Adeline1006G备考日志~不迁怒，不贰过

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实际上是这样
1.你的论述必须有合理的分析
所谓说理性文字
让读者知道你们做出这个结论的心理过程
他们才能follow你，才能信服你
而不是直接下定义
2.你们找的反驳性例子，必须足够合理
应该说，ARGUMENT的断定性语言不能用反例来打败
你必须说清楚的是：1.反例出现以后对命题的关键性影响 2.反例是普遍性的
比如有一篇在沼泽地建立机场的argument
很多人反对建立机场的原因是天气可能不会很好
这显然是一个极其小概率事件
即使有1，2天天气不好
也影响不到argument本身
你需要找更加普遍的反例
比如建立机场会破坏当地的生态环境
这才是critical strike
关于如何让反例合理
这里有一篇文章，可以看看https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=927873&highlight=
我希望你们能在刚开始接触A的时候就有这么个认识
不要向我这样，写了一个月，才发现自己就是在瞎扯
以前人走过的弯路，你们最好能避开
我的ISSUE就犯了如此错误，这就是我至今仍然更多专注于A题目而非模板的原因呐~~
3就是restate
这是一个非常重要的技巧
关于这个，你们可以看看这个https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-976493-1-1.html
对比1，2，13，14楼
第二段
明显经过收尾restate，辩驳有力了许多
最后就是
少说废话
尤其是很多人喜欢开头重复一下作者原来的话然后才开始辩驳
这个是根本完全没必要的
关于这个你们看这里
第三段主题句我的改写
开头直接拿出的应当是你们的目的,而不是作者的原话，或者原话的改写
只需要明确的说出原文的问题就行了
比如说这是我以前改过的一个人的ts
Another point which undermines the argument is that recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt don't necessarily mean the decrease of sea ice in Canada's arctic region
完全就是改写文章里面的原话
然后你们对比一下我改写的
In addition, global trend could hardly indicate precise situation of particular region
不要去重复文章
很少有文章有2个偷换概念
如果实在觉得读者会误解
就在后面解释
TS句绝对不能restate
是绝对！
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=939802&highlight=

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Ensue

part of speech: vi
English: Issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end; "result in tragedy".
Chinese: 接着发生，接踵而来

context(This word is utilized to describe):
Eventuality
Posteriority
Sequence

Example:

1.If too many endothelial cells are destroyed, corneal edema and blindness ensue, with corneal transplantation the only available therapy.

2.Testing is of benefit only if there is access to the necessary comprehensive health services and resources that ensue from case/carrier detection.

3.Sales of mining equipment and machinery will ensue thereafter, especially for the exploration and on-site processing of mining deposits.

4.Once the formalities and pleasantries are dispensed with, substantive discussion can ensue.


Inculcate

part of speech: vt
English: Teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions.
Chinese: 竭力主张，极力灌输

context(This word is utilized to describe):
Teaching


Example:

1.Let us extricate our country from the dangers which surround it and learn wisdom from the lessons they inculcate.

2.Even in primary schools, children are inculcated with the admiration of scientific bias.

Ample

part of speech: adj
English:
1. More than enough in size or scope or capacity; "had ample food for the party"; "an ample supply".
2. Affording an abundant supply; "had ample food for the party"; "copious provisions"; "food is plentiful"; "a plenteous grape harvest"; "a rich supply".
3. Fairly large; "a sizable fortune"; "an ample waistline"; "of ample proportions".
Chinese: 充足的，丰富的，丰满的，硕大的 （注意这个词比enough还要enough,如果用来形容breasts,那么就真是波霸了）

Context(This word is utilized to describe):
Sufficiency
Space
Size
Greatness
Breadth
Thickness

Example:

1.We have ample opportunities in this court for learning what women mean, or what they mean they mean if in these days they mean anything at all.

2.I never knew her breasts were so ample.

3.Yes, but see, the clock stops ringing once I throw it against the wall giving me ample time to fall back to sleep.

4.These trees grow quickly and produce ample shade in two years.

5.Streets of the FSA (Farm Security Administration) defense workers village are broad and well paved, ample for the traffic of this rapidly expanding housing project.

Imperative

part of speech: adj
English: Requiring attention or action.(urgent)
Chinese: 紧迫的，紧急的，专制的(政府，人)

Context(This word is utilized to describe):
Duty
Requirement
Severity

Example:

1.In the future, it will be imperative that markedly improved techniques be applied in each clinical study.

