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In this issue the speaker asserts that social customs and ethics are influenced and determined by technologies. At first glance his opinion seems reasonable. However, although technologies play as important parts in our socirty, I still consider that technologies influence but not actually determine social customs and ethics, as disscussed below.
I do not deny that technologies really influence social customs and ethics. In ancient era, the most significant difference between human beings and animals is that human races could use technologies which are very simple, such as a stone knife. In some ancient clans, certain technologies as fire they get from chafing wood and have been recognizes as their totems. With the development of society, technologies become more and more complicated and thchnologies have influenced social customs and ethics more. In the first technology revolution, great inventions including steam machine, telephone and telegraph pushed society to make rapid progress in every respects of human's lives. Traditional social customs and ethics change little by little. For example, in Chinese Spring Festival people should go to families of relative persons to bring blessing. With the development of technologies, Chinese people have used to bless their relatives through telephone or internet abandoning traditional social customs and ethics.
However, technologies do not determine social customs and ethics. It will takes a long time to form customs and ethics of countries. During this period, the theoris of philosophy and culture are the most important effects to social customs and ethics. What's more, the political leaders, such as kings and presidents, also have power to influence and change social customs and ethics. For instance, in Chinese history males had right to marry two or more females. This custom has lasted about eight hundred years. However, after Chairman Mao became the leader of P.R. China, he abolished the custom of polygamy and establish new ethic of monogamy. Even in the modern society in which technologies have imfluenced society more and more, customs and ethics still are difficult to be influenced by technologies. People including children and old people could smoothly used computers and mobile phones, but they till obey traditional social customs and ethics about family, culture and moral. So it is not proper to declaim that technologies determines social ethics.
Being the most fatal factors of society, customs and ethics are steady enough not to be changed and influenced. However, technologies have chances to determine social customs in the future. Although cloning human is illegal now, we can assume that the technology of cloning human will be accepted as a new social ethic if human beings face on crucial situation about procreating offsprings. Although technologies might influence and determine social customs and ethics, the moral system is not easy to be changed being formed after a long history.
In summary, based on the contents discussed above, I can draw conclusions of contention with the speaker. The speaker's assertion is too absolute. Technologies could influenced social customs and ethics, but it is partly wrong in considering that technologies determine them.
203. "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."
1、被社会认可的英雄能反映社会的面貌。
2、但是英雄不一定能正确反映出社会的真实面貌,有些英雄是经过修饰后的不真实的,有些反映的是前卫的非主流的价值观念
3、了解一个社会特征,除了研究英雄们的特征,更应该重视普通人的生活状态和特征。
183. "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."
1、知识的获取是帮助我们更好的了解事情和社会。有时,随着获取的知识越来越多,有些事情似乎变得更难理解了。
2、但是,这只是表面现象,实质是我们通过掌握更多的知识,学会多方面的解决和理解问题,导致事情变得比较复杂。
3、随着学会多方面的复杂的考虑事情,我们会获得更多的知识,事情也会被我们理解的更清楚,得出更易理解的事实。
112. "Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."
1、情感教育对学生的健康成长有重要作用。
2、推理和逻辑思维能力也很重要,教育体系应该强调对这些能力的培养。
3、以上两者均很重要,无法判断谁更重要。教育方法不同,教育内容不同,教育对象不同
30. The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time.
1、提高人们的效率确实是技术进步的重要目标,解放生产力,更好的发展生产力。
2、但是提高人们的效率不必然使每个人都能有更多的闲暇时光。事实上人类的劳动时间是相对确定的,提高效率的结果是提高生产数量。而有些人事实上会更忙。
3、技术进步的主要目标是促进社会的进步,促进经济的发展,提高生活水平。
[ 本帖最后由 zhangjing106 于 2007-7-23 23:38 编辑 ] |
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