎都是以比较严厉的目光来看的，并不是成心挑错，嘿~而自己的文章似乎并没有这么客观

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-7 00:34:46

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-12-7 00:35 编辑

27# jorge
谢谢管理员帮忙恢复！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-8 00:29:14 标题: 12-7 备考日志

继续翻译awintro，继续看限时习作~
感觉awintro真的很有用，真正的提出了我们应当如何写才能够达到标准

Analyze an Argument Task

理解Argument的任务

“Analyze an Argument”是评价你理解、分析、评价一个论断并且通过协作清楚地表达你的分析的能力。这个题目包括一个简短的段落，在这个段落里，作者给出了一些行动的例子，或是通过给出一些理由或证据来支持解释一个事件。你的任务就是通过仔细的检查推理的脉络和证据的使用讨论作者的逻辑性。你需要非常仔细的阅读给出的论断。你也许需要读不只一次，并且可以对于你想在你的文章中展开说明的点做一些简单的笔记。在阅读所给出的论断时，你应当着重关注：

l
什么作为证据，支持给出了

l
什么样的陈述，论断或者结论明确给出了

l
什么被假设了，可能没有理由或这句

l
什么没有陈述，但是必需在给出的陈述中继续说明的

此外，你还应该考虑论断的结构，就是这些元素相连接的方式，它们共同构成了文章的逻辑主线。就是说，你需要认清独立的，有时是在思维过程中比较潜在的内容，并且考虑从一个点到下一个点的过渡中是否具有逻辑性。在沿着这条线往下走的过程中，寻找那些试图表明作者想要做一个有逻辑连接的过渡词汇和短语。（例如：however, thus, therefore, evidently, hence, in conclusion）

在Argument中想要表现出色就必须记住你并没有要求做什么：

1.
你没有被要求讨论在论断中的陈述是否正确或准确；而你需要考虑的是基于陈述所得到的结论与推论是否有根据。

2.
你没有被要求同意或不同意文中所陈述的观点；而你需要评价的是在观点陈述中表现出的思想。

3.
你没有被要求在这个主题上你的观点是什么；而你需要评价文中另一个作者给出的论断的逻辑性。

在这个过程中来证明你的批判性思维，有理解力的阅读以及分析性写作的能力，这些都是大学老师认为在研究生学习当中对于成功非常重要的能力。

“Analyze an Argument”是考察批判性思维的任务，需要作出回答。在回答中你所表现出的分析能力将对你的分数起着重大的决定作用。

理解写作的目的和读者

这个任务的目的就是考察你是否可以深刻的分析别人写出的论断，并且将你的评价有效的与一个学术听众进行交流。你的读者包括有经验的大学教员，他们都经过GRE判卷者的培训，会以评分指南上相同的标准对于你的文章进行评分。

为了搞清GRE判卷者如何应用评分标准对一份答卷给出评分，你应该认真的阅读给出的Argument评分示例和判卷者的评语。答卷示例，尤其是5-6分的示例将展现出很多组织结构非常好，成功的完成一个深刻评论的方法。你还可以看到很多非常有效的使用语言的例子。判卷者的评语从很专门的方面讨论分析和习作，例如观点的说服力，观点的展开和支持，结构的组织，句法的多样化和使用语言的能力。这些评语将指出这些文章非常有效和深刻的地方，同时也会指出哪些使文章的整体有效性降低。
Argument任务的准备

由于Argument是考察在收到教育的整个过程中所培养出的分析写作和非形式推理的能力，它不会需要学习任何特殊的课程，获得某一方面特殊训练的学生也不会有优势。许多修辞学和写作的大学课本有关于非形式逻辑和批判性思维的部分，它们都很有用的。但即使这些也比要求的更加细致。你不需要知道一些分析的方法的名字。比如，在一个题目中一所小学校长总结道新的操场设施已经提高了同学们的参与度，因为自从安装以来旷课率降低了。你你不必去关注校长此后做了什么，你只需要关注对于参与度的提高可能还有其他可能的解释，提供一些常识性的例子，也可以对为了证明这个结论还必须说些什么提出你的建议。例如，旷课率降低可能由于气候变得温和了。这一点可能在证明校长的结论是对的时候需要予以排除。

虽然你不需要知道特殊的分析方法和术语，但你应该熟悉Argument的指导说明，并且掌握以下几个重要的概念：

另外的解释——一个导致问题中事件发生，并且与题目中给出的版本同样有可能正确的版本；一个针对另外的解释弱化或加强原有的解释，因为它不能说明观察到得事实。

分析——将某些东西分（如一篇Argument）成它的组成部分，从而理解他们怎样共同组成了整体，通过协作展现出这个过程的结果。

论点——一个观点或一系列观点，有着理由和证据来支持；一条逻辑主线来证明某些东西的正确或错误。

假设——一个信条，通常没有阐明或未经检验，但某个人为了保持某种特别的观点你必须坚持这个信条；一些想当然的东西，但是为了证明结论是正确的，它们必须是正确的。

结论——逻辑主线的终结，如果推理是合理的，那么它就是有根据的；文章得到的最后主张。

反例——一个真实或虚构的例子反驳或证明论点中的观点不对。

准备Argument最好的方法就是练习题库中的题目。对于每个人没有比练习更好的方法。一些人喜欢没有30分钟的限制练习。如果你使用这种方法，那就尽力去分析Argument。不管你使用什么方法，你都应该：

认真的阅读argument——你可能需要读不只一次

尽可能找到它的观点，结论以及假设

尽力去想其他可能的解释和反例

想想额外的证据可以弱化或支持论点

问自己怎样的变化才可以使得推理更加合理

将这些都做简短笔记。而后将它们安排成合理的顺序以便讨论（可以编号）。接着可以按顺序针对每一个点完整地写出一个评论。即使你不想写一篇完整的文章，你会发现练习分析几个argument并且进一步展开你的回答是十分有帮助的。当你速度变得更快并且更有信心，你可以再30分钟时限内进行练习，使你可以有一种好的感觉使你在真正的考试当中安排好时间。例如，你不想使劲讨论一个点，或者提供太多的同等的例子而使你的时间浪费掉说明其它要点的时间。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-8 00:43:26 标题: 12-7 备考日志

限时习作读后感想
第二篇：
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=990800&highlight
首先感谢作者 xhl1988
我的感想：
优点：1.使用很多过渡语言，结构层次很清楚

2.段间存在让步关系，使得文章意思层层递进，reasoning line比较清楚
缺点：因为我还是把一些框架式的语言画下来了，发现几乎一半的语言都是一些普适的，框架性的语言，自己论述的语言太少，加之本文字数本身就比较少，这就使得文章本身略显空洞。同时也存在只摆出作者逻辑不合理的事实，而未给出进一步的理由和推理过程。此外，结尾过于局促，并且都是套路式的语言，没有内容。
总体印象，实质内容太少了，没有充分说明。

第三篇：
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=941673&highlight
感谢作者leolee22
这篇文章的整体感觉很好，首先层次还是很清晰，虽然也有框架性的语言，但所占篇幅并不大，也并不冗余。并且我很欣赏的一点就是作者在指出文章中错误的同时也给出了相关的充分解释，此外在文章的结尾比较充实，给人并不局促的感觉。论述的很完整。
但有一个地方感觉有点怪，文章开头写道作者得到的结论，结论的内容似乎并不完整，应当使作者认为通过给S作为食品添加剂使得人群中整体的头疼的发生率下降。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-8 20:25:17 标题: 12-8 备考日志

继续翻译awintro
读了几篇argument限时习作
看了2012，最欣赏的是那个在灾难来临时刻依然镇定的老喇嘛，心静~喜欢那种状态！我追求的最高境界啦~嘿~

你可以向写作的指导者或者哲学老师或者其他人，在他们的课程当中强调批判性思维的老师那里得到对你的回答的反馈。或者可以把文章交换给写同一个题目的同学，根据评分指南来讨论别人的回答。不要过于关注是否给了合适的分数，而是关注文章是否符合了每个分数所制定的标准，并且据此你所需要作出怎样的改进。

怎样解释Argument题目当中的数字，百分比和统计数字

一些argument的题目当中包含数字，百分比或是统计数字作为证明argument结论的证据。例如，一篇argument会一个特定的社区活动今年没有去年受欢迎了，因为今年只有一百个人参加，而去年有150个。参与人数上有33%的下降。需要记住的是你并没有要求来做关于这些数字，百分比或是统计数字的工作。而你应该将这些数字作为它想要证明的结论的论据来评价。在上面的例子当中，结论是社区活动变得不受欢迎了。你应该问自己：100人和150人的差异就能证明这个结论么？在这个例子中需要注意的是，可能存在其他的解释。例如：今年的天气可能差很多，今年的活动举行时间可能不便于大家参加，参加活动的费用可能上升了，或是今年可能有一个受欢迎的活动同时举行。上面这些都可以解释参与人数的差异，因此削弱了这项活动变得不受欢迎的结论。同样的，百分比可以支持或者削弱结论。这是因为它依赖于百分比所代表的实际数目是多少。思考下面这个论点：学校中的戏剧社应带得到更多的资金支持，因为会员数目已经增长了100%。如果它本身有100个会员而增长了100%将是非常重要的，现在就有200个会员。而如果本身只有5个会员，那么现在只有10个，这个增长就不那么重要了。记住任何数字，百分比，统计结果再Argument题目当中都是用来当做结论的证据的，而你应该考虑它们是否能够真正的支持结论。

你回答的形式

你可以通过任何你认为可以有效的表达你对于argument的分析的方式自由的组织完成你的评论。你的回答可以，但是不是必须的，加入一些特殊的从英语写作课上学到的写作方法。GRE的阅卷者不会寻找特殊的写作方法或是写作模式。事实上，在他们受到阅卷者培训的时候，他们看了数百篇argument的答卷，虽然在文章的内容和形式上非常多样化，但是在批判性思维和分析性写作的水平上都是近似的。例如，阅卷者会去关注在一些6分的文章当中它们通常以简单的总结argument为开头，接着明确的指出和进一步展开评论的主要观点。阅卷者知道写作者通过在评论中分析几个点或者找到一个中心错误，深入透彻的分析它而得到比较高的分数。你可以去看那些argument的答卷示例，尤其是5-6分的文章，去看看其他作者如何成功的组织展开他们的评论。

你应该选择你认为可以支持或加强你评论有效性的组织方式。这说明你可以用你认为合适的段落数来完成你的评论你。例如，在讨论到一个新的分析点的时候你可以重起一段。你可以根据argument本身的结构来组织你的评论，逐行的讨论argument。或者你可以首先指出一个中心的可疑的假设，进一步讨论几个在文章逻辑主线中相关的错误。同样的，你可以举例的方式来说明评论中一个重要的点或者推进你的讨论。（记住，一定要根据你的有效完成argument的能力来定是否使用，因为评价的是你的批判性思维和分析性写作的能力而不是举例的能力。）重要的并不是分析的形式，而是你怎样透彻的分析argument并且如何清楚地向学术读者来表达你的观点。

题目示例：

Hospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after roller skating accidents indicate the need for more protective equipment. Within this group of people, 75 percent of those who had accidents in streets or parking lots were not wearing any protective clothing (helmets, knee pads, etc.) or any light-reflecting material (clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads, etc.). Clearly, these statistics indicate that by investing in high-quality protective gear and reflective equipment, roller skaters will greatly reduce their risk of being severely injured in an accident.