2.Gen. Sheikh Mohammed feels that the e-government initiative is imperative for Dubai to continue to thrive economically.

3.The economic crisis made continued private financing imperative but problematic.

4.In such a case it is imperative to enter into a legal contract and receive RBI approval.

Sanguine
part of speech: adj
English: Confidently optimistic and cheerful
Chinese: 乐观的，充满希望的

Context(This word is utilized to describe):
Expectation
Imagination
Hope
Belief

Example:

1.I shall never be able to realise the too sanguine hopes of my friends, for at twenty-eight I am a thoroughly old man - mentally and bodily

2.I cannot be so sanguine as Mr. Weston

3.The condition and prospects of the revenue are more favorable than our most sanguine expectations had anticipated

4.Our population advances with a celerity which, exceeding the most sanguine calculations, proportionally augments our strength and resources, and guarantees our future security.

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[抛砖引玉 每日一例]--J.D.Salinger & The Cathcher in the Rye[2010-02-01]

KEY WORD: 1、作家 author 2、《麦田里的守望者》 The Cathcher in the Rye 3、美国当代文学 contemporary American literature 4、反英雄形象 antihero 5、美国战后 postwar America 6、垮掉的一代 the Beat Generation 7、隐居 seclusion 8、社会现实 social reality 有关题目（ISSUE）： 139"Every new generation needs to redefine 'right' and 'wrong' in its own terms and according to the conditions of its own time." 3"It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations." 86"Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition." 6"The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth." 63"To truly understand your own culture—no matter how you define it—requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own." 104"It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears." 208"The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people." 203"The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines." 131"The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society." 144"It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value." *a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc. 143"Artists should pay little attention to their critics.* Criticism tends to undermine and constrain the artist's creativity."   *those who evaluate works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc. 76"Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society." 57"The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience." 155"Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important."        传奇“遁世”作家、《麦田里的守望者》作者塞林格美国当地时间二十七日在位于新罕布什尔州的家中逝世，享年九十一岁。        美国媒体二十八日的报道称，塞林格的儿子在一份声明中宣布了上述消息，并称父亲是自然死亡。杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格一九一九年一月一日出生于美国纽约一个犹太富商家庭，一九四二年塞林格从军，一九四四年前往欧洲战场从事反间谍工作。一九四六年塞林格退伍，回到纽约开始专心创作。他的第一本长篇小说《麦田里的守望者》一九五一年出版，获得了很大的成功，使其一举成名。全书以出身美国中产阶级家庭的十六岁中学生霍尔顿·考尔德的口吻叙述，塑造了美国当代文学中最早的反英雄形象之一。该书一经问世便风靡全球，在青少年中引起强烈共鸣，主人公霍尔顿也成为美国战后“垮掉的一代”的代表人物。        据称，该书在全球以各种版本发行了六千万册。《麦田里的守望者》获得成功之后，塞林格变得更孤僻。他在新罕布什尔州乡间的河边小山附近买下了九十多英亩的土地，在山顶上建了一座小屋，过起了隐居的生活。他虽然从未放弃写作，但他在一九五一年之后，就很少公开出版自己的作品。2009年六月，塞林格的律师向纽约曼哈顿联邦法院提交了诉讼文件，要求强制回收即将于秋季在美国问世、一瑞典作家为其续写的小说《六十年之后：穿越麦田》，最后美国法官勒令该续集不准在美国出版。 《麦田里的守望者》内容简介：        主人公霍尔顿是出身于富裕中产阶级的十六岁少年，在第四次被开除出学校之后，不敢贸然回家，只身在美国最繁华的纽约城游荡了一天两夜，住小客店，逛夜总会，滥交女友，酗酒……他看到了资本主义社会的种种丑恶，接触了各式各样的人物，其中大部分是“假模假式的”伪君子。        霍尔顿几乎看不惯周围发生的一切，他甚至想逃离这个现实世界，到穷乡僻壤去假装一个又聋又哑的人，但要真正这样做，又是不可能的，结果他只能生活在矛盾之中：他这一辈子最痛恨电影，但百无聊赖中又不得不在电影院里消磨时间；他厌恶没有爱情的性关系，却又糊里糊涂地叫来了妓女；他讨厌虚荣庸俗的女友萨丽，却又迷恋她的美色。        因此，他尽管看不惯世道，却只好苦闷、彷惶，用种种不切实际的幻想安慰自己，自欺欺人，最后仍不免对现实社会妥协，成不了真正的叛逆，这可以说是作者塞林格和他笔下人物霍尔顿的悲剧所在。 塞林格其人：        杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格（JeromeDavidSalinger，1919年1月1日出生）父亲是做于酪和火腿进口生意的犹太商人，家境相当富裕。塞林格十五岁的时候，被父母送到宾夕法尼亚州一个军事学校里住读，据说《麦田里的守望者》中关于寄宿学校的描写，很大部分是以那所学校为背景的。一九三六年，塞林格在军事学校毕业，取得了他毕生唯一的一张文凭。从一九四○年在《小说》杂志上发表他的头一个短篇小说起，到一九五一年出版他的长篇小说《麦田里的守望者》止，在十余年中他共发表了二十多个短篇，有些短篇还在《老爷》、《纽约人》等著名刊物上发表。他的《麦田里的守望者》被认为是二十世纪美国文学的经典作品之一。终其一生，塞林格结集出版的只有短篇小说集《九故事》，其中主角都是一些不合时宜的男女青年。塞林格成名后一直隐居的生活。 from:http://world.people.com.cn/GB/10871665.html

