【ARGUMENT--bring order out of chaos】之 "君子之辩"

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PASSAGE ONE:
.总观点：Natural selection使得animals变笨
论证：一组实验数据表明wolves比dogs更聪明
攻击：1 Natural selection不是domestication，偷换概念

2 dogs和wolves不代表所有的animals 以偏概全

3 做实验的dogs and wolves是否具有代表性

观点1：Natural selection会让domestic animals退化
Domestication is not normally reckoned good for a species’s intelligence. All that grey matter is expensive to grow, so if you have an owner to do your thinking for you, then you do not need so much of it. Natural selection (not to mention deliberate selection by people) might therefore be expected to dumb domestic animals down.


观点2：狗是例外，即狗经过natural selection会进化得clever
论据： experiment证实狗理解人的行为ànatural selection使得狗intelligence得到提高
                      狗的祖先wolves不能
       又有实验证实wolves比dogs聪明
Dogs, however, look like an exception to this rule. Some, such as herding sheepdogs, have been bred for tasks that seem to involve a lot of intelligence. More intriguingly有趣地, an experiment carried out in 2004 by Brian Hare, then at Harvard and now of Duke University in North Carolina, suggested that natural selection in the context of domestication had boosted dogs’ intelligence, too, by allowing them to understand human behaviour in a way that their ancestors, wolves, cannot. The latest study of the matter, however, suggests that is not the case after all, and that wolves, not dogs, are the clever ones.
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Dr Hare’s experiments involved showing his animals two upside-down cups, one of which covered food. A human would then gesture(v.作手势) in some way at the cup covering the food. In theory, if the animal being tested was properly interpreting the gestures, it should have been lured to the object that the experimenter was indicating. And that is what Dr Hare found. Dogs selected the cup hiding the food far more than half the time, whereas the wolves he used for comparison got it right no more frequently than chance.


.观点3：domestic dogs与人居住一段时间后具有理解人行为的能力
宠物狗，野狗和养的wolves实验中wolves更聪明
That led him to conclude that domestic dogs have evolved an ability to understand what their masters are up to by living among people for so long. Monique Udell of the University of Florida, however, begs to differ. She observed that Dr Hare’s wolves, though captive, had not been raised among humans, and wondered whether learning rather than evolution explained his observations. Her team therefore worked with a mixture of pet dogs, dogs from animal shelters that had had minimal interaction with people, and wolves raised by humans. They exposed their animals to an experiment similar to Dr Hare’s and came up with strikingly different results.
As they report in Animal Behaviour, the wolves outperformed both shelter dogs and pets. Indeed, six of the eight wolves followed human gestures perfectly in more than eight out of ten trials. Only three of eight pets were as successful as that and, as with Dr Hare’s wolves, none of the shelter dogs performed better than chance. Far from being dumb, then, wolves are smarter than dogs. You just have to bring 'em up proper.

PASSAGE TWO:
.论点：the country’s children appear to be becoming dumber.
论据：相隔30年的学生在同一测试中现在表现不如以前