【ARGUMENT--bring order out of chaos】之 "君子之辩"

abi-gailUID：2624616

PASSAGE ONE:
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Domestication is not normally reckoned good for a species’s intelligence. All that grey matter is expensive to grow, so if you have an owner to do your thinking for you, then you do not need so much of it. Natural selection (not to mention deliberate selection by people) might therefore be expected to dumb domestic animals down.
逻辑很差劲，见笑~ 看到最后才想起来那个grey matter是脑灰质…… 囧
P1
观点---老观点Domestication impeded species’ intelligence. 暗示新观点 good in some cases
解释老观点---owners think for animals>>>dumb down
Dogs, however, look like an exception to this rule. Some, such as herding sheepdogs, have been bred for tasks that seem to involve a lot of intelligence. More intriguingly, an experiment carried out in 2004 by Brian Hare, then at Harvard and now of Duke University in North Carolina, suggested that natural selection in the context of domestication had boosted dogs’ intelligence, too, by allowing them to understand human behaviour in a way that their ancestors, wolves, cannot. The latest study of the matter, however, suggests that is not the case after all, and that wolves, not dogs, are the clever ones.

P2
例外---dogs exception (sheepdogs bred for tasks>>> intelligence)
实验1---dog>wolf >>>  (now>ancestor)
实验2---wolf>dog>>> (now>\ancestor)


Dr Hare’s experiments involved showing his animals two upside-down cups, one of which covered food. A human would then gesture in some way at the cup covering the food. In theory, if the animal being tested was properly interpreting the gestures, it should have been lured to the object that the experimenter was indicating. And that is what Dr Hare found. Dogs selected the cup hiding the food far more than half the time, whereas the wolves he used for comparison got it right no more frequently than chance.

P3
描述实验1--- human gesture>>>lure>>>pick cup（animal num. unknown）
猜想---(more intelligent)>>> properly interpreting gestures>>>pick right
结果---dog with human>wolf without human
（结论---dog>wolf）

That led him to conclude that domestic dogs have evolved an ability to understand what their masters are up to by living among people for so long. Monique Udell of the University of Florida, however, begs to differ. She observed that Dr Hare’s wolves, though captive, had not been raised among humans, and wondered whether learning rather than evolution explained his observations. Her team therefore worked with a mixture of pet dogs, dogs from animal shelters that had had minimal interaction with people, and wolves raised by humans. They exposed their animals to an experiment similar to Dr Hare’s and came up with strikingly different results.
P4
分析结论---evolve ability by living among people
实验2---猜想：Learning rather than evolution
       Sample: dogs with human
              Dogs without human
              Wolves with human
       Procedure: akin to 实验1

As they report in Animal Behaviour, the wolves outperformed both shelter dogs and pets. Indeed, six of the eight wolves followed human gestures perfectly in more than eight out of ten trials. Only three of eight pets were as successful as that and, as with Dr Hare’s wolves, none of the shelter dogs performed better than chance. Far from being dumb, then, wolves are smarter than dogs. You just have to bring 'em up proper.
P5
实验2
结果--- wolves with human(6/8 * 8/10=3/5 )>dogs with human(3/8 * 8/10=3/10) > dogs without human我这样算有没错啊~~~囧
结论--- wolf>dog
      >>>>human bring up important>>>>


提纲：
1.
owners think for animals ? dumb down (no change/smarter)
2.
expri.1 More intelligent=properly interpreting gestures? X


Wrong comparison: +dogs without human +wolf with human

Evolve ability by living with human？
dogs ancestor wolf
?

dogs without human

3.Experi.2 limited subjects not representative

Genuine Smart wolf dumb dogs = = 强词夺理

+ wolf without human to improve the importance of human bring up

Procedure: good comparison with expri.1 but fail to certify the conclusion

Improvement: only gesture…(mentioned above)
4.
not representative

two kinds of animals num.;
unique case?
5. in sum