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[抛砖引玉 每日一例]-- e-mail? grey mail... [2010-02-02]

KEY WORD: 1、电子邮件e-mail 2、即时信息Instant Message(IM) 3、社交网站Social Network Site(SNS) 4、交流communication 5、效率efficiency 6、科技technology 有关题目（ISSUE）： 151"High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication." 74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language." 215"The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time." 219"Now that computer technology has made possible the rapid accessing of large amounts of factual information, people are less likely than ever to think deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with—much less contribute to—the quantity of information that is now available electronically." 155"Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important." 38"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books." 233"Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning." 237"Computers and video technology can make facsimiles of original works such as paintings and historical documents available to everyone. The great advantage of this new technology is that it will enable anyone—not just scholars—to conduct in-depth research without having access to the original works." 66"As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate." 30"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time." 107"Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well-reasoned points of view." 206"People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do." 124"Instant foods, instant communication, faster transportation-all of these recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instead of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever before." 58"The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves." 159"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds." 166"Over the past century, the most significant contribution of technology has been to make people's lives more comfortable." 196"Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life." 129"Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life." 31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial." 69"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development" 88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics." 114"Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity." 77"People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered, separate goals, people need to understand that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whole." 116"With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society—including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences—will benefit greatly from international influences." Email花了20年才形成风气，但可能花不到一半的时间就会完全消失 　　汤姆·汉克斯和梅格·瑞安主演的《电子情书》，使Email在10年前成为了最时尚的通讯方式。中国人还给电子邮件起了个好听的名字“伊妹儿”。可如今，“伊妹儿”渐渐老去，已经逐渐演变成了“灰妹儿”(grey mail)。 　　伊妹儿变灰妹儿 　　英国肯特大学社会人类学的一项调查表明，电子邮件已经失去了以往的魅力，上百万的青少年已经不再把电子邮件作为主要的交流工具。为了交流更加迅速，越来越多的青少年开始转向使用即时信息(IM)和社交网站，而非电子邮件。 　　尽管目前全世界的Email信箱还是满满的，但是专家相信，它们正在衰亡。原因是它们速度过慢、不方便联系。主持这项研究的大卫·泽特林教授称，网民更愿意选择使用Facebook和Twitter，因为可以通过这类网站及时向所有朋友发布信息，节省了发送邮件和书写文本的时间。英国的著名宽带提供商 TalkTalk也做过一次调查，发现只有50%的英国青少年认为Email是交流的首选。但是，老一辈人还是很依赖Email的，98%年龄在65岁以上的人还在使用Email。也许这就是“伊妹儿”如今被叫做“灰妹儿”的原因吧。 　　20年成名，10年消失 　　Email不再受宠还有一个重要的原因是：太不流行了。肯特大学的戴维·萨汀教授说：“Email花了20年才形成风气。但可能花不到一半的时间就会完全消失。”专家推测，现在时髦的人喜欢“一次完成”的通讯方式。例如，在Twitter上的一则短讯，同时可以发给所有的好友看。 　　 “电子邮件最大的缺点就是又慢又不时尚，如果给朋友发送些相片要等上好久，如果是歌曲或视频那就更惨。可是在社交网站上就可以直接进入我的主页，随便浏览了。还有，电子邮件中那些垃圾邮件也很恼人。”伦敦大学学生约翰·邵普说。MSN、QQ、Twitter、Facebook……层出不穷的通讯软件既有电子邮件的通信功能，同时还有即时性，此外，各种视频、游戏、播放功能给使用者带来了很多娱乐效果。与它们相比，Email更像是步入不惑的中年人，和时尚流行渐渐脱节。 　　效率让Email说拜拜 　　“我最喜欢IM的原因是，你可以邀请第三方加入对话，就好像电话的多方通话功能一样，比起这些，Email显得好无聊、好沉闷。”在中国传媒大学大一学生张诗如看来，网络就像一个族群，发一条讯息，几分钟之内，感兴趣的人马上就会答复你，大大节省了复制、转发的时间。“这周要开圣诞舞会，我就把信息放在了MSN签名、开心网动态区、 Facebook留言板上，如今已经有70多人回复了。” 　　在现代科技的帮助下，时尚、快捷、简易才是现代人所追求的。“在过去的20 年中，Email成为人们在互联网上交流的主要模式，但这并不代表Email不会被代替。”TalkTalk的传媒总监马克·史密德告诉本报记者，在这个信息高速发展的社会，效率显得尤为重要。现在越来越多的人更倾向于一种快速简短的沟通方式。根据这一趋势，Email的未来并不乐观，很有可能在10年之后就会渐渐退出历史舞台。“比如，我只有在上班的时候才会去查邮件，那么你的采访就要耽误2天的时间，可在Facebook上，2分钟就解决了。”马克说。 http://world.people.com.cn/GB/10629377.html