做题方法：

这个argument引用了一个医院的统计数据来支持“在高质量的防护装备和反射装备上可以减少滚轴溜冰中发生重伤的危险系数”的结论。

在展开你的分析时，你应该问自己医院的数据是否真的支持了这个结论，你可以问自己如下问题：

l
在所有滚轴溜冰者中发生事故后去急诊室的百分比是多少？
l
这些事故后去急诊室的人是否能代表所有滚轴溜冰者？
l
是不是有在滚轴溜冰中受伤但是没有去急诊室的？
l
去了急诊室的滚轴溜冰者都是重伤么？
l
25%穿防护装置的溜冰者受伤程度也与75%的未穿者相同么？
l
是不是街道和停车场本身对于溜冰者比起其他地方就更危险？
l
中等质量的防护器具与高质量的在降低溜冰中发生重伤的风险中同样有效？
l
除了防护器具以外是否有其他因素与溜冰发生事故的风险有关，例如天气情况，可视度，溜冰技术？

考虑这些问题的答案，它们会帮助你找到假设，另外的解释，和这篇argument你可以攻击的弱点。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-8 20:45:14 标题: 12-8 备考日志

限时习作读后感
第四篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=940038&highlight
感谢作者parisy
我的感想：
1.
作者在文章开头就给出了文章的主要观点，起到统领全文的作用，但是刚刚翻译过的awintro中说道很多高分文章当中应该先高度概括一下argument的观点结论，而后再进行自己的论述，所以我觉得应该适当提到文章的内容，而自己的观点也不必再第一段全都亮出来
2.
相比开头，感觉结尾就有些太多单薄了，应当先总结下自己的观点再给出建议比较好
3.
文中第二段有两个地方有些诡异，一个是第一句患者在医院停留的时间长度和治愈率比起M医院更短，短是指停留时间，而治愈率不可以用短来描述吧。第二个是此段末尾应该是even impossible to heal吧，感觉possible不太合适。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-9 23:56:50 标题: 12-9 备考日志

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-12-10 00:51 编辑

悲壮的一天，课程上到了晚上10点半~杯具~一屋子小茶几~
今天一天抽空看了几篇限时写作
感想如下：
刚录完进院前的班级录音~~太困了~
明天补上~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-10 20:18:36 标题: 12-10 备考日志

继续限时阅读读后感

第五篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=930237&highlight
感谢作者firealice
我的感想：
1.
太多模板化语言，尤其是第二段
2.
Reasoning line不是很清楚，前后连贯性不好，首先攻击文中的调查不可靠，接着说制冷方式与电费下降的因果关系，最后说用于制冷的电费与电费总数的关系，总体上三部分相对独立没有形成line

第六篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=927700&highlight
感谢作者zycly86
我的感想：
个人认为这个题目题干看上去比较简单，但是要是想写得比较有深度，不千篇一律还是比较难的。本文逻辑主线：energy efficient不一定save money——盖楼，拆楼更花钱——老楼的历史价值。在我看到题目自己想的时候并没有想到历史价值一项，后来看过作者写的这篇文章，觉得历史价值其实是这篇文章中很重要的一个攻击点

第七篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=926446&highlight
感谢作者同心砥砺
我的感想：
本文逻辑主线：水质差和利用少间的因果关系——不能再短期内变得洁净——改善周边环境是否合乎民意
首先想要说本文的拼写错误太多，在本文结尾部分过于仓促，没有太多实质内容。

第八篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=924929&highlight
感谢作者irvine666
我的感想：
1.
首先本文的作者并没有使用太多的模板化的语言，让人感觉不再是千篇一律的感觉，更让人有想继续看的愿望。
2.
文章的逻辑主线：对产品纯度的要求以及换设备的费用问题——环境问题——其他可能降低电能消耗的办法，非常清楚，每一点都分析的十分透彻，使得这篇文章不像其他文章中攻击的几个要点都是出于平面的感觉，而是逐层摄入，尽管作者没有只用让步，但给人的感觉就是在逐步深化，膜拜！
3.
但是有些语言上过长，一句话有很多个逗号，有时让人觉得很迷惑，不过也可能是我的英语能力有限吧
总体很欣赏这篇文章，无论是语言，还是攻击的点上，再次膜拜！

第九篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=924921&highlight
感谢作者Rainbow12
我的感想：
因为我把文章全粘贴到一起，打印下来的，看了这篇的题目，还以为是草版原来的文章~嘿~原来不是~~
模板化的语言太多了，分析还算透彻
逻辑主线：地理位置不同——电扇空调的电费与整体电费——电器使用与耗损
但就如同草版底下的评语，确实这几个点大家都可以想到，没有什么亮点

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-12 22:26:20 标题: 12-11 12-12 备考日志

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-12-12 23:23 编辑

继续限时写作阅读
继续aw intro翻译

翻译完成！

答卷和阅卷评语

阅卷者评语——6分

这篇非常出色的答卷证明了作者非常富有洞察力的分析能力。介绍部分提到如果采纳了这个题目的错误逻辑就会“……使人们无论从经济上还是心理上都对保护性装备过度的花销”，接着通过从argument中的每一个根源错误对题目进行全面的检查。特别的是，作者揭露了如下几个错误从而弱化argument:

l
预防性装备和保护性装备是不同的

l
穿戴护具的滑冰者本身发生事故的机会就比较少，因为他们本身就更加负有责任感也更加小心。

l
统计数据并没有根据伤害的种类来区分

l
不一定高质量的装备才有用

文章的讨论非常顺畅，并且组织的很有逻辑性。每一个攻击点都非常透彻有力的被展开。另外文章非常简洁，整体上没有错误。句子富有变化并且复杂的，用词富有表现力和准确。

总得来说，这篇答卷是一篇评分指导所描述的6分非常高水平的文章。如果作者没有这么有说服力并且提供少一些理由来驳斥这篇argument，这篇文章仍会得到6分。

阅卷者评语——5分

在评论这篇argument中这篇非常有力的回答做的很对。发现“表明可能的关系”但是它的结论还“不成熟”。它提出了3个中心问题，如果回答这些问题，就可能削弱了argument的完整性。

l
整个滑冰者人群的特点是什么？

l
保护性装备和反射装备在防止和减轻与伤害溜冰者的伤害中的有用之处是什么？

l
伤害的种类是什么？什么原因导致？

作者通过考虑可能加强或削弱argument的回答展开讨论每一个问题。这篇文章没有达到6分所要求的非常有洞察力的完整地评论一篇文章。但清晰的结构，对于语言很强的控制力，证明过程中非常内容的充实程度是超过4分的水平的。

阅卷者评语——4分

这篇还算合适的答卷瞄准了argument当中模糊不清不能得到结论的统计数据。文章找到了并评论了由误用argument中的统计数据而产生的不符合逻辑的推理：

l
没用装备被下意识的认定为发生伤害的原因

l
事故可能涉及到小的伤害

l
伤害可能有其他原因造成——黑天滑冰，没有好好的做准备活动和训练，没有认识到自己机体的限制

作者适当的抓住了argument的弱点。观点清楚，有关联。但是答卷缺少过渡词汇，观点的展开也同样，只是刚刚够。

语言的控制上还不错。作者能够控制并清晰表达，并且能够遵守写作英文的习惯。总得来说，虽然这篇4分的文章缺少5分所需要的完整透彻的展开。

阅卷者评语——3分

前半部分写的很好，但是仅仅是描述argument而只有有限的自己的回答。后半部分找到了argument的两个假设：

l
买了保护性装备的人就会用

l
高质量的装备比其他的更有效

这些点足以构成一些分析，因此得到了3分。二二，没有一个分析点被充分展开而值得给予4分。

阅卷者评语——2分

这篇存在严重错误的文章，并没有评论这篇argument，而是建议成年人和轮滑鞋的制造厂商保证儿童穿戴保护性装备。事实上，作者是不加鉴别的接受了argument的观点。

这份答卷有严重频繁的在句子结构和语言运用上面出现错误。用词选择，动词时态，主谓一致，标点符号上的错误非常多，有时干扰了意思的理解。例如“it needs a cooperation among us to have a concious mind to beware and realize its dangerous.”

这篇文章得到2分因为它说明作者在语言上存在严重弱点，并且没有基于逻辑分析而构成一篇评论。

阅卷者评语——1分

这篇具有严重缺陷的答卷不加批判的接受了题目中的推理：“the protective equipment do help to reduce the risk of being severyly injuryed in an accident”没有证据显示作者可以理解或分析这篇argument；除了一些附加的词语，几乎所有都是从题目中抄写的。这两句回答又被逐字的重复了两遍。语言和用法都是有问题的。少数添加的词语与题目本身词汇结合，出现不连贯，没有条理的现象。总的来说，这篇文章符合1分的条件。

