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marycc
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电梯直达

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发表于 2005-7-19 12:21:03 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

22. "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
1.人是社会动物，自出生始就受到社会的影响。由此我们获得我们的社会属性
2.但是仅考虑社会影响是不够的，人除社会属性外还有个体属性，这是通过个体对我们的
影响形成的。
3.比如最早的影响是遗传（这个观点比较汗，不过肯定是早于任何社会影响的。。。）
4.其他的个体影响贯穿我们的成长，使我们的个体属性得到发展和维持。
5.社会影响和个体影响缺一不可。两者共同保证个人的integrity和社会的和谐和多样化

582words

Man, as Spinoza put it, is a social animal. Ever since our birth we have been under constant influences of the society, which occur both through mass media and through the individuals and groups we get in touch with. The celebrities, for instance, are the most direct reflections of the social values. Successful people they are, for they fit best in the social rules and get the best out of them; approved by the society, they are put in the limelight as the perfect roles that individuals can play in the society. In short, they embody the social values. The teachers, on the other hand, are the spokespersons of the society. Part of the educational institution themselves, they are supposed to convey the social ideology such as values and mores. Parents, as socialized individuals, play a similar role as teachers do in our moral lives. Under these and many other social influences we gradually identify with the social ideology, come through the process of socialization and acquire our social attributes as part of the society.

Nonetheless, it is an oversimplification to say that it is the society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, as is clear in its failure to explain the diversity in behavior and temperaments. Individuals are not just cogs in the social machine; other than their social roles they have complex individual attributes, the formation of which requires the more subtle influences from other individuals.

The first influence on us, for example, is the biological influence from our parents, which begins the moment the zygote is formed - far earlier than any social influence can take place. Psychological researches have shown that heredity plays an important role on the temperaments, or, to be more accurate, about 25%-50% of the diversity in temperaments is due to heredity, according to Morton Hunt. As an illustration, the males with one X-chromosome and two Y-chromosomes are more prone to violent crimes. This is an extreme example, but the hereditary influence on our characters is undeniable.

Even more important influences occur throughout our growth. During infancy, the affinity with our parents is our earliest emotional experience, the absence of which often impedes emotional development and leads to apathy, as is shown by researches with children fostered in orphanages. In childhood most of we experienced a period of idolizing our parents and imitating their speech, countenance and even gait. A survey with American teenagers says that an overwhelming majority choose their father as their role models. Even in adulthood, the individual influence is indispensable. It is through contact with family and friends that we relieve our pressure in playing our social role. In sum, individual influences are vital in the development and maintenance of our individual attributes such as temperaments and emotions.

Without the social influences, one will fail to develop one's social attributes and feel lost and isolated from the society, which is exactly like what one feels in an alien country. Without the individual influences, one's personal attributes like emotions will be ignored, which may lead to apathy or other psychological problems. Both cases impair the integrity of the personality. Even greater harm can these two cases do to the society as a whole, for the former nurtures extreme individualism and creates anarchy, while the latter diminishes diversity and causes general apathy. It is only the combination of both social and individual influences that can guarantee the integrity of the individual and maintain the harmony and diversity

[ Last edited by staralways on 2005-7-19 at 13:11 ]

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