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题材：法律与道德；适合题目：17，174，178，180，169
Law vs. Moralityby Tibor Machan
Tibor Machan is an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute.
Added to cato.org on March 21, 2002
This article appeared on cato.org on March 21, 2002.

When the Enron case broke, many business bashers jumped at the chance to blame deregulation for the mess. The same had occurred when California started to experience blackouts and hikes in energy costs last year.
Indeed, following some mild moves in the direction of a genuine free market in many parts of the globe and even here in the USA, a lot of well- positioned commentators with clearly statist sentiments experienced near-panic. Indeed, there might be, after decades and decades of sliding toward broader and broader scope for government authority in our lives, some retreat of state power in the offing. This, obviously, couldn't be allowed.
So, one way to attempt a reversal of the rather mild trend toward privatization and deregulation is to begin to blame everything on freedom. And one plausible spin would be to declare that corporations are no different from rouge states, in need, therefore, of the heavy hand of benign government regulators.
In the back of some of these desperate efforts -- to stem any advance toward greater individual liberty in human community life -- is a lesson that might otherwise be missed. It is that when the state does gain widespread intrusive legal authority in the lives of the citizenry, the citizenry will begin to be guided not by its moral conscience and common sense but by the sole consideration of whether what people are doing is OK with the law-makers. Some corporations, for example, declare up front that they are not interested in business ethics -- which they take to vary from culture to culture -- but only in the law. (Which probably is what accounts for the prominence of legal departments at most corporate headquarters.)
But the problem extends farther than business. Recently in Orange County, California, the American Red Cross sponsored an event at a privately owned hotel to which a group of high school students had been invited to sing. Having learned that the singers would belt out some songs that had religious content, the Red Cross folks decided to demand that these be removed from the program, probably figuring that such would be the PC and legally harmless thing to do these days. And as much as this outraged a great many people in the community and ultimately led the Red Cross to issue an apology, what transpired made some kind of perverse sense.
When activities are carried out or supervised by the legal authorities, the principle that no special favors must be extended is the rule. Under the law, everyone must be treated the same, without regard to religion, color, national origin, and other special attributes. It is this idea that animates the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and, indeed, the rule of law itself.
The reasoning behind this is rather straightforward. The law governs us all as human beings who live in human communities. So, it is only our common humanity that must come into play as far as the law is concerned, nothing special about us. If one must not kill, assault, kidnap or rob others, that applies simply by virtue of being human not because one hails from Japan or has dark skin pigmentation. That is one reason why segregation, dictated by the laws of various Southern states, was so clearly unjust. That is why even when it would appear to make some sense, racial profiling is a very dubious police practice. That is why sexual or ethnic discrimination by governments is to be forbidden.