GRE评分指导：针对一个Issue说出你的观点

6分

一篇6分的文章会针对Issue的复杂性给出一个强有力的，非常清楚明白的分析，非常有技巧的传递信息。

一篇非常典型的6分文章：

l
有一个对这个Issue非常有洞察力的角度/观点

l
通过非常充分的理由和/或有说服力的例子来展开观点

l
保持一个非常集中的，组织非常好的分析，并且观点逻辑上有联系

l
流利准确的表达观点，使用有效词汇和句型变化

l
证明掌握标准写作英语的习惯（语法，用法，结构）的能力，但可以有些小的错误

5分

一篇5分的文章呈现出整体上很有思想，能很好的展开分析issue题目的复杂性并且清晰地表达意思。

一份典型5分文章：

l
有一个认真考虑过的观点

l
可以逻辑上合理的并选用较有代表性的例子来展开观点

l
比较集中，整体上组织很好的，与观点联系很合适

l
清晰很好的表达观点，使用合适的词语和句子变化

l
证明掌握标准写作英语的习惯（语法，用法，结构）的能力，但可以有些小的错误

4分

一篇4分文章呈现了一个较为胜任（合适）的分析，并且充分的传递信息

典型文章特点：

l
有一个清楚的观点

l
通过相关的理由和例子来展开观点

l
足够的集中并且较好的组织结构

l
合理的清楚地表达观点

l
整体证明对于标准英语写作的惯用语可以控制，但可能会有一些错误

3分

一篇3分文章证明在分析和传递信息上有一定能力，但有明显的错误

典型的文章会出现一个或多个以下特点：

l
模糊不清的或非常有限的展开issue话题中的观点

l
在使用相关理由和例子当中存在弱点

l
不够集中，文章结构组织不好

l
语言和句子结构有问题，导致表达不清晰

l
出现一些大的错误或者频繁出现语法，用法，结构上的小错误，会干扰理解意思。

2分

2分文章证明在分析性习作当中存在严重弱点

典型的文章会出现一个或多个以下特点：

l
不能清晰地或非常有限的表达观点

l
提供很少的相关理由或例子

l
不集中，组织的不好

l
语言运用和句子结构上存在严重问题，经常干扰意思的理解。

l
语法，用法和结构上存在严重错误，经常干扰意思的表达

1分

1分文章证明在分析性写作方面具有根本的缺陷

典型的文章会出现一个或多个以下特点：

l
没有提供或者只提供很少的证据来证明作者可以理解和分析issue题目

l
没有提供或者只提供很少的证据来证明作者有展开，组织文章的能力

l
语言和句子结构上有严重问题，对意思理解有严重干扰

l
在语法，用法和结构方面存在普遍的错误，导致语意不连贯

0分

跑题，用外语，仅仅抄写题目，只包括随便打字母，或是字迹模糊的，空白的或是非语言的

NS

空白

GRE评分指导：分析一个Argument

6分

6分文章呈现了一篇针对argument的非常有力的，清楚地评论，有技巧的传递文章意思。

典型特点：

l
清楚地找到了argument重要的提点，并且可以深刻的分析

l
强有力的展开文章观点，有逻辑的组织文章结构并且用清楚地过渡连接它们

l
有效的支持评论的主要观点

l
证明对于语言（合适的词语选择和句子变化）具有很强的控制能力

l
掌握标准写作英语的习惯（语法，用法，结构）的能力，但可以有些小的错误

5分

5分文章整体上非常有效法，很好的展开了对argument的品论，清楚地传达意思。

典型特点：

l
清楚地找到argument的重要特点，并且可以有感知的分析它们

l
清楚地展开观点，有逻辑的组织观点，并通过适当的过渡连接它们

l
可以明显感觉到对于评论主要观点的支持

l
证明有语言控制能力，包括合适的选词，句式变化

l
掌握标准写作英语的习惯（语法，用法，结构）的能力，但可以有些小的错误

4分

4分文章呈现出对于argument的评论有一定能力，并且可以充足的表达传递观点

典型特点：

l
找到并分析argument的主要特点

l
展开和组织文章观点比较好，但是可能不能用过渡连接观点

l
支持评论的主要观点

l
合理的清楚地表达观点

l
整体证明对于标准英语写作的惯用语可以控制，但可能会有一些错误

3分

3分文章钟鸣具有一定的评论argument和传递信息的能力，但是有明显的错误

典型的文章会出现一个或多个以下特点：

l
没有找出或分析argument中最重要的问题，虽然文中出现了一些argument的分析

l
主要分析离题的或不相关的问题，或者理由很不充分

l
在逻辑方面和观点的组织上能力很有限

l
对于攻击点给与一些不太相关或者没什么价值的支持

l
表达观点不清楚

l
出现一些大的错误或者频繁出现语法，用法，结构上的小错误，会干扰理解意思。

2分

2分文章证明在分析性写作方面存在严重的弱点

典型的文章会出现一个或多个以下特点：

l
不能给予逻辑的分析来给出一个评论，而是表达作者对于这个主题自己的观点

l
不能展开观点或者不能有逻辑的组织文中观点

l
提供很少相关或合理的支持

l
语言运用和句子结构上存在严重问题，经常干扰意思的理解。

l
语法，用法和结构上存在严重错误，经常干扰意思的表达

1分文章

1分文章证明在分析和写作上存在根本的缺陷

一篇典型的文章会出现多于一项下列情况：

提供很少或没有证据证明有能力理解和分析argument

提供很少或没有证据说明具有展开一篇有组织结构的回答

l
语言和句子结构上有严重问题，对意思理解有严重干扰

l
在语法，用法和结构方面存在普遍的错误，导致语意不连贯

0分

跑题，用外语，仅仅抄写题目，只包括随便打字母，或是字迹模糊的，空白的或是非语言的

NS

空白

得分水平描述

虽然GRE分析性写作评判包裹两个分开的分析性写作部分，但是最初只有一个综合的分数，因为这比一个单独的分数更加具有可信性。最终报告的分数是两部分的平均值，从0分到6分，每0.5分一个档

下面对于每个分数水平的描述是针对在Issue和Argument当中整体水平的。因为考试评价的是分析性写作，批判性思维的能力（推理能力，将证据组合在一起来说明一个观点的能力以及说明复杂观点的能力）比作者对于语法或是写作的基础（例如：拼写）的控制能力要远重要的大多。

6分-5.5分——非常具有洞察力的深入的分析一个复杂的观点；通过有逻辑的强有力的路由和非常具有说服力的例子来展开并支持主要的观点；文章论述非常集中，组织结构很好；句式变化非常娴熟，准确的词汇来有效表达意思；证明具有非常超常的句子结构，语言运用能力，但可能存在一些不影响意思表达的小错误。

5分-4.5分

对于复杂观点整体上非常有想法的分析；逻辑上合理的理由和选择较好的例子来展开和支持主要观点；整体上论述较为集中，组织结构较好；使用句式变化和词汇来清楚表达意思；证明对句子结构和语言运用具有很好的控制能力，但可能存在一些不干扰意思表达的小错误。

4分-3.5分——对于复杂观点有能力来分析，通过相关的理由和例子来展开和支持主要观点；组织的较好；传递信息较为清楚合理；证明具有较好的句子结构和语言运用的控制能力，但是存在一些影响清楚表达意思的错误。

3分-2.5分——具有一些分析性写作的能力，虽然有以下至少一个写作方面的错误：有限地分析和展开；较弱的组织能力；对于句子结构和语言使用不能很好的控制，在文中出现的错误经常导致文中概念模糊

2分-1.5分——表现出分析写作中存在严重的弱势；存在以下至少一项写作的严重错误：严重缺少分析和展开；缺少组织；严重多发的句子结构语言运用的错误，出现会导致意思不清楚的错误。

1分-0.5分——表现出分析性写作方面存在根本的缺陷。存在下列至少一项根本性错误：内容让人极度迷惑，或是根本与题目不相关；很少或根本不对观点进行展开；严重的普遍的错误导致意思不连贯。

0分——受试者的分析性写作能力不能被评估出来，因为回答与题目毫不相关。只是抄写文章题目，或用其他语言，或写出难辨认的文章。

NS——受试者没有给出任何文章。

第一次翻译，也是写了这么长的东西，过程中感觉很多意思真的不知道怎样用中文来恰当的表达，看来翻译远不是自己想像中的那么简单。虽然自己的翻译不一定准确，或是说会有错误的地方，但是通过翻译，自己真的深深的了解了AW，从考察目的，评分标准，以及备考方法上都有了较深的认识！估计自己备考的话是不会这么认真的阅读这个介绍的，这样看下来也觉得这个introduction从根本上解答了很多疑问，也让我知道了为何很多文章分数不高的原因！大有裨益！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-12 23:49:38 标题: 12-12 备考日志

基础写作最后一部分笔记
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（16）Metaphors
首先如草版所说适量的比喻对于行文的明晰是有很大的帮助的，可以增加文章的亮点
但是一定要适量，尤其是当不能很好的驾驭语言时，比喻还是要慎用的
比喻的种类：
广泛的比喻；暗喻；混合隐喻（常同时使用多于一个比喻）；亡隐喻（已经成为普通语言一部分）；明喻；换喻词；提喻（用一个事物代表整个的，或者相反）
比喻的目的：
l
使语言生动
l
使得读者易于解读
l
能够非常使用非常有限的语言阐明最大量的信息
l
可以创造出新的意思：感受，想法，事情，经历等，没有其他简单的词语可以表达
l
天才的标志
比喻的用法：
可以用做动词；副词，形容词；介词短语；同位语或修饰语

但是在注意时还应该注意文化的差异性
例如落汤鸡，在英文中说的是rat
胆小如鼠，英文中用鸡表示
此时应该慎用，避免造成误解

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-13 22:19:30 标题: 12-13 备考日志

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-12-13 22:24 编辑

第八次阅读自测部分

GRE短阅读
第一遍阅读时间 68s
遍数：2遍
读懂时间：2min56s
走神次数：1次
正确率：全对
评分：4分

GRE长阅读
第一遍阅读时间 5min08s
遍数：2遍
读懂时间：6min22s
走神次数：2次
正确率：错1个
评分：4分

LSAT阅读
第一遍阅读时间 5min42s
遍数：1遍
读懂时间：7min57s
走神次数：
正确率：错2个
评分：3分

四级阅读
第一遍阅读时间 1min35
遍数：1遍
读懂时间：1min35
走神次数：0
正确率：错1个
评分：2分

六级阅读
第一遍阅读时间 1min55s
读懂时间：1min55
走神次数：0
正确率：全对
评分：2分

科学
第一遍阅读时间 2min09
遍数：1遍
读懂时间：2min09
走神次数：0
评分：5分

教父
很有画面感的片段哈~
评分：4分

总体上感觉阅读速度太慢，尤其是4，6级的阅读体现的十分明显，在GRE，LSAT的文章中都知道应该哪里取哪里舍，但在四六级文章中真的是一句一句看
并且在文章句子比较难的时候回读现象比较严重
但个人感觉前几天XDF老师讲的做笔记的方法很好使！
作业总算告一段落
但愿能加入小组
此外，还有一些纸质版的笔记需要继续打到电脑上！加油！！！小猪!

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-13 23:50:55 标题: 12-13 备考日志

开始敲前几天的限时写作读后感

第十篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=924327&highlight
感谢作者：碰碰
我的感想：
逻辑主线：上课与提高productivity的关系——别的公司成功不代表Acme会成功——即使A会成功，也不是每个职工都需要培训
本文结构较为清楚，采用层层递进的方式，相比其他的文章来讲模板化的语言较少，但是语言很普通，并没有亮点

第十一篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=919292&highlight
感谢作者：zycly86
我的感想：
文章逻辑主线：W的domestic cheese卖的好不代表多有domestic卖得好——新商店不能代表老商店——调查参与者不能代表所有人
看到现在发现文章要想让人觉得不平庸真的很不容易，大家的观点都是相仿的，语言都是模板化的，真的没有丝毫亮点，又怎么能让阅卷者不视觉疲劳呢？
我开始思考如何能使文章出彩，一方面是语言，一方面使内容。语言就是杜绝纯粹的模板化语言，刚好今天上XDF老师说过，模板的确可以帮助写作，但是这个模板要是自己找到的，一定不能是别人用过千遍万遍的，否则除了低分，没有什么可以得到的。个人觉得这个观点很对。而内容上，不应拘泥于表面的错误罗列，而应该思考如何深化攻击点的层次。

第十二篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=919282&highlight
感谢作者：玻璃渣
我的感想：
逻辑主线：喜欢广播不一定去club——音乐家住在M区不代表club会受欢迎——study不适用于M——即使M人喜欢club也不证明Cnote能赚钱
个人觉得本人的逻辑层次比较清楚，逐层深入，每层里还会充分的说明理由，很充实，不存在只给结论不讲原因的问题
但是个人觉得文章语言比较普通，没有亮点，在每段的论述当中没有句式变化，而这一点在评分指南上是高分的必需要求。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-14 23:35:17 标题: 12-14 备考日志

今天开始重新拾起难句分析教程，跟原来的单纯读不同，我开始自己分析，用前两天上课学到的方法，感觉很受益，分析完句子从中提炼出了抽象句型结构，虽然今天只做了5句，但愿可以坚持下去~~相信一定会有收获的！加油！

继续敲我的限时写作读后感

第十三篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=918840&highlight
感谢作者：成成
我的感想：
这一篇的题材我比较熟悉，所以一下子可以想到很多攻击点，感觉这道题相对比较容易。本文作者攻击点也比较好，但是我认为攻击顺序上如果稍作调整应该更有层次感
本文逻辑主线：其他因素导致治疗效果不同——抗生素的副作用——不应该所有患者都使用
如果本文改成如下方法我认为会更好：
治疗效果并不全是由抗生素产生的——即使抗生素为主要治疗因素，也不是所有患者都需要使用——抗生素带来治疗作用的同时也会有副作用的产生
个人认为这样的论述过程将是一个逐步深化的过程，更加有力

第十四篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=912200&highlight
感谢作者：irvine666
我的感想：
逻辑主线：员工多不意味着工作效率高，工作环境，运营成本影响利润——卖方高价不一定利润高——市场需求不同
文章比较短，但是攻击点很清楚，应该进一步展开论述，第一层次里其实嵌套了几方面，可以逐一说明

第十五篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=900005&highlight
感谢作者：duyuan3377
我的感想：
本文逻辑主线：
BC的调查不一定适用于P大——配偶工作是否是教授考虑的主要方面——这样做有利于提高员工整体的士气
文章论述比较充分，层次也有递进的关系，但是感觉没有什么亮点。无论是语言上，还是文章的攻击点上。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-15 23:48:25 标题: 12-5 备考日志

