我的另类阅读笔记第二篇

dandelionttUID：2852417

之前写过第一篇阅读笔记，今天贴出第二篇。
黄皮书第二页的长阅读，题号依据原题顺序。
笔记内容
红色：原文中需要记住，做题要用的重点内容
紫色：原文逻辑标志词
蓝色：我的笔记
第一段
The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes, approximately equal numbers of males and females. Why should this be so? Two main kinds of answers have been offered. 开头两句点出文章主题：针对sex ratios 的equal numbers的原因提供两种观点。读到这里应该条件反射式的提出两个问题：两种观点本身的区别，以及作者对两种观点态度的区别。
One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a “group selection”以我自己的做题经验看，有引号出现的地方有必要mark一下 argument. 介绍第一种观点：advantage to population第一种观点的核心，it is argued一句是对核心的阐释。
The other, and in my view correct,读到这里立马反应出前一个观点不是重点 type of answer was first put forward by Fisher人名首次出现 in 1930花儿说，年代要mark. This “genetic” argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 表达模式同第一个观点。第三句是第二句的深入阐释，所以第二句看没看懂其实没关系。
Suppose that the population consisted mostly of females: then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren.
In contrast, if the population consisted mostly of males, it would pay to have daughters. If, however, the population consisted of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daughters would be equally valuable.
这几句给了3个case：
Case1: females>males→more sons
Case2: males>females→more daughters
Case3: males=females→equal
其实前两个case是完全相反的，看一个就够了。第三个是根据推到得出的。
这三个case是为了解释第二个观点的。
Thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ratio; it is an “evolutionarily stable strategy.” Although Fisher wrote before the mathematical theory of games had been developed, his theory incorporates the essential feature of a game—that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.
两句话是同义改写，说明第二种观点的核心evolutionarily stable strategy=adopt depends on what others are doing。
Although分句谨防出细节题。

第二段
Since Fisher’s time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the chromosome or gamete in which they find themselves so that the gamete will be more likely to participate in fertilization. If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y) chromosome, then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur.
核心含义 genes can influence the chromosome or gamete。 If句是第一句的进一步说明，列出了genes influence chromosome的一种可能状况，因此在读懂第一句的状况下，第二句不是重点。
But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fisher’s argument, it should still pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. Like 花儿说，对比处要mark Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.
一个wasp的例子详细说明genes can influence the chromosome or gamete，说母黄蜂怎么在large excess of female 的情况下平衡男女比例的。这个例子概括起来就是large excess of females→produce one male only。
这一部分内容应该注意两点：第一是在这当中有Fisher和Hamilton研究内容的compare & contrast；第二点就是这个例子是为本段第一句话服务的。
21.
The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists
(A) conducted their research at approximately the same time
(B) sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied
(C) sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable
(D) studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory
(E) studied reproduction in the same animal species
其实是主旨题
22.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers Fisher’s work to be
(A) fallacious and unprofessional
(B) definitive and thorough
(C) inaccurate but popular, compared with Hamilton’s work
(D) admirable, but not as up-to-date as Hamilton’s work
(E) accurate, but trivial compared with Hamilton’s work
D和E比较难区分，但是D在原文最后有对应
Up-to-date对应 go a step further
23.
The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about wasps? Wasp是定位词
I.
How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?
II.
Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?
III.
What is the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps?
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) II and III only
I和III所以不选是应为原文没有提到
24.
It can be inferred that the author discusses the genetic theory in greater detail than the group selection theory primarily because he believes that the genetic theory is more
(A) complicated
(B) accurate
(C) popular
(D) comprehensive
(E) accessible
很简单……
25.
According to the passage, successful game strategy depends on
(A) the ability to adjust one’s behavior in light of the behavior of others
(B) one’s awareness that there is safety in numbers
(C) the degree of stability one can create in one’s immediate environment
(D) the accuracy with which one can predict future events
(E) the success one achieves in conserving and storing one’s resources
根据第一段对第二个观点的介绍得出
26.
It can be inferred from the passage that the mathematical theory of games has been
(A) developed by scientists with an interest in genetics
(B) adopted by Hamilton in his research
(C) helpful in explaining how genes can sometimes influence gametes
(D) based on animals studies conducted prior to 1930
(E) useful in explaining some biological phenomena
搞不懂C为什么错，不过可以根据逻辑，当两个选项冲突且含义有包含重复关系的时候，应该选范围较广的。（子集小于母集，母集对子集一定对，子集对母集未必对）。
27.
Which of the following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?
(A) Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.
(B) Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.
(C) The adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that was hatched in the same larva as herself.
(D) So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.
(E) Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.
一个貌似是细节题的题，其实是主旨题。D项显然违背主旨。
本人菜鸟一枚，欢迎大仙指导.特别是这个26题……

dandelionttUID：2852417

第一份笔记
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1253261-1-1.html

dandelionttUID：2852417

哎呀呀，自己顶一下呀~~
有没有大神帮忙把那个26题看看啊~~~谢谢啦！

dandelionttUID：2852417

4# hua11
是哦，谢谢~~

dandelionttUID：2852417

6# 蜥蜴也飞
谢谢支持~~