But there is a conflict between this unexceptional idea and the widening of the scope of government power. When we get away from the simple negative principles of a just human community -- don't kill, don't assault, don't rob, don't rape and such, meaning, basically, that we should all live together peacefully -- and start regimenting the details of human life, people are no longer similar at all, quite the contrary. Maybe some should and some should not smoke. Maybe some should and some should not go to church. Maybe some should and others should not paint certain kinds of pictures or play certain sports or purchase SUVs or talk with the animals. Only at some very basic level are we all -- or virtually all of us -- alike. We become differentiated rather quickly as it concerns the details of our lives -- some are parents, some teachers, some tall, some women, some young, some athletes, some Roman Catholics, some Jews, some Moonies and some even agnostics or atheists.
Well, in a community that respects -- and has made provisions for the protection of individual rights -- the diversity of human life has nearly free reign. Just look around America and this becomes evident! If now government tries to apply its principles of equal protection under the law to all the different areas of human activity that can arise in a highly diverse society, the task will be impossible and nearly totalitarian. If the American Red Cross acts, then, like a quasi-government, making its program suited to everyone equally, it will find itself unable to do anything even mildly special, let alone controversial. But if its programs are carried out for the general public, it could become concerned about whether to conform to the spirit if not the letter of the law. It may not have to but it may still consider it politically prudent to do this.
This is how we begin to leave our common sense and try to make practices adjust to some artificial one-size-fits-all vision of community life that, in fact, fits no one at all. But once education, recreation and athletics -- to list but a few things people do in life -- become quasi-government affairs, they cannot be differentiated based on different needs of different segments and members of communities. They gradually become the same, or at least pretend to be such, so as to accommodate the now impossible ideal of the now highly intrusive rule of law.
Not only will this generate completely artificial practices and bans but it will also take our minds off what is really important, namely, figuring out on our own how we should conduct ourselves in our lives. We now will be inclined to focus not on morality or ethics but on public policy and law. That is quite understandable, since when law and public policy are not heeded, severe consequences can ensue. We can be found to be law-breakers, which brings about costly sanctions. You smoke in a pub now and this means going to court, paying fines, putting your life on hold. You offend some group and spend years in court!
The American Red Cross officials may perhaps not be fully forgiven for losing their common sense but it is at least understandable why they worried so much about being politically correct. With religious songs at an event open to the public, they would risk bringing down upon them the wrath of the American Civil Liberties Union if not immediately the local police.
A society where laws have become the answer to all human problems, laws get completely confusing and many people begin to be concerned with nothing other than avoiding violating the law. Such a society is very likely to see ethics and morality slowly but surely recede from its midst.
链接：http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3424

AdelineShenUID：2630498

Enron Was a Favorable Event - Issues and Answers to Make Business and Capitalism More Competitive.

         一直以来，Enron 身上都笼罩着一层层的金色光环：作为世界最大的能源交易商，Enron在2000年的总收入高达1010亿美元，名列《财富》杂志“美国500强”的第七名；掌控着美国20％的电能和天然气交易，是华尔街竞相追捧的宠儿；Enron股票是所有的证券评级机构都强力推荐的绩优股，股价高达70多美元并且仍然呈上升之势。直到破产前，公司营运业务覆盖全球40个国家和地区，共有雇员2．1万人，资产额高达620亿美元；Enron一直鼓吹自己是“全球领先企业”，业务包括能源批发与零售、宽带、能源运输以及金融交易，连续4年获得“美国最具创新精神的公司”称号，并与小布什政府关系密切……

        Enron的噩梦

        2001年年初，一家有着良好声誉的短期投资机构老板吉姆·切欧斯公开对Enron的盈利模式表示了怀疑。他指出，虽然Enron的业务看起来很辉煌，但实际上赚不到什么钱，也没有人能够说清Enron是怎么赚钱的。据他分析，Enron的盈利率在2000年为5％，到了2001年初就降到2％以下，对于投资者来说，投资回报率仅有7％左右。