看到了今天的海选帖子~发现没有我~
开始恐慌~后来去查邮件，发现给草版发的邮件竟然没有附件~
我太2了~只好重新发一遍~

今天的功课忙得要死，只做了句子的学习，难句分析，先分析，再翻译，最后提炼精华~~
很受用，至少会了一些不那么俗的表达！继续坚持！

本打算继续补上限时阅读的读后感，实在是累的不行了~~明天继续吧~
加油！！！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-16 23:35:04 标题: 12-16 备考日志

说不上什么备考日志了~
今天收到了群号~加进去~
因为身体原因，今天堕落了下~
明天继续努力

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-20 00:21:01 标题: 12-19 备考日志

刚刚看完今天组里的文章，感觉很有意思
基本没有接触过这类文章，平时都在跟生物化学厮打在一起
呼~
看完的感受就是有点仰视~
嘿~确实是经济学家的文章
用词恰到好处
今天太晚了
明天写comments~

作者: sunflower_iris 时间: 2009-12-20 00:24:27

加油加油:loveliness:

作者: aladdin.ivy 时间: 2009-12-20 00:47:35

我也来给你打气~！:loveliness:

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-20 23:54:44 标题: 12-20 备考日志

本帖最后由 splendidsun 于 2009-12-22 11:22 编辑

原文
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1043113-1-1.html

Comments:
This topic is completely fresh to me. Actually I found that the art and economics topic is more interesting than I imagined before.
In this report, the author gives us a conclusion that globalization would lend help the art market to recover, although art market has suffered from recession. The art market shows its value both in generating interest or fetching plenty of money and in bringing few other industries together such as great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy. By using several examples from different angles, the author demonstrates his idea. Firstly, he cites result of report that shows the widely spreading wealth plays a major role in the bounce-back of the market. As people from many different parts of world become richer, their new tastes of art could activate the art market. Also the booming of contemporary art offers more sources to purchase for the new collectors. In conclusion, the wealth distribution has a highly related with the condition of the art market.
Before I read this article, I’ve never concentrated on the relationship between the condition of economics and art market. This essay really broads my view.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-21 00:50:32 标题: 12-20 备考日志

argue题目修正~~
154-156
154.下面的内容出现在一份健康杂志的社论部分。
在一项关于锻炼对寿命的影响的调查中，医学研究者在超过20年间追踪了500名中年男子。调查对象代表了全国若干不同地区的多种职业，他们每年接受一次问卷调查：在问卷中他们被问道：你锻炼的频率和强度如何？在那些回答了问卷的人中，那些回答几乎每天都参加剧烈的户外运动的人比那些回答自己每周仅有一两次较温和的锻炼的人活的长。通过这一调查所建立的长寿与锻炼之间的明显联系，医生不应该建议患者进行温和的运动而应该鼓励他们每天都参加激烈的户外运动。
155.下面的内容是一封当地报纸的读者来信。
在小学阶段对于阅读能力的培养的过分被强调了。很多学生仅仅是由于他们的阅读能力较差，而在单调的阅读活动而丧失信心的使得他们厌恶学校作业。但录制在磁带上的教材为处于这一关键教育阶段的学生提供了重要代替方法。教育委员会不应该仅仅因为其所需的花费而拒绝它。毕竟很多研究证实了让学生听大声朗读的教材；甚至还有证据表明那些由家长为他们朗读的学生更有可能成为一名阅读者。因此，听有声教材只会让学生更乐意阅读和学习。所以，教委应该鼓励学校购买有声教材并把它们用于基础教育。
156.下面的内容是从Dickens Academy公司登在商业周刊上的广告中摘取的。
我们对International Mega-Publishing, Inc的高层管理人员进行了一次调查。调查结果清楚地显示很多员工在商业知识和计算机技能方面准备充足，但是缺乏与客户有效沟通的人际交往能力。International Mega-Publishing决定让他们的新员工参加我们为期一天的研讨会，从而提高客户满意度。自从他们在工作中充分的发挥了在我们的项目中所得到的内容，International Mega-Publishing的销量急剧上升，这表明不满意的顾客数量显著下降。你们公司应该聘用（这里就是把员工交给D的意思，但是不知道如何翻译比较好）Dickens来让我们把每名员工变成你们公司的大使。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-22 00:40:10 标题: 12-21 备考日志

原文https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1042731&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280&page=1
Comments：
The topic of this article is very popular in recent days. As we all know, the climate conference in Copenhagen attracted the focus all over the world. A new agreement is expected to sign for avert the threat of climate change. In this article, the author cites a typical example that the mountain bark beetles destroy the pine forest in British Columbia due to the high temperature. Actually human activity should be responsible for the increased frequency of climate change. Especially the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas is much higher than before, which may result in a global temperature increase. Furthermore, the aberrant temperature may increase the frequency of serious climate changes that are dangerous. To avert this situation people should adjust its behavior. Technological tools and economics are not limitation for taking action. However, politics plays key role in promoting improve recent situation. Instead of signing a huge protocol that would never work, the government should implement a pragmatic deal efficiently and effectively. This passage is very well-organized to illustrate the author’s idea. The key point is that the author calls for taking practical action to prevent the bad trend of global warming.

不太理解的句子
It is a prisoner’s dilemma, a free-rider problem and the tragedy of the commons all rolled into one.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-22 11:21:34 标题: 12-22 备考日志

原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1044038-1-1.html
跟我的专业很相近，嘿~还比较好写~
Comments：
Medical reform is a tough problem thorough the world. Even in the most developed country United States, governments are expected to build up a complete medical system, which ensures the majority of people could benefit from it. Firstly, the essential problem is the coverage of medical insurance. The private insurances have very serious standard to be involved. Elder people or people suffer from pre-existing medical conditions are impossible to benefit from private insurances. However, the new reform promotes to break this limitation, which broads the benefit ranges. In China’s reform, the government also gives access to everyone, such as elder people and children, farmers and laid-off workers, to have medical insurance. The second problem which is urgent to address is the fairness of medical insurance. The expense of this great bill is from taxpayers. Yet the people who don’t have any contribution to the tax also could have the insurance. Thus, it’s a dilemma between the coverage and the fairness. Making a balance is an obviously most difficult issue that has to be done.
难句：
The health bill has been stripped of something very dear to many of then: a “public option” of a government-backed insurance scheme that would compete with private insurers in order, supposedly, to keep costs down and guarantee access.
第一个分句不太明白
Technically only a motion to end debate on a “manager's amendment” put together by the Senate's majority leader, Harry Reid, what the vote really represented was a crucial exercise in nose-counting.
好句：
The hope is that tens of million of Americans currently without coverage will now be able to get it, and many tens of millions more, who have insurance but fear losing it through redundancy or ill-health, will have those worries lifted from their shoulders.
好词
on the ground of 以……为理由
back up 支持
stumbling block 绊脚石
arm-twisting 压力
tooth-and-nail 竭尽全力
nose-counting 人口调查
此外还了解了一些美国的政治相关的东西
America's Senate参议院
Congress 国会
Republican 共和党
Democrat 民主党
deficit赤字

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-23 00:53:05 标题: 12-22 备考日志

12-21
原文https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1043638-1-1.html
Comments：
This article talks about the problem that involves in every country-the global financial crisis. As we all know, this financial disaster brought widely difficulties for countries to recover. However, the world economy is recovering. Since the past losses are much larger than future gains, the effect of could not be seen very soon. In the state of California, the state government cut has filed for bankruptcy. And it had cut much of the spending in education, which makes difficult for faculties to apply for funding. Furthermore, the graduate schools admit less international students than before. Thus, the disadvantage since financial crisis happened is the decrease number of scholarships which may bring economic burden for oversea students to study abroad. The author also refers that even the world economy recovers, it will not return to normal. The crisis would have strong lasting effect on all aspects in our society that we would discover later on.
词汇
securitisation markets
physical capital
national exchequer
America’s Treasury
overinvestment and overspeculation
vindicate
Federal Reserve
fell off a precipice
beguile
fancy
demand falls short of supply
好句
He likened the economy to a piece of string stretched taut on a board. The more forcefully the string is plucked, the more sharply it snaps back.

When you are falling, you do not look up. Only when you hit bottom can you stop and contemplate the cliff you must now climb.

难句
Moreover, if the financial system remains in disrepair, savings will flow haltingly to companies and the cost of capital will rise. Firms will therefore use less of it per unit of output.

“overinvestment and overspeculation…would have far less serious results were they not conducted with borrowed money.”

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-23 13:09:39 标题: 12-23 备考日志

原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1043352&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280
Comments:
There arise two different views of American’s attitude dealing with China. One is that China is a potential threat to America. And the other is China is still dwarfed by America’s although China is developing very fast. At the beginning of this article, the author inferred what Obama said that the position of America on China will be more determined the future of itself. And the cooperation between these two huge countries is vital to solving the world’s problems. However, at the latter half part of this essay, the main point is that China still has plenty of problems within the country to deal with in social, political and economic fields. Obviously, the author’s preference is very much for the point that China is still a dwarf which could not be a threat to America.
In fact, this is the first time that I’ve read the passage that expresses the position of American’s on China. Some viewpoints seemed ridiculous to me. They find that China is developing very fast but they refuse to accept parts of the facts. That one thing I learned from this passage is that although we have growing financial muscle, we still lag far behind as technological innovators. I think that’s why the government encourages the creative and innovative work now. There is still a long way to go for our great country.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-26 00:05:02

也不算啥备考日志，我深刻地知道我这两天堕落了~~
今天起，继续好好努力，兼顾期末考和GRE~~
对于我来说，新的一年崭新开始，22岁注定要好好拼搏一下！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-27 00:43:29 标题: 12-26 备考日志

昨天，前天堕落了~今天就要补作业~
欠了的迟早要还~嘿~草版名言~
刚回来看到已经分小组了~大家都好好呀~~感谢adam同志和又八同志~~
最终加入了麦太纸包G小组~和木虫虫，adam，敛影寒一起加油！

12-23&24的debate
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1044413&page=1&extra=
my comment：
This debate is relevant to a widely discussed topic that executives are overpaid. Firstly, the moderator opened the topic and presented the main points of the proposer and the defender. Then, the proposer and the defender stated their ideas subsequently. Actually, I think that the statement of one’s opinion for the first time is the same way with writing an issue. The presenter or the author establish his/her own viewpoint, and then use some relevant examples to illustrate his/her ideas. In this debate, the proposer concluded that the pay of CEO in recent years didn’t increase. Contrast to the other groups, such as professional athletes and hedge fund, the pay of CEO decrease as the financial crisis brought severe injury to the economy. The second point of the proposer is that the pay of CEOs had a high relationship with the performance of themselves. While, the defender thought that excessive executive compensation was both a symptom and a cause of the current economic mess. In order to demonstrate his idea, the defender takes Michelle and McClendon as examples to show that the pay of CEOs is determined by the performance. This is the first round of the debate. Each side has valid reasons and examples. However, there are still some questions need to be clarified.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-27 01:04:49

呵呵也才补完作业！来留个脚印！加油！喜欢那句：“既然选择了远方，就要风雨兼程！”

作者: adammaksim 时间: 2009-12-27 11:20:30

来串个门儿~~~:victory:

