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本帖最后由 米饭袜子 于 2009-8-10 19:57 编辑
黑色为原文,彩色是米饭袜子的修订文字
感觉自己的错误还是很典型的,供大家参考> <
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这个主要就是为了修正自己而写的,并未限时而着重考虑段内逻辑。语言没下任何功夫,却发现自己Chinglish的余孽异常严重。自己平时学术论文读得很多,但是这些话题的文章实在缺乏经验了。恳请狠拍
TOPIC: ISSUE17 - "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."
WORDS: 652
TIME: 00:50:16
DATE: 2009-8-7 19:24:21
开头
Laws, legislated under certain social environment, are always inevitably receiving statements of just or unjust(额。。。这个表达小别扭,就算按你这样表达,也应该改成justness or unjustness吧?). However, mostly the justness of law cannot be identified easily. More over, even if the laws have been defined as
unjust indubitably, resisting them remains questionable.
首段还是比较简洁的,观点也明确。
正文段一:不同群体对法律公正性有着不同的看法,这主要是由于利益关系
TS
First of all, the judgment of justness(这个可以删掉,就算不说,读者也能理解,尽量避免这种连用of 的情况,很罗嗦,也容易给读者造成理解障碍) of laws is different as the social group differs, since individual interest is involved in most of the laws. (其实这句更简洁明了一点可以说Involving individual interest from various social groups, most of the laws can be judged differently.
当然了,我这样改也不一定就好,不过我还是坚持认为文章如果没有什么特意的文学修饰,力求简洁为好。简洁的好处:1 让读者一目了然2 通过练习简化自己的句子其实有时候可以防止chinglish。你这句中文的风味就浓了点。要学会用分词形式)
说明利益关系如何影响某一群体对法律公正性的判断
Once the law is judged (重复率有点高,可以换换:consider evlauate assess….注意找一些常用词汇的同义词,换着用)by one of the groups only, the laws are more likely to be treated as unjust by the group whose interest is impaired due to the law, while the benefiting group(beneficiary groups不确定的表达查下词典) may hold the supporting attitude.
看见我用紫色给你标出的么,重复率太高,感觉很罗嗦。
看我用下划线标出的地方,在中文中,我们绝对可以照着这个意思写,但英文写作中,最好把你逻辑词前后两部分对照起来。你肯定会说,你前后两点的意思明明是对照的,那是因为我们中国人会逻辑推理(汗)知道这两者就是对立关系,但小米们是直线思维,你给他们看这句话,他们会觉得很困惑,“认为某法律不公正”和“支持某法律”这二者间实在不能一个简单的转折来划定逻辑关系。所以这点需要注意,有时候英文写作就是有点白痴,必须把你的推理一步一步全写出来,不然,不是逻辑错误也至少让小米觉得你逻辑不严谨。
举例
Take the law about the labor contract for example, if the law requires employers to sign contract with employees and dismissing the employees during the contract period require payment(?), such a law may be judged as unjust among the companies, but it is more likely to be supported by the employees.
既然你这段提到interest的问题,为什么在对例子做分析的时候不提一下这个interest呢?这里面的利益关系究竟怎么了?千万别指望读者总会理解你的隐含意。
段落总结,不应由单一社会群体判断其公正性
In such a condition, the question that the law is just or not can not be easily answered by either of the groups.(可删)
正文段二:即使不涉及利益关系,其公正性也难以判断,因为行为的对错本身就不易判断
我刚一看到这个“因为”我就特别想继续往下问为什么。。。如果你不把这个阐述清楚的话,这就算是你的一个臆断,就像阿狗里作者自己的assumption一样,必然会遭到攻击。
TS
Additionally, even there is no interest involved, judging remains difficult (equally), because of the complexity of behaviors.
说明法律公正性难以判断有部分是因为行为的复杂性
Usually, the judgment of behaviors is made a conundrum because of their complexity, so are the relevant laws. (这句话我怎么看都觉得像是在做类比,但是你的意思显然应该是二者是因果关系,表达改一下。另外,建议这里具体论述一下为什么人们行为复杂就使得法律也跟着复杂了呢?中间又跳过了很多思考推理的展示~)
先列举中国的知情同意的背景
In China, when patients are sent to hospital, it's unnecessary to ensure their informed consent(?); only the family members are required(?), which means the patients can be easily kept back from the detailed information or even diagnosis of their diseases, such as cancers. 我大概了解你想表达的意思:医院一般不告诉危重病人其病情。首先,你这个表述真是让我理解了半天,是,你看到我在这里犯疑你能给我解释能辩解说你这究竟要表达什么云云,但是你想,如果我可能看不懂,到时候判你卷子的rater为什么就能懂了呢?况且那些人还都是直线思维,笨的不行,真到那时候你去跟谁解释跟谁辩解?所以,像这种自己没表达清楚的地方我可以说是因为我理解不到位,但还是希望多从自身找找问题。
另外,这个例子举的很不好:
1 这只是医生处于对病人的人道主义关怀而采取的一个积极措施,不是法律啊。。。据我所知中国还没有哪个城市有这项法律条文的。。。
2 这个和你要说的行为复杂性问题我怎么都联系不到一起。例子不是说扔出来就行了,必须要有一两句话来联系你的分论点。不然读者看得一头雾水。
正反论述,对不同病人这条法律有不同利弊
In this case, it requires pondering to find out what is appropriate and just(语法错误). If the law stipulates that the patient must be aware of all the information about the disease and therapy, the patient who cannot afford(这个词我没见过这种用法,承受打击可以用cope with/confront/face….不确定的表达一定要查一查) such an impact may undergo despair, which may make the therapy less effective and exerts more afflictions to the patients. On the other hand, to the patients who are tough enough, concealing such information seems to be unreasonable, and allowance of this may lead to more problems.