        切欧斯还注意到有些文件涉及了Enron背后的partnerships，这些公司和Enron有着说不清的幕后交易，作为Enron的首席执行官，斯基林一直在抛出手中的Enron股票———而他不断宣称Enron的股票会从当时的70美元左右升至126美元。而且按照美国法律规定，公司董事会成员如果没有离开董事会，就不能抛出手中持有的公司股票。

         也许正是这一点引发了人们对Enron的怀疑，并开始真正追究Enron的盈利情况和现金流向。到了8月中旬，人们对于Enron的疑问越来越多，并最终导致了股价下跌。8月9日，Enron股价已经从年初的80美元左右跌到了42美元。

         10月16日，Enron发表2001年第二季度财报，宣布公司亏损总计达到6．18亿美元，即每股亏损1．11美元。同时首次透露因首席财务官安德鲁·法斯托与合伙公司经营不当，公司股东资产缩水12亿美元。

          10月22日，美国证券交易委员会瞄上Enron，要求公司自动提交某些交易的细节内容。并最终于10月31日开始对安然及其合伙公司进行正式调查。

          11月1日，Enron抵押了公司部分资产，获得J．P摩根和所罗门史密斯巴尼的10亿美元信贷额度担保，但美林和标普公司仍然再次调低了对Enron的评级。

11月8日，Enron被迫承认做了假账，虚报数字让人瞠目结舌：自1997年以来，Enron虚报盈利共计近6亿美元。

11月9日，迪诺基公司宣布准备用80亿美元收购Enron，并承担130亿美元的债务。当天午盘安然股价下挫0．16美元。

11月28日，标准普尔将Enron债务评级调低至“垃圾债券”级。

11月30日，Enron股价跌至0．26美元，市值由峰值时的800亿美元跌至2亿美元。

12月2日，Enron正式向破产法院申请破产保护，破产清单中所列资产高达498亿美元，成为美国历史上最大的破产企业。当天，Enron还向法院提出诉讼，声称迪诺基中止对其合并不合规定，要求赔偿。

     Enron模式的破产

     首先遭到质疑的是Enron的管理层，包括董事会、监事会和公司高级管理人员。他们面临的指控包括疏于职守、虚报账目、误导投资人以及牟取私利等。

      在10月16日Enron公布第二季度财报以前，Enron的财务报告是所有投资者都乐于见到的。看看Enron过去的财务报告：2000年第四季度，“公司天然气业务成长翻升3倍，公司能源服务公司零售业务翻升5倍”；2001年第一季度，“季营收成长4倍，是连续21个盈余成长的财季”……在Enron，衡量业务成长的单位不是百分比，而是倍数，这让所有投资者都笑逐颜开。到了2001年第二季度，公司突然亏损了，而且亏损额还高达6．18亿美元！

      然后，一直隐藏在Enron背后的合伙公司开始露出水面。经过调查，这些合伙公司大多被安然高层官员所控制，Enron对外的巨额贷款经常被列入这些公司，而不出现在安然的资产负债表上。这样，Enron高达130亿美元的巨额债务就不会为投资人所知，而Enron的一些官员也从这些合伙公司中牟取私利。

      更让投资者气愤的是，显然Enron的高层对于公司运营中出现的问题非常了解，但长期以来熟视无睹甚至有意隐瞒。包括首席执行官斯基林在内的许多董事会成员一方面鼓吹股价还将继续上升，一方面却在秘密抛售公司股票。而公司的14名监事会成员有7名与Enron关系特殊，要么正在与Enron进行交易，要么供职于Enron支持的非盈利机构，对Enron的种种劣迹睁一只眼闭一只眼。

      Enron假账问题也让其审计公司安达信面临着被诉讼的危险。位列世界第五的会计师事务所安达信作为Enron公司财务报告的审计者，既没审计出Enron虚报利润，也没发现其巨额债务。今年6月，安达信曾因审计工作中出现欺诈行为被美国证券交易委员会罚了700万美元。

       Enron的核心业务就是能源及其相关产品的买卖，但在Enron，这种买卖被称作“能源交易”。据介绍，该种生意是构建在信用的基础上，也就是能源供应者及消费者以Enron为媒介建立合约，承诺在几个月或几年之后履行合约义务。在这种交易中，Enron作为“中间人”可以很短时间内提升业绩。由于这种生意以中间人的信用为基础，一旦Enron出现任何丑闻，其信用必将大打折扣，生意马上就有中止的危险。