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-27 21:32:27 标题: 12-27 备考日志

Comment
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1045738-1-1.html

My comment:
It is hard to forecast the taste of people in art. Nowadays, the realism seems more popular than other art styles. Comparing with the contemporary art, the pictures of realism remain the style of old-fashion, cluttered and sentimental. The buyers in all different sectors follow a pattern that would like to pay over the odd for top-ranking pictures. A dealer, Mr. Mason, indicated that the inflation of economy would be the art dealers’ friends, which means that the sale of art markets would prosperous during the inflation. The examples of Spencelayh’s picture “The old dealer” and Knight’s picture “on the cliffs” give us a picture that the buyers tend to bid up the price and pay for them in much higher prices than expected. In my viewpoint, the appearance of this aberrant phenomenon could attribute to the attitudes of people toward art. During the inflation, almost everything would lose its origin value. While people consider the art works are the most steady and valuable things that could keep the buyers’ wealth. As a result, the prices of art works are much higher than that were estimated before.
好句：
1. The taste for clutter and realism is curiously buoyant.
2. Its success lay in the high prices achieved for those that sold, half of which were bid up beyond their high estimate.
3. Consigning the picture to Sotheby’s, that same American saw his Grimshaw sell to an anonymous bidder for £397,250 (including commission and taxes), the third highest price achieved for the artist at auction.
4. The most sought after are realistic pictures of men, often gathered around a table in a room full of clutter, with glazed jugs, books, umbrellas and pieces of velvet jumbled together.
5. Behind them the sea, silvery, shimmering and full of light, has the same idyllic quality of water painted at the time by the Scottish Colourists.
bid up 抬高竞价
fetch=gain money
on behalf of 代表
underbidder 出较低价格的人
Chinese porcelain 中国瓷器

作者: 木虫虫 时间: 2009-12-28 01:23:27

嘿嘿，大家一起:victory:加油啊

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-28 18:49:21 标题: 12-28 备考日志

12-25
原文https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1045209&page=1&extra=
My Comment：
As I have mentioned last time, the first round of the debate likes making an issue task. While in the rebuttal statement, both sides seem to write arguments. Especially, in the part of the proposer the whole structure of his remarks could be regarded as an argument. First, he concludes the points of the defender. Then he points out several unreasonable points and refutes each one in details. For the content of this debate, I can’t fully understand all the points and the examples that the proposer and the defender cite. What I have got form this rebuttal remarks are including following points: first, the top executives play key roles in the management and operation. Their compensations are much higher than the rank and file, which is determined not only by their performances. During the financial crisis, many executives were fired by the boards. But they could gain a large amount of money for their retirement. Meanwhile, others are suffering the difficulties that the recession brought.
prop up 支撑
reiterate 重申
golden parachute——黄金保护伞
A golden parachute is an agreement between a company and an employee (usually upper executive) specifying that the employee will receive certain significant benefits if employment is terminated. Sometimes, certain conditions, typically a change in company ownership, must be met, but often the cause of termination is unspecified. These benefits may include severance pay, cash bonuses, stock options, or other benefits. They are designed to reduce perverse incentives—paradoxically (and ironically) they may create them.

the rank and file老百姓，普通职员
extreme pay differentials
boost 促进
compensation 薪金
top executive 最高行政管理人员
Incentive compensation奖金
meltdown 暴跌
take account of 考虑到
robust健康的，强健的
the lion's share最大份额的
cash in 兑现
noted 著名的
diametrically直接的
insider trading内线交易
get away with it侥幸成功，逃脱处罚
global capital glut全球的资本过饱和
loose monetary policy宽松的货币政策
mortgage抵押贷款
net income净收益
bounce back反弹，恢复活力
subsidy津贴
testimony证言
bailout救助
clamp down on 压制
sustainable growth可持续增长
accounting cost会计成本
arm's length 公平的
Dividends红利
Perquisite津贴
Pay is uncoupled from performance
不懂的句子：
Once again, Wall Street is all about capitalism when it comes to the upside, but all about socialism when it comes to the downside, that is, from each, according to his ability, toeach, whatever he can get away with.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-29 13:11:04 标题: 12-29 备考日志

12-26
原文https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1045471-1-1.html
As the spreading of computer and Internet all over the world, the security online seems to be focused by more and more people. The Internet is widely used in our daily life and also for the business purpose. It gives access to improve the efficiency of work and bring huge convenience to the rank and file. However, many people refuse this new life style because they are worried about the safety of their assets. Actually, the current situation of the Internet is not very well. Many hacks steal the passwords from others’ computers, which may lead to the loss of money in their accounts. In order to protect ourselves from being stolen, we could adopt a safe code which is difficult for hacks to crack. The main factors of strong password are a good length, complexity and randomness. Taking my own case as an example, last year I made a friend majored in computer science online. At the second time we chatted, I was surprised by his understanding of me. He knew my university, my hometown, and even the type of cell phone that I used. He told me that all he knew is from google. As I almost use the same logon in different website, it is easy to get all the information. After then, I knew that the complexity of my logons and passwords are indeed poor. Nevertheless, in this article the author recommends that people could use Lastpass to avoid being stolen and remembering such a large amount of information in our mind. But I really doubt whether this software is safe. If its security cannot be guaranteed, this software would be the largest threat of online activities.
Sane

keep abreast of并驾齐驱，了解……最新消息
ingenious有独创性的
wind up 卷起，结束，使紧张
dog-eared 书角折页的
flout嘲笑，侮辱
heaven forbid上天不容，但愿不会如此
scrap碎屑
ditch丢弃
consolation令人安慰的事物
crackable会裂开的
aversion厌恶
jumbled 混乱的
alphanumeric字母数字的
intersperse with 有……打断
resort to 依靠，求助于，常去
Post-it 即时贴
all and sundry 全部
intruder 入侵者
hack
brute-force 强力攻击，蛮力
indulge in 沉湎于
entropy熵
toss 投掷
binary digit二进制数字
encryption加密，加密术
Put another way换句话说
overkill过度的杀伤
rigorous严格的
mnemonic记忆的
pledge抵押，典当
be on the safe side万无一失

He considers it crucial in order to keep abreast of all the ingenious technology which, once debugged by the world’s most acquisitive consumers, will wind up in American and European shops a year or two later.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-29 18:59:21 标题: 12-29 备考日志

12-29
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1046472&page=1&extra=
Comment：
Today’s topic is very fresh and familiar to me at the same time. This essay introduces a book The Faith Instinct to us. The author, Mr. Wade, masterly combines the study of religion with evolutionary biology to explain his viewpoint. He cites the theory of Darwin and applies it to human society. In my opinion, the evolution of society is similar to the evolution of individuals more or less. In the wild, different kinds of creatures change their physical structure or living habits in order to adapt the surroundings. People are struggling for surviving in this competitive society. Religion could give supports to people who need help to overcome psychological difficulties and cheer them up. Although almost all religions are concerned in vary degrees with metaphysical ideas, I don’t think it is controversial with science. As I know, many thoughts and sayings in different religions are very useful, which may guide us behave properly. The function of different religions share one point is that they could help people increase the quality of lives as expected.

Useful words and phrases:
endure 忍耐，持续
analyst分析师
sanctity圣洁，神圣
Eton College 伊顿公学
chapel小教堂
be a far cry from 与……大不相同，两码事
hunter-gatherer狩猎采集者
ecstasy狂喜
dusk-to-dawn黄昏到黎明
primordial原始的
blazing fire 烈火
hideous 可怕的
side with 支持，站在……一边
propensity倾向性，偏好
prevail over 胜过
The advent of ……的出现
priestly castes 僧侣的世袭社会等级
monopolise垄断
divine神圣的，非凡的
limpid 清澈的，透明的，平静的
prose散文
metaphysical形而上学的
norm规范
hidebound死板的，墨守成规的
Puritans清教徒
eschew避开，避免，躲避
transcendental超越的，超自然的
Protestant清教徒
obsession困扰
curb抑制，控制
provocative刺激的，挑拨的
monotheism一神论
endorse认同，赞可
Islam伊斯兰教
dissident 持不同意见者
stumble使困惑
Hebrew scriptures 希伯来圣经
masterly 巧妙的

WHEREVER their investigations lead, all analysts of religion begin somewhere.
这个句子中lead用的好精准~~喜欢~
It lays the basis for a rich dialogue between biology, social science and religious history.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-31 00:05:47 标题: 12-30 签到帖

这个帖子纯粹属于签到帖~
呼~上午纠结在gter时断时续当中
下午开始纠结神经生物学的PBL
直到现在，突然发现已经到了2009年的最后一天
有点害怕~
命中注定新的一年对于我会是极端的忙碌
相比2009年也是很充实的
呼~加油吧~先把09年的最后一个任务做好！
The smile of pain刚好是我presentation的主题
痛并快乐着吧~只要过程中有收获，只要结果让人问心无愧~~

作者: AdelineShen 时间: 2009-12-31 14:40:54

来踩踩~~加油↖(^ω^)↗

作者: pluka 时间: 2010-1-1 12:24:11

原来麦太纸包是你们仨的啊，还有些奇怪呢一开始~
新年快乐！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-2 22:12:49

61# pluka
嘿嘿~~四个人的~我，adam, 敛影寒，虫虫~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-2 22:14:09 标题: 1-2 备考日志

呼~~落下好几天了~~期末了~加油！
1-2
原文：
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1047481&extra=&page=1
Comments：
Actually，I'm fervently anticipate the release of "Avatar". Because a spate of highly evaluations have been spread out. Contrast to the worries from the author, I found that the market of cinema in China recovers from the recession these days. When I was still in the middle school, I heard a piece of news that reported the poor conditions of cinemas in China. At that time, people tended to watch VCD or DVD of movies at home because of the low costs. Almost half of the cinemas couldn't meet the end and have to close. As the spread of computers and Internet, watching movies online seems to be a fashion. Sometimes we could watch the latest ones online before the movies unspool in the mainland of China. Also, we could choose the most valuable and highly-praised movies and watch them in cinema. Although we have more methods to watch movies, the best way to appreciate a good movie is still watching it in cinema taking the quality of graphic and acoustic effect into consideration. And the high-tech which is widely used in the movies attracts more audiences to enjoy the visual pleasures in the cinema. And the prices of movies could be accepted nowadays which gives access to the rank and file to enter the cinema and share the happiness with others. Thus, in my viewpoint, the prosperousness of the movie market will remain in recent years. Because it could fill people's lives with entertainment which satisfied modern people in such a competitive society.

错字
Prosperousity----prosperousness 繁荣 bloom
Competetive---competitive 竞争的

好词
cryptic 神秘的
triumph 凯旋，胜利
vitascope 老式放映机
agility灵活，敏捷
actuate驱动
exclusive right 专有权
ferociously野蛮的
rig操纵，装配
obsessively 痴痴地，着迷地
captivate迷住，吸引
break into enthusiastic applause突然给予热情的掌声
credits演职员名单
linger 消磨，缓慢度过，徘徊
solitary 孤独的，独居的
communal 公共的
jumping-off point出发点，起点
for starters首先，从……开始=as a starter
profound深深的
bleeding-edge =cutting-edge
shot
moviegoer常看电影的人
changeover逆转，转变
bluntly坦率的
bright light 强光
fervently诚心的
battered 磨损的
thwart阻碍
repertory全部剧目，仓库
threadbare磨破的
rear projection背面投影
radically根本上的
decay衰退
quintessentially标准地，典型地
a spate of 一阵
cinephile影迷
spatially空间上的
contemplate冥思苦想
hand-held devices手提式的设备
bet 打赌
placement人员配置
fall under one's sway受到……的影响
Perch位于，栖息

Useful sentences

1. But first I want to fast-forward to a recent night when, at a movie theater rigged for 3-D projection, I saw James Cameron’s “Avatar” with an audience that watched the screen with the kind of fixed attention that has become rare at the movies.

2.“Avatar” affirms the deep pleasures of the communal, and it does so by exploiting a technology (3-D), which appears to invite you into the movie even as it also forces you to remain attentively in your seat.