我在上面看你的例子的时候就有很多困惑,本来以为你能在对例子的分析中有所解释,结果看到这儿,困惑更多了。。。
1 你这个分析和你所说的人行为的复杂性有什么联系?病人的承受能力不同这怎么也不能归到人行为复杂上来说啊。。。顶多算是人们的心理素质不同罢了
2 这里哪里体现just/unjust?告知病人就是一种just?还是说对于心理素质好的病人这条规定就unjust?
3 法律的公正与否与行为复杂性之间的联系完全没分析
总结这种法律的正义性难以判断,不应轻易决定更改
Considering all of above, few people can tell this law is just or not by the first glance, it requires more contemplation before modifying it.
如果这句话是你这段的总结句的话,建议再改一下。因为你这里已经偏离你原来的TS了。出现了it requires more contemplation before modifying it.这么个概念,这个又从何说起?在你的这个body里有分析和体现么?(如果有,一定要点明)
建议:
1 每个段落的总结句最好能呼应文章TS,这样看起来结构非常清晰,文意也明了
2 如果是想略微发散,也至少连接上你本段所说的内容再做发散,不然突然出现新的说法会让人非常困惑。
正文段三:即使有明显不公正的法律,违抗它也不是合适的做法,违反了同样是接受惩罚。引出civil disobedience的概念
我又要跟你较较真儿了。严格来讲,你用这句话,就表明你上文在阐述-----没有不公正的法律。但很明显,你上文一直在说,法律的公正与否历来有争论的原因。你觉得逻辑上连得上么?如果我改的话,上两段合成一段,再加一段论述不公正的法律通常不存在(按照你要表达的意思)的原因,影响等等等,再来接这段就顺多了。
TS
Even if some laws are definitely unjust, to resist them is not prudent, and it seems to solve no problem but give rise to new ones instead.
当年Martin Luther King Jr.的例子,抵制法律不等于抵抗法律
During our history, the existence of unjust laws is out of question(?), but few of them were eliminated by simply resisting. The laws about human rights of Negroes in United States before 1960s were notorious of (for)its racial discrimination. To fight against these laws, Martin Luther King Jr. led the Montgomery Bus Boycott to show their attitude against the laws, and he accepted the fate of being arrested instead of resisting it.
Only by this way of struggling for human rights(很别扭,语序变一下:only by struggling for human rights in this way) can he achieve the goal, and win respect, even after his death.
反面假设,如果不这么做反而加深种族仇恨
If he led the blacks fought against the government, it will only lead to further oppression and deeper racial rancor.
你的意思是:尽管路德金领导黑人抵抗种族歧视的不公正法律,但被捕时依然服从,否则会加深矛盾。
你要证明的是:抵制法律不等于抵抗法律
1 你的观点里的法律应该至少是说同一种法律吧,再看你举得例子,路德金抵制和遵守的是同一条法律么?
2 路德金遵守的法律是unjust laws么?
3 再联系你的TS,看看你的文意是不是已经跑了?
要时刻提醒自己,每段的论述是为TS服务的!时刻牢记自己要证明的观点。
介绍civil disobedience的概念
The way performed by him is social disobedience, started from Mahatma Gandhi,
requiring its followers that when refusing to obey certain laws they still have to accept the punishment to show the attitude of opposing.(你真的很喜欢用of啊。。。直接opposing attitude就可以了)
说实话,我没理解你说的这个概念,而且也不明白你引入这个概念是为了说明什么,如果是为了证明你的观点的话,为什么就有说服力呢?这个理念的引入也只能说明你和这个人对待这个问题有相同看法罢了,因为这个人的概念也不是所有人都赞同的啊。
你这段写得尤其混乱。看到你的TS,读者希望下面看到的是:为什么违反不公正法律的做法不妥?除了受到惩罚还有什么?有没有其他手段?为什么?
我相信如果你是读者,你应该和我想法一致。但很遗憾我没能在你这个body里得到答案。
写文章,就是写读者希望知道的东西。论证就是论述读者有疑问的东西。
段落总结,只有在不破坏社会秩序的前提下宣扬主张和向法律修正努力才能达到目的
Only by this way, declaiming the attitude without breaking the rules of society and leading to the amendment of the law, can one achieve the goal of ending up the unjust laws.
这段首先例子举得不好,其次对自己观点的阐述和对例子的分析不够。最后这个总结句可以看成是你的一个结论,但单凭你举的一个例子和引入的一个概念是不能得出这个结论的,你必须就这个结论给读者讲讲你认为为什么在不破坏社会之学的前提下宣扬。。。才是有效的。
还是那句话,例证是个很好的论证方法,但议论文最关键的是你必须首先给读者讲明白你的观点,前因后果的都说清楚,例子永远只是辅助。
结尾
Basing on the discussion above, one should realize the complexity of making a standard distinguishing just and unjust(这是adj。), and abandon the idea that simply resisting the laws can make changes. Only under the respect of social rules, the proclaiming idea can be accepted by majority, and the unjust laws can be corrected.这个句型出现太频繁
虽然批了这么多,但你的文章无论是整体结构还是段内结构,这个“总-分-总”的写作思路还是不错的。
由于你没时间了,语言上不可能有什么提高,但要注意一些语法细节问题
同时,还能改进的就是1 对单独一个body论述的时候,一定要明确并牢记自己的观点和TS,切不可说着说着跑了,甚至有时候自相矛盾。2 论述的时候,把你所有的推理思考过程展现出来,不要存在“隐含意”。
Anyway,我也只是提一些个人看法,毕竟我的水平也有限,批判地接受~
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