        此外，这种业务模式对于Enron的现金流向也有着重大影响。大多数Enron的业务是基于“未来市场”的合同，虽然签订的合同收入将计入公司财务报表，但在合同履行之前并不能给Enron带来任何现金。合同签订得越多，账面数字和实际现金收入之间的差距就越大。

        Enron不愿意承认自己是贸易公司，一个重要的理由就是为了抬升股价。作为贸易公司，由于天生面临着交易收入不稳定的风险，很难在股市上得到过高评价。Enron鼎盛时期的市值曾达到其盈利的70倍甚至更多。

为了保住其自封的“世界领先公司”地位，Enron的业务不断扩张，不仅包括传统的天然气和电力业务，还包括风力、水力、投资、木材、广告等等。2000年，宽带业务盛极一时，Enron又投资了宽带业务。

如此折腾，Enron终于在2001年10月在资产负债平衡表上拉出了高达6．18亿美元的大口子。

破产余波难平

在Enron破产事件中，损失最惨重的无疑是那些投资者，尤其是仍然掌握大量安然股票的普通投资者。按照美国法律，在申请破产保护之后，Enron的资产将优先缴纳税款、赔还银行借款、发放员工薪资等，本来就已经不值钱的公司再经这么一折腾，投资人肯定是血本无归。

投资人为挽回损失只有提起诉讼。按照美国法律，股市投资人可以对安达信在财务审计时未尽职责提起诉讼，如果法庭判定指控成立，安达信将不得不为他们的损失做出赔偿。

在此事件中受到影响的还有Enron的交易对象和那些大的金融财团。据统计，在安然破产案中，杜克（D uk e）集团损失了1亿美元，米伦特公司损失8000万美元，迪诺基损失7500万美元。在财团中，损失比较惨重的是J．P摩根和花旗集团。仅J．P摩根对Enron的无担保贷款就高达5亿美元，据称花旗集团的损失也差不多与此相当。此外，Enron的债主还包括德意志银行、日本三家大银行等

AdelineShenUID：2630498

comment:

Laws are the princile of the whole society and everyone should obey the laws regardless of status, color, religion or any other special attribute. Here comes to a problem. Different cultures have different principles, it is almost impossible for the whole world to apply to one single principle. That causes conflicts in contemparary world when globalization beomes a transparent trend and people from different culture come together in a community. How should the law play its role in such a situation?

It's true that people are different from each other so that everyone might have his or her own life princiles. Maybe some should and some should not smoke. Maybe some should and some should not go to church. Maybe some should and others should not paint certain kinds of pictures or play certain sports or purchase SUVs or talk with the animals. However, at some very basic level are we all -- or virtually all of us -- alike. We all care about freedom and life. We all focus on food, living, education and so on. Laws should protect the rights of these basic demands. As for the diversity among people, local laws should be in effect.

AdelineShenUID：2630498

哇哇，我有两篇精华啦~~好开心哇好开心！谢谢66大叔！~！！(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……

今天重新出道写了篇A，还木有人来拍~唔~伤心捏~

AdelineShenUID：2630498

今天小朱给我的建议，mark一下~

用简单的词汇来表达意思是挺重要的技能呢。
如果你有时间，可以拿一本新概念，把一篇中的好短语和好句型划出来，并应用它们写成一篇文章；长期来说，我觉得这是提高书面表达能力的相当快的方式了。

AdelineShenUID：2630498

abash 使羞耻   
aberrant 越轨的
abnegate 否认
abominate 痛恨、厌恶
abrogate 废除
absolve 赦免、免除
abstemious  有节制的，节俭的
abstruse 难理解的
accomplice 同谋者
adamant 坚决
adjourn 推迟
adventitious 偶然的

AdelineShenUID：2630498

affront 羞辱
agitate 搅动，煽动；使不安，使焦虑
agog 兴奋
agronomy 农艺学
alibi 借口，某人不在现场的证明
alimentary 营养学
allegiance 忠诚
allegory 寓言
allude 间接指到，暗指
ambidextrous 灵巧的
ameliorate  改善、改良
amenable 愿服从的，通情达理的
amnesia 健忘症
amnesty 大赦
amortize 分期偿还
anagram 变形词
analgesia 无痛觉的
anathema 诅咒
anemia 贫血
animosity 憎恨，厌恶
annihilate 消除
anorexia 厌食症