3.“Avatar” serves as a nice jumping-off point to revisit how movies and our experience of them have changed.

4. Bluntly put, something is happening before our eyes.

5. Sontag’s essay inspired a spate of similarly themed if often less vigorous examinations: Google the words “death of cinema,” and you get more than 2.5 million hits.

6. Generations of cinephiles fell in love with the object of their obsession while flopped on the floor, basking in the glow of the family television.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-2 23:23:52 标题: 1-2 备考日志

1-1
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1047217-1-1.html
Comment:
This article draws a picture that in 2010 the government of Canada will start to explore the Far North. This area was considered as a forgotten frontier.
While，a plenty of money would bring vigorousness and energy in economy and science research. Why does the government suddenly pay attention to this area? In my view, that's the great benefit which many countries are eager to achieve attracts the government. As the global warming, sea ice is melt down and more scope for mineral and fossil-fuel exploration. Abundant resources could bring great economical benefits to the country which the resources belong to. But these countries have no responsibilities for the whole world. They broke the promise that they made before in the emission of greenhouse gas. However, they compelled other developing countries to control their emission strictly at the same time. I just want to say no one is the master of the earth. All what we do today is for giving a bright future for the whole human beings.

aboriginal 土著居民
quaint 离奇的
Inuit因纽特
fishing fleet渔船队
overhaul彻底检修
cost overrun 成本超支
patrol ship巡逻船
submarine潜水艇
roam漫游
rifle来福枪
outfit装备
traverse穿越
delineation描述
sort out 清理，挑选出，解决
Kyoto climate-change protocol京都议定书
pledge保证

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-3 17:14:30 标题: 1-3 备考日志

1-3
这篇文章怎么感觉比外国人写的还难懂……有点找不到感觉~~
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/forum-23-1.html
Comment：
This article talks about what is the nature of life. In ancient times, people are divided into two types according the pursuit of righteousness or gain. However, these two types could not involve every one. In the viewpoint of the author, he concludes that what should be pursuit during one's life is creating. I agree with this point. No matter what we possess, the things alone could not bring any happiness to us. However, the happiness we enjoy is from the process that we create something that we desire. No matter whether it could be approved by other people, we treasure the special experience that we create it. As the well-known psychologist Dr. Maslow concluded, the most important need of human beings is self-actualization. That's the origin of happiness of human being which always promotes the development of human society.
错字
Artical---article 文章（我好二~~）
Anticient—ancient 古老的
Creat—create 创造
righteousness 正直，正义，公正
utter表达，发出
hypocrite伪君子
fig leaf 遮羞布，无花果树叶
pedant书呆子，学究，卖弄学问的人
pass for 被认为，假扮，冒充
nosedive俯冲，暴跌，急降，低落
scramble for勉强拼凑，争夺
loom隐现
exclusive patent专有的
vogue word 时髦词
boost促进，增加
mock at嘲笑，嘲弄
human touch人性化，人类接触，人情味
compassion同情，怜悯
nostalgic 怀旧的
redeem 赎回，补偿，挽回，恢复
salvage抢救，海上救助
preach说道，劝诫
coin杜撰
yoke束缚
utilitarian 功利的
exertion运用
crystal clear极其明白，十分清楚，完全透明
social intercourses社交礼仪
complacency自鸣得意的
peasant乡下人，农民
enshrine把……奉为神圣，铭记，珍藏
Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳
quandary困惑
ponder深思
no other than 只有，就是
stranded搁浅
tedium单调，乏味
place a premium on 诱发
premium奖金，保险费
haunt困扰

You do not five for the doctrines you believe in or the materials you possess.不太理解~~~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-5 00:36:07 标题: 1-4 备考日志

1-4
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1048419&extra=&page=1
Comment
According to my comprehending of this article, all happened in the world are inevitable. Even fleeting instant has been watched by the God from his eternal view. Although we feel that we have free will, all the outcomes are controlled by our own will. If we try our best to do one thing, we could gain what we need. Actually, that's not true at all. Everything has been arranged in proper orders. For us, we just play roles in the God's play. All the scene and plot have been edited by God. From my viewpoint, I couldn't agree with this point thoroughly. Although I thought that everything had been arranged by our fates and we performed different roles to show the various destiny. However, this point seems to be too pessimistic which couldn't encourage people to work hard and enjoy their life. We still have power to decide our own future, even though we just cheat ourselves in this way.

错字
Sence---Scene
情景
Throughtoutly---throughout/thoroughly

insofar as 在……范围
divine牧师，神学家，神圣的，记号的
have some inkling of 对……略有所知
embrace包含
simultaneously同时地
dictum格言
posit假设
cease to be 不再是
perpetual永久的
fleeting飞逝的
omnipresent无所不在的
foreknowledge先见之明
vantage point有利位置
inevitable不可避免的，必然的
otherwise than 与……不同

tantamount to 相当于
abruptly突然地
mete out 给与
deceive欺骗，糊弄

Aristotle says, time had no beginning and has no ending and extends into infinity.

作者: 溺水鱼 时间: 2010-1-8 11:22:16

提示: 作者被禁止或删除内容自动屏蔽

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-8 23:30:46

呼~好几天没来了~被期末考试，各种杂事整的发狂，现在想想AW也就在不远处~~急呀~不过还是要先顾好我的期末考~为了我的GPA，为了我梦中的国奖~~~呼~~~
继续复习去~

作者: 木虫虫 时间: 2010-1-16 10:18:25

祝考试顺利哦~唉我们学医的就是不容易啊 %>_<%

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-17 23:37:46

回来了~~先冒个头~~
明天打算补作业，回家一天，后天再回来学校！
这下要全力奋战了！
听Adam说明天晚上要开会，但愿草版不要清人呀~~怕怕，真的是没办法~
加油！！！！

作者: 一团棉花糖 时间: 2010-1-18 10:50:47

提示: 作者被禁止或删除内容自动屏蔽

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-18 22:02:44 标题: 1-18 备考日志

1-18
原文：
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1052114&page=1#pid1773522489
Comment：
The topic today discusses the devoid of faith in American youth, which urged the councils of education in US to make a study about it. To prevent this trends, the committee encourages schools could mell the religion with other curriculums. From this passage, we could see that the value of religions for US citizens in their society. Because of the diversity of American religions, it also brings a tough topic for the committee to balance it. As a result, they proposed to teach the Golden Rule of all religions but not those from specific religions.
While, this topic informed me the situation in China where announces that everyone has his/her freedom to choose his/her faith or religion. In fact, this rule seems to be just written on the paper without any practical value. We still accept the same education of so called "Politics" from the primary school to the graduate school. No one could avoid these useless required courses. That's the freedom we actually have.
In my mind, the youth in China have to face the same problem that US youth have. The young have no faith or belief which makes them feel frustrated and confused frequently in their lives. In the generation of our parents, they admired Chairman MAO as their spiritual idol, and they were encouraged by MAO's quotations. For us, pop singers seem to replace MAO as our idols. However, that raised a question that the bad behaviors of them would bring great negative influences on the young which is also urges the education system to take actions on this issue.
错字
Curiiculums—curriculum
Belif—belief
Quotion—quotation
Rasied—raise
make no law doing不得立法侵犯
beyond debate 无可争辩
deplore悲叹
Founding Fathers 开国元勋
unmentionable不轻易说出口的事情
Golden Rule
water-down 用水稀释了的
rests on 依靠，依赖
be second to 对于……是次要的
great secular世典
split off 分离
tonic补药
splendid isolation光荣孤立
抽象句型
A rests on B. A依赖于B，A是B
A is second to B.A对于B是次要的

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-19 10:03:29 标题: 1-19 备考日志

1-5
原文链接：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1048748-1-1.html
Comment：
In this debate, two deans explicit their opinions about the role of business school under the situation of economic crisis. In the viewpoint of Santiago, he thinks that management is extremely demanded from different fields and business schools also help the government to cultivate many administration regulators. As the economic situation changing all the time, the regulators or others need to go back to business school and update their knowledge. And the business researchers also need to establish new theory or correct the old ones to make it adapt to current condition.
While, Paul thinks that the MBA courses even the finance condition have no changes after the economic crisis. The old Golden Rule still has its great value to deal with the problems that we get in trouble nowadays. Despite of basic knowledge of business, the business school always inculcate students how to adapt their mental attitude when they face the tough issues that never happened before and exert the old rules and models to conquer them.

Although two deans have different standpoints in whether business schools should have changes after the recession, they still share an idea that teamwork need to be more emphasized, which plays key roles in all fields especially in business.

错字：
Emphasise-emphasize

economic crisis 金融危机
explicit明确的，清楚的
launch new product 投放新的产品
entrepreneurship courses创业课程
grind磨损
subtle nuanced 微妙的，精细的，细小的
contemplate深思熟虑
mindset心态
esoteric秘传的，深奥难懂的
overtly公然地
hypnotise对……催眠
hook up 接洽妥当
inculcate教育，教授
lobby groups 游说团体
rally the troops重整军队，重振雄风
elitism 精英主义
arrogance自大，傲慢
supervision监督，管理
recurrent 周期性的
pendulum钟摆

好句
1. Not only must they be solid in terms of their research skills and teaching skills, they should also be able to interface with the top management.
2. Practice can hypnotise you into using old models and old ways of thinking.
3. History is very recurrent and we are attending again a move of the pendulum.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-19 11:15:30 标题: 1-19 备考日志

1-6
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1049212&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280
Comment：
Scientists are trying to find another earth-sized object by exerting the method of seeking the transit of the object. Actually, I don't think that it is possible to find another one to replace the earth in short term. When seeking ones, we need to take many valuable parameters such as the distance from the sun, temperature, atmosphere, gravity and water-existence into consideration to meet all the needs for human to survive. But the facts tell us that it is not a easy case.
Why do human beings try to find another planet all the time? It might be a way to run away from the bad behaviors that people had conducted before. In order to make a high-speed development, environment and natural resources were sacrificed as counters. Instead of changing their behaviors, human beings are trying to find another place so as to move to it when the earth could not bear the burden. As we all known, we only have one earth. There couldn't be any other planet in solar system that is decent for human to live in. The most practical method is protecting our environment and living harmonious with nature on the earth.

错字
Astomosphere—atmosphere
Sacrified-sacrificed
Bahaviors—behavior
Pratical—practical

Words:
putative 推定的，假定的
Mercury水星
wobble 摆动
decent得体的，恰当的
Jupiter木星
Neptune海王星
peculiar罕见的
turn up出现
in earnest 诚挚的，认真的

好句
None of these discoveries favours the underlying reason why planet-hunting is such a popular sport—the hope that, one day, a life-bearing planet will turn up.
抽象句型
None of A favors the underlying reason why B.
A中没有任何可以支持为什么B的原因。

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-19 12:11:27 标题: 1-19 备考日志

1-7
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1049364&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280%26amp%3Borderby%3Ddateline
Comment：
Actually, I cannot comprehend throughout this article. It is full of complexity for me to understand the plot in the books. Thus, I just talk about the attitude that I hold for love and marriage. There are thousands people say that marriage is the tomb of love. I extremely disagree with this ridiculous opinion. Marriage is a kind of promise between lovers to share sorrow and happiness in the coming life. Also it informs both sides to take responsibility for each other and their love. The true love should have none change before or after getting marriage. And also nuptial is the happiest time that one should have for his/her life. For me, having a happy family and true lover is much important than any other thing in my life. The feeling of being loved is the greatest time that I have experienced. I hope we would have a fairy-tale ending for our life. Ha~~

Words:
marital 婚姻的
ambivalence矛盾情绪
sordid肮脏的
butcher屠杀
introspection反省，自省
reluctant 不情愿的
vehemently 激烈地
wary谨慎的
Uncle Sam美国的代称
henchman追随者
impetus 促进，冲力，动力
be sentenced to被判决
a foregone conclusion预料中的结果
much ado about nothing 小题大做
vibrant有活力的
sequel继续，续集
incessantly 不停地
nuptial婚礼
narcissistic自恋的
haphazard偶然的，无计划的
voracious贪婪的

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-19 14:58:36 标题: 1-19 备考日志

1-12
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1050520&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280%26amp%3Borderby%3Ddateline
Comment：
This is a very sensitive topic that involved everyone in our society. Firstly, we could draw a picture about the sex laws in America. Although well-known for its open mind to sex, US establish very strict laws of this area. Especially to meet the need of many parents of adolescents, they try their best to make their children live in a safety environment. While, the excess strict laws makes it is difficult to focus on the truly dangerous persons that commit sexual crime. The sexual predators name list for public has little value of avoiding of the hurt to the children. And the assessment of a sexual predator also has defects. In my viewpoint, the so called sexual predator should be classified according to their behaviors and the negative influence they bring to the society instead of putting them in the same group. In this way, people would make it clear that who is the most dangerous while others are not. At the same time, despite of punishing the predators the most effective way of preventing the sexual crime happening is to inculcate children have a strong awareness of self-protect.

错字：
Adolesent— adolescents

Words:
paedophile恋童癖
entice怂恿
rape强暴
sexual predator 性捕食者
rapist强奸犯
molester猥亵者
penalty处罚
impose强加
ratchet effect齿轮效应
have great latitude to
prostitute妓女
consensual sex 认同的性行为
indecent exposure有伤风化的暴露
child pornography儿童色情作品
be barred from 不准
tabloid小报
vengeful复仇的

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-19 15:32:13 标题: 1-19 备考日志

1-13
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1050822&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280%26amp%3Borderby%3Ddateline
Comment：
What is the aim of education? That's a great question worthy to contemplate. The result of education could be classified into two groups. The first one is knowledge which is limited to the different disciplinary. The second group is the route of thinking. There is no doubt that learning how to think has greater value than the former ones. However, the process we learn the learning abilities permeate to the process of learning objects knowledge. Thus, object knowledge couldn't be neglect in the education. Only learn the learning abilities would be too vague and general for a primary student to understand. But it would be much easier for him/her with the help of learning the object knowledge. Also, in this way he/she would get the point of how to exert the learning abilities he/she has.

错字
Abilities—abilities

Words：
hollow sound 空洞的声音
eloquent雄辩的，有说服力的
gigantic巨大的
in matter of 与……有关
mockery嘲笑
sovereign至高无上的
exile流亡
preach说教
exclaim 大声说出

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-19 16:25:28 标题: 1-19 备考日志

1-14
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1051165&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280%26amp%3Borderby%3Ddateline
Comment:
The issue that Google would exit Chinese market really surprises me a lot. At first, it is difficult for me to understand why Google would rather give up the greatest potential market in China. Now, I have got the main points. As a global search engine, users from all around the world use it as a main tool in their lives. While， some extremists exert Google to convey their ideas to oppose the government of China. To prevent this situation, Chinese government has to filter the results of searching and delete the sensitive words. But that seems to be incompatible with the belief of Google. The search engine should offer the complete results and fast service to its users. However, the filter results slow down the speed of searching. What else, in China the competitor BAIDU occupy most of Chinese market as it has a good relationship with the government and filter the results throughout. Actually, Chinese people tend to use BAIDU instead of google for the following reasons：
1. BAIDU is a indigenous brand of searching engine, which the government give great support for its development.
2. BAIDU could meet the need of Chinese user. Although Google could offer more accurate and complete searching results, most of them are English version which are difficult for most Chinese citizen to understand. Take myself as a example: When I am searching some non-academic key words, I prefer using BAIDU. While for the academic resources, Google would be the first choice to gain the accurate information.
3. China has its own special situation that couldn't make all to public especially some sensitive history events. Thus the searching results couldn't be equal to those from any other part of China.
Above all, it is very difficult for Google to make a balance between the government's need and the users' need in China.

错字：
Controvatial— controversial

Words:
cyber网民
infrastructure基础设施
surveillance监督
prompt引起
outcry尖叫
lucrative有利可图的
be intoxicated with 陶醉于
pornography色情文学
indigenous本土的

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-19 17:08:10 标题: 1-19 备考日志

1-15
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1051416&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280%26amp%3Borderby%3Ddateline
Comment:
This article makes a brief summary about the progress the women have made for the past decades. Women have becoming the majority of the workforce and universities graduates in America. However, women are still under-represented in the stage of leaders. And sexism is still existed more or less. Despite the pressure from work, women have to face the problems from their families. Rearing children seems to be the responsibilities of women. It is not an easy case for them to make a balance between work and family. And rearing childern is not only time-consuming but also money consuming. If a woman divorces with her husband, there is no doubt that a child is a huge spiritual and economic burden for her.
For the government, it is difficult to change the roles that women play. But it is possible to give them abundant welfare and insurance for women to have a high quality of life, which also benefit for the whole society.

错字：
Arical—article
Progass— progress
Insourance- insurance

Words:
PepsiCo 百事可乐公司
Areva阿海珐公司（法）
empowerment 授权
menial仆人
sexism性别歧视
modicum一点点
friction摩擦力
under-represented 不足的
child-rearing抚养子女
momentum动力，冲劲
hand-to-mouth无隔夜粮的，勉强维持的
quota定额
summon up振作，唤起
march into 长驱直入

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-19 23:45:01 标题: 1-19 备考日志

1-16&17
原文：
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1051661&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280%26amp%3Borderby%3Ddateline
Comment：
Two experts explain their opinions about whether US need to take military action to curb the nuclear programme of Iran. I agree with the one who is against the motion.
Despair over the unsuccessful diplomatic efforts to curb Iran's nuclear ambitions so far has raised the perceived value of military action, but I insist that the best way to proceed is still diplomacy.
Military actions might have little effect of curbing the promotion of nuclear program. However, it would bring severe hurt and casualties of the rank and file which may raise the vengeance about the world. Also rebuilding the collapse cities is a heavy economic burden for the whole world.
Thus, the most efficient and effective way to solve this problem is diplomatic way that countries make an agreement together and each member implement their own promise.

sanction 制裁
belligerent交战国
viability 可行性，生存能力
standoff 僵局，冷战
foolhardy 有勇无谋的，蛮干的
untenable站不住脚的
implement执行，实施
last resort最后手段
commendable值得赞扬的
yeild 产生
reluctance 勉强，不情愿
have no compunction about doing 不后悔……
intransigence不妥协，不让步
upcoming即将到来的
deployment部署，调度
Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP)巨型穿地导弹
vigilance警觉
know-how诀窍，专门技能
Persian Gulf波斯湾
nuclear deterrent核威慑力量
retaliation报复
pre-emptive先发制人
fortification防御工事
backfire逆火

1. Too often belligerent motives are ascribed to anyone who suggests the viability of the military option in resolving the international standoff over Iran's nuclear programme.
2. It would be foolhardy to argue that military action is the preferred policy option for stopping Iran's nuclear aspirations, which are strategically untenable for the United States.
3.For this kind of nipping in the bud strategy to work, the nuclear programme must be limited in scope, so that serious damage can be achieved with a single blow.
4.beyond the military response itself, it would open an account between Iran and whoever attacked it that would be very difficult to settle.
5.Regardless of how successful a particular attack might be, it is less likely to become the basis for a long-term solution to the challenge posed by a determined proliferator than would be a negotiated bargain.

抽象句型
1.Beyond A, it would open an account between B and C that would be very difficult to settle.除了带来A意外，它还会为B和C之间的带来一个非常难解决的问题。
2.Regardless of A, it is less likely to become the basis for a long-term solution to B.
不管A，他对于B不是一个长久之计

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-20 01:21:53 标题: 1-19 备考日志

1-8
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1049555&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D280%26amp%3Borderby%3Ddateline
Comment:
In this article, the author thinks that politics is closely related with the morality. It is difficult to balance within these two sides. For long term, the author offers a solution to take Christian as the mortality which could ensure that the society could have a high standard of mortality. Also this would decrease the incidence of political crime. Actually, the author’s idea is easy to understand. Kind-hearted citizens would comprise of a peaceful society which will have a steady political situation.
This article is an extraordinary template for us to study the writing skills and organization of paragraphs. This is also a good resource to grasp the points from. And some examples is also convergent to the conclusion that the author declares.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-20 10:56:02 标题: 1-20 备考日志

1-20
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1052619-1-1.html
Comment：
Today's topic is very interesting and cutting-edged. I like it very much because I could grasp all points that the author wants to demonstrate. Ha~~
In the field of biology and basic medical science, the main barrier that limits the development of science research is how to focus on specific targets. Without specificity, it is difficult to know the interaction among molecular and the pathways of signal transduction which are very essential to explain the mechanisms that different organs work together. Also specific targets have the same vital roles in the clinical therapy. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy to tumors have very low capacities to choose the tumor cell. In this way, not only tumor cells could be killed by the chemical toxin or radiation but also normal cells would be hurt in this process. After balancing the benefit and the injury that chemotherapy and radiotherapy bring, the patients have to suffer the side effects of them in order to survive. In this article, the author highlights a new method to target a group of specific neurons by transforming the virus that could fire into the brain neurons. The light signals could be traced and recorded which offer the original resources of neural activities. This great breakthrough gives a hint for neurobiologists to understand the brain activities and diseases. Maybe someday this type of virus could be apply in the clinical testing just like the tracer in PET. However, it is still a long way to arrive that stage because this issue is closely related with medical ethics. And control of viruses is another problem scientists should resolve before it is applied in public.

错字：
Contol—Control
Pulic—Public

optogenetics光遗传学
dystopia糟透的社会
numbingly使麻木的，失去知觉
schizophrenia精神分裂症
extinguish压制，熄灭
check off核查无误做上记号
legerdemain戏法，骗术
manipluate操纵，处理
limbic system 边缘系统
laser diodes激光二极管
fine-tuned 调整，微调

好句
1.
Over the past few years Crick’s vision for targeting neurons has begun to materialize thanks to a sophisticated combination of fiber optics and genetic engineering.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-20 12:15:06 标题: 1-20 备考日志

1-19
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1052308-1-1.html
Comment：
Although NEA (National Endowment for the Arts) made a great contribution to the promotion of arts to American citizens in early times, now its distribution of funding has less positive effect on the plural development of arts. In the article, the author said that the government sponsors arts because it could create lots of work positions but not for the art value they bring to society. Economic promotion replacing aesthetic value is over-focused by the NEA/the government. Thus, many artists would rather give up the funding in order to have the right of self determination.
Actually, any governments would like to sponsor the fields that could great benefit to the economy. However, there is no doubt that this action would limit the pluralism and diversity of this area. To balance this situation, I think the government should focus on both economic and aesthetic value, especially the latter one. The origin of arts is to bring happiness and pleasure to people.
错字：
Plurism—pluralism
Orgin- origin

bailout紧急求助
plead辩护
seemingly表面上看来
pull off努力实现
paltry无价值的
wangle设法脱身，骗取
beret贝雷帽
be in line for即将获得，有可能获得
provocative挑动性的，煽动性的刺激的
fashion from由……做成
mandate强制执行
evangelize传福音
bequest遗产
matinees白天举办的音乐会
thrive繁荣，蒸蒸日上
highbrow知识分子
entity实体
sabotage妨害，破坏……行动
accordion手风琴的
baptize受……的洗礼
puppetry木偶
epics史诗

Keep your soft-core socialism for Citigroup and the manufacturers of wooden arrows!不太明白~~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-20 15:36:22 标题: 1-20 备考日志

1-10
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1050228&extra=&page=1
Comment:
In this article, the author explains the subtle difference between uncertainty and risk. Uncertainty is full of unknown that it is difficult for us to predict the trend of development. However, we are familiar with most of the factors which are comprised in the risk. It is possible to control these factors which might decrease the rate the risk happens.
Then the author illustrates three methods to deal with the uncertainty: strategy anticipation, organizational agility and uncertainty absorption.
The assertion of the author really brings some fresh knowledge for me. Also this article teaches me some Golden Rule to survive in this competitive society.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-20 19:58:59 标题: 1-20 备考日志

Issue 125
The past likes a mirror that reflects the trend of development for the future. Based on my understanding of the society progression and science development, I hold the opposite viewpoint that the past could predict the future.