AdelineShenUID：2630498

apocalyptic 预示世界末日的，启示的
apoplectic 中风的，愤怒的
apothecary 药剂师
apparatus 仪器，设备
apparel 衣服
apparition 幽灵
apposite 适当的，恰当的
apprise 通知，告诉
apropos 合适的
arrogate 霸占
ascendancy  统治
asceptic 无菌的
asperity 严酷，粗鲁
asphyxiate 使窒息
asthma 哮喘
asylum 避难所
atrocious 残忍的
atrophy 萎缩，衰退

AdelineShenUID：2630498

早上起来一顶~（貌似起得有点晚。。。）期待今天66的满江红哇~~

AdelineShenUID：2630498

Fraught

Part of speech:adj
English:
1． Marked by distress
2． Filled with or attended with
Chinese:充满着不愉快的事情的

Context(This word is utilized to describe):
Completeness
Danger
Possession
Production

Example:

1. But first first you must travel a long and difficult road, a road fraught with peril

2. That which promised happiness when we were one in heart, is fraught with misery now that we are two

3. Legislation is complex and fraught with conflicting statutes

4. The period of demobilization and reconversion is fraught with uncertainties

eclectic

Part of speech:adj
English: Selecting what seems best of various styles or ideas.
Chinese:折中的，兼收并蓄的。

Context(This word is utilized to describe):
Choice

Example:

1. The market is becoming increasingly more open to U.S. exporters and an eclectic mix of U.S. goods and services, ranging from consumer products to competitively priced industrial inputs and oil/gas related technology and services.

2. You do an eclectic celebration of the dance!

3. someone who selects according to the eclectic method

Explicit

Part of speech:adj
English:
1. Precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable; leaving nothing to implication; "explicit instructions"; "she made her wishes explicit"; "explicit sexual scenes".
2. In accordance with fact or the primary meaning of a term.
Chinese:精确的，不隐瞒的

Context(This word is utilized to describe):
Affirmation
Imagination
Information
Intelligibility
Manifestation
Perspicuity

Example:

1. What is grand is necessarily obscure to weak men. That which can be made explicit to the idiot is not worth my care.

2. By making an explicit consent of every commoner, necessary to any one's appropriating to himself any part of what is given in common, children or servants could not cut the meat, which their father or master had provided for them in common, without assigning to every one his peculiar part.

3. It is important to note that FDAMA did not alter FDA’s effectiveness standard, except by giving explicit authority to the Agency to rely on a single, adequate and well-controlled study with confirmatory evidence, in particular cases, as support for approval.

4. Copies of foreign newspapers and magazines are censored for explicit sexual content.

Counterpoise

Part of speech:vt
English: Constitute a counterweight or counterbalance to
Chinese:使均衡

Context(This word is utilized to describe):
Compensation
Counteraction
Gravity
Hindrance

Example:

1. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association in the mediaeval commune; here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany), there taxable "third estate" of the monarchy (as in France), afterwards, in the period of manufacture proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, corner-stone of the great monarchies in general, the bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world-market, conquered for itself, in the modern representative State, exclusive political sway.

2. Lead is also of great service as a counterpoise to an argument of such weight that it turns the scale of debate the wrong way.

Fascinate

Part of speech:vt
English:
1. Cause to be interested or curious.
2. To render motionless, as with a fixed stare or by arousing terror or awe.
3. Attract; cause to be enamored.
Chinese: 迷住，使着迷

Context(This word is utilized to describe):
Excitation
Love
Motive
Pain
Sorcery
Wonder

Example:

1.None of the affections have been noted to fascinate and bewitch but envy

2. Why America fascinates and infuriates the rest of the world

3.He stared at me intently like a snake hoping to fascinate a bird

AdelineShenUID：2630498

counterpoise
verb
[with obj.]have an opposing and balancing effect on
抵消；使平衡；使均衡
our ideal of what God can do in our lives is counterpoised by the actual human condition we are in.
我们对于上帝可以在我们生活中做什么的理想被人类的现实生活状况所抵消。
■bring into contrast.
使形成对照；把…作对比
the stories counterpoise a young recruit with an old-timer.
故事拿一个老兵和一个新兵作对比。