The future is a continuation of the past. The past provide solid and valid resources to make a summary of the rules of the events, which play key roles in the prediction. Basic to the forecasting the astronomical phenomena for astronomers are the observation records from the early times. The integrality and completeness would greatly devote to accurate forecasting.

Not limited in the "experience science", such as observation astronomy and meteorology, the past also gives hints to the "experimental science". The level of hormone of human bodies fluctuates within a very narrow range. Feedback regulations of hormone contribute to the homeostasis of bodies. After recognizing this point, studying the regulation of blood pressure seems to be much easie. The feedback theory guides the researcher to find a positive pathway which increases the blood pressure and another one to suppress the over-increase to prevent the heavy burden of the high blood pressure brings to the heart and brain.

The prediction of the future is about the trends that would be followed but not the details. Taking the society progression as a typical example, according to the history of human society, it is obvious to predict that the society would be more democratic and people would have greater freedom. But it is difficult to describe how to arrive this stage in very detail which depends on the situation at that time.

However, there might raise the question about the accuracy of the prediction. The past is also changing all the way. What we use to make a clear prediction is “dynamic past”, which means we need to update new information at any time to attain accurate predictions. Even the breakthroughs in different eras have their roots in the past. The background would give sufficient cues for the coming breakthroughs. The intensive contradictions between two countries would lead to a war. A severe economic crisis may due to the irreparable defective economic system. The information explosion asks for the spread of Internet.

In order to make prediction for the future, we need to collect complete information from the past and update it with current situation. And then abstract the rules and principles within this information. At last, we need to find the similarity of the future and the past and apply the rules to the future. From this process, we could draw a relative clear picture of the future.

Above all, the past is the most valuable experience that we have. We could make sufficient use of it to guide and instruct us for our future. The past may provide us the shortest route to get the destination and live efficient lives.

错字：
Phenonmena—phenomena
Experimental—experimental
Horomon— hormone
Homostasis-homeostasis

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-21 14:41:12 标题: 1-21 备考日志

1-21
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1053017-1-1.html
Comment：
Today's article introduces a new technology "electromagnetic pulses (EMPs)" that could punch holes on the steel. Prior to the traditional stamping pressure, EMPs could punch holes with smooth fringe without tearing the metal. And its high efficiency makes it outstanding when comparing with the laser methods.
The principle of this new technology is widely known. It makes use of the discharge from the capacitors to produce a strong current which is able to punch a hole on a piece of 30mm-diameter steel.
In my viewpoint, there are many classical principles in different fields that could be dug out to find new applications. That's one route to discover new inventions. And then the inventors just need adjust the principles to the new functions.

错字：
Techonology—technology
Digged-dug

a blast of
do away with 清除，废除
beef up 加强
coil线圈
repel排斥
stainless steel不锈钢
Volkswagen 大众汽车
burr 毛边
blunt钝的，不锋利的
stamping冲压，冲击制品

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-22 10:06:57 标题: 1-22 备考日志

1-22
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1053277-1-1.html
Comment:
I like today's topic very much. The reasoning line of this article is very clear. Without big words that are difficult to understand. I can grasp the whole idea of the author.
Conformity and individuality is a hot topic that whole society widely discussed. By conforming to each other, it may bring peace and harmony not only in small groups but also between countries. However, in nowadays individuality should be give higher esteem, because it might make breakthroughs without compromising to the authority figures. And being ourselves is the best way to satisfy our inner needs according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs which emphasizes self actualization is on the top of the pyramid.
Chinese people keep thinking the reason for that there is no Chinese from mainland could achieve Nobel Prize. In my opinion, we pursuit conformity excessively while overlook the benefit of individuality. In other words, we don't have enough freedom to do what we desire to. I agree with the points that conformity is comprised of individualities and every one represents the unique in the world. We couldn't deny the world of our potentially unique contribution by following the crowd.

错字：
Emphasise—emphasize

Words:
irreconcilable不能和解的
prosecution检举
be plead with恳求
feed up with 厌倦
unscrupulous肆无忌惮的
authority figures权威人物
aptly适宜地
句子：
1.Absence makes the heart grow fonder.小别胜新欢
2. The truth is individuality and conformity are merely different sides of the same coin.
3. For as Hermann Hesse (1877 ~ 1895) wrote, "Every man is more than just himself; he also represents the unique, the very special and always significant and remarkable point at which the world's phenomena intersect, only once in this way and never again."
4. We need to conform, but not at the price of abandoning reason and common sense.
5. Nietzsche quote, "You have your way. I have my way. As for the right way, the correct way, and the only way, it does not exist."
6．Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 ~ 1900): "The surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently."

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-22 10:09:48

说说1-21的备考吧~
效率低，主要是因为某人的缘故，写了一篇A137一篇I51，
A感觉没有想象中的容易，也搭上什么都没看，直接写
I更是让我想了许久
写出来后却被从头批到尾
不过某人也的确说的实实在在
AW最重要的是逻辑，其次是语言的准确性，最后是语法
我的那篇整个逻辑混乱，加上乱用大词，最后就是语法乱糟糟
没法要了，吸取教训，争取每天都有进步~
加油！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-23 17:12:27 标题: 1-23 备考日志

1-23
原文https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1053643-1-1.html
Comment:
Economic topic is still difficult for me to grasp the ideas. I couldn't wholly understand that why banks bankruptcy could lead to the economic crisis throughout the world. What's the function of invest banks which could sell products that are still not be produced? From this article, the author tries to propose that the all banks need to have greater buffers so as to prevent the recession from happening again. Also in this bonus season, the government of America asks for the charge for liability levy from banks which is regarded as guarantee for the banks. However, the functions of banks is just collect the spare money from the rank and file and put them into the big projects that need a large amount of money. Why do banks invest money to some products that do not exist?

错字：
Gurantee—guarantee

Words:
devastation毁坏，荒废
pact合约
a lender of last resort最后贷款人
liability 负债
underwriting 保险
levy征税
rein in 放慢
self-fulfilling prophecy自我验证的预言

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-26 00:21:59

说说这几天吧~~~到24号坚持每天1篇A，一篇I
呼~~有时候一篇可以磨好久
不过还好，至少坚持下来了~~
25号一天看题库，但是看得很慢，一天下来60个，现在仍在继续，因为我今天的目标是100~~
不看完不睡觉！加油！！！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-27 22:46:16

先来说说这两天吧~~
绝望呀~~
感觉有太多要看，却永远看不完
Argue题库还没过完，明天要继续
不过今天把原来XDF的笔记看了下，把一些有用的小段子大概看了几遍，尝试着写一道没写过提纲的题目
虽然还是没有在30分钟内写完，不过字数已经明显有长进了~
而且篇幅也因为加进了一些模板语言而变的长了，但是我提醒自己不能被模板的字数所迷惑就不把自己的观点解释清楚，总算是有点进步了~~
心态也平和了不少，绝对不延期！！！
加油！
现在去写comments好几天没看了~~罪过呀~~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-28 00:50:05 标题: 1-27

1-27
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1054792-1-1.html
Comment
The combination of medical science and engineering has brought large benefit to whole human society. Taking MRI as a typical example, MRI could present a clear digital picture for doctors who could make proper diagnose depending on the MRI result. And the spreading of modern medical technology gives access to patients consult many experienced doctors so as to get accurate diagnoses, which could help patients save less money on the physical examinations.
Admittedly, modern technology is beneficial for most of the patients. There emerge some problems at the same time. Overuse of the modern technology weakens the relation between doctors and patients, which could raise the contradiction between these two sides. Additionally, at the initial phase, the new technology would cost more than the old examination which may be burden to some patients.
Consequently, the effect of medical modern technology is still controversial. Big machines could not take place of emotional care that doctors give to the patients in the old time.
错字：
Diagnoises—diagnoses
marvel 奇迹
be reluctant to 不情愿做某事
with gusto满怀热情的
in fits and starts间歇性的
long-heralded 从前预言的
bring to bear on 将应用于……
untenable站不住脚的

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-29 23:59:47

1-29
1月就要结束了~~
纠结的心情，今天的心里愈加的乱，想到了很多
晚上爸爸的电话让我忍不住掉眼泪，大学以来第二次
不过还是要坚定的走下去，无论如何，当初是自己做出的决定，就要对自己的决定负责，不要辜负那些一直支持自己的人
今天写了一篇A，发现不是熟悉的医院题材，在没看过题目的前提下，自己果真会乱了阵脚，不过整体下来好好，不求面面俱到，但求透彻吧，多么希望可以考医院呀~
修改了一篇I56，基本上属于重新写，昨天从同学那里学到了一些东西，把问题的切入点找到了，似乎比干说要容易许多，恩~~
明天加油吧~既然选择了远方，就要风雨兼程

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-1-31 22:15:14

1-31
转眼已经月末了~还有10天~~
纠结~现在的心情呀~~~呼
不过还是要能弄多少弄多少，不能放弃就好！
过去了就拨开云雾见彩虹了~加油！
给自己鼓劲吧~

作者: jinziqi 时间: 2010-1-31 22:18:09

嗯嗯加油加油！！ (*^__^*)

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-2-1 16:49:42

2-1
原文：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthre ... p;page=1&extra=
In this lecture, Emerson empahsized two factors should be always kept in mind are Nature and History. I really appreciate his saying that "To the young mind, everything is individual, stands by itself." In other words, Emerson called for the independent thinking and rely on the nature instead of the arbiters in that field. History, as another important part in people's lives, should be fully focused. The most efficient way to understand history is reading book, which could give a broad view about "yesterday". As the limitation by the knowlege and the technology authors from different times might make some mistakes. Through laborious reading, we could know how the science move forward step by step and draw a blueprint for the future development.

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-2-3 17:14:20

2-3
日子开始过得很快，似乎才明白AW在要求我们做些什么
华丽的语言和多变的句式，与我只是个奢求
我只要求自己一步一步把该说的说清楚
恩~~
这两天受到了某大牛的亲自指点，
真的受益很多
无论是想法，还是写法上
我想对于AW中都是非常重要的~~
嘿~~在此先对大牛表示万分的感谢~~嘿~
等我考完一定把大牛对我的指导整理好，分享给大家~
给自己加油！先吃饭去，然后再模考一次~~~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-2-6 10:18:10

呼，日子开始过得飞快~~现在唯一能做的就是抓紧最后几天~
到了现在，该知道的都已经知道怎么做了~
剩下的就是去做喽~
加油加油！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-2-10 20:18:16

明天就要考了~呼~~
紧张~~不过现在心情到也还算平和~有点大无畏~
自己准备的可以说不太充分~~
但是就先尽力吧~
加油！

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2010-2-11 22:54:35

考完了~~告一段落~~呼~~
I103
A是感冒药~~